Deck 8: The Cognitive Tradition

Question 1

What tradition in psychology is related to senses, experience, and thought?

A) cognition
B) trait
C) behavioral
D) biological

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

What was a significant influence in psychology in the middle of the 20th century?

A) cognition
B) trait
C) behaviorism
D) biological

Answer 2

behaviorism

Question 3

The shift into cognitive psychology was marked by the study of what?

A) the mind
B) behavior
C) environment
D) technology

Answer 3

the mind

Question 4

Cognitive theory as related to personality emphasizes what kind of processes?

A) thinking, imagining, and judging
B) playing, singing, and eating
C) writing, reading, and studying
D) sound, colors, and lights

Question 5

What discipline did early cognitive psychology want to mimic when measuring mental processes?

A) biologists
B) pianists
C) writers
D) physicists

Question 6

As a research discipline what were cognitive psychologist's goals when it came to measuring the internal mechanisms of mental health?

A) convincing biologists that psychology is in fact a science
B) looking for the connection in the mind/body duality
C) counting the neurons in the brain
D) explaining inner experience

Question 7

What is experimental introspection?

A) A method in which subjects related personal reflection to outside signals.
B) A method in which outside signals influenced a subject's personal reflection.
C) A surgical method in which psychologists looked inside a subject's brain through.
D) A method in which behavior was quantified.

Question 8

What was one concept of Mary Calkin's self-psychology?

A) the other
B) the parallel
C) the self
D) the away

Question 9

What view or culture did self-psychology reflect?

A) Western
B) Northern
C) Eastern
D) Southern

Question 10

What does Gestalt psychology emphasize?

A) the whole
B) the individual parts
C) sensations
D) perceptions

Question 11

What type of therapy uses the idea about the holistic nature of human experience, the disruption of its structure, and the emphasis on the actuality of the moment?

A) cognitive therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) Gestalt therapy
D) retail therapy

Question 12

Dr. Wunderbar specializes in therapy that looks at the entire spectrum of experience in an individual (i.e., the whole). What type of therapy is this known as?

A) Gestalt therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) psychoanalytic therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Question 13

Field theory is attributed to which psychologist?

A) John Watson
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Kurt Lewin
D) Albert Bandura

Question 14

In field theory, P and E are what type of variables?

A) independent
B) interdependent
C) subject
D) ordinal

Question 15

In field theory what is the label for the psychological, cognitive state of a person?

A) B
B) E
C) P
D) C

Question 16

What is the difference between Gestalt theory and Field theory?

A) Field theory emphasizes the self.
B) Gestalt theory emphasizes the environment.
C) Field theory takes the environment into account.
D) Gestalt theory emphasizes the individuals around you.

Question 17

What did the cognitive sciences emphasize when anything was refer to as mental?

A) It should be measurable.
B) It should not be measurable.
C) It can not be measured.
D) It does not matter.

Question 18

Which theory suggests that Individuals should be viewed as complex computing devices?

A) Gestalt theory
B) Field theory
C) Biological theory
D) Cognitive theory

Question 19

What do the cognitive sciences refer to as operations in the underlying work of the mind?

A) action/inaction
B) work/no work
C) on/off
D) go/stop

Question 20

Which field in the cognitive sciences utilizes brain imaging in order to examine neural activation?

A) cognitive neuroscience
B) computer science
C) philosophy
D) linguistics

Question 21

What is it of Alan Turning's ideas that made it essential for cognitive psychology?

A) his comparison of the human mind to animals
B) his comparison of the human mind to computers
C) he took a holistic approach to studying the mind
D) he believed that the environment was important for studying the mind

Question 22

Alan turning believed that human judgement could be explained with absolute certainty from the stand point of?

A) Biology
B) Sociology
C) Mathematics
D) Psychology

Question 23

What did Alan Turning compare the operations of the central nervous system to?

A) algorithms
B) vehicles
C) animals
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 24

What did the philosopher John Searle believe consciousness is?

A) a biological phenomenon
B) magical phenomenon
C) unmeasurable phenomenon
D) a computational process

Question 25

Consciousness is simply a higher level of what type of elements?

A) lego pieces
B) neurons
C) data
D) linguistics

Question 26

Jesse's personality is shaped by his family, friends and area that he lives in. What is this known as in personality psychology?

A) predicaments
B) weaknesses
C) ideas
D) attitudes

Question 27

What is the problem with attitudes?

A) They are directly observable.
B) They are not directly observable.
C) They are annoying.
D) Everyone has one.

Question 28

What is the difference between traits and attitudes?

A) Traits are complex.
B) Attitudes are complex.
C) Traits are visible.
D) Attitudes are visible.

Question 29

What are two general components to attitudes?

A) sugar and spice
B) neurons and transmitters
C) personality and environment
D) Cognition and affect

Question 30

What is the affective component known as when describing attitudes?

A) the emotional component
B) the logical component
C) the biological component
D) the lower component

Question 31

What is an example of the cognitive component in attitudes?

A) a person's ability to empathize how someone is feeling
B) when someone is angry at another person
C) a person's knowledge of rules and laws
D) when a person falls in love

Question 32

What type of cognitive processes play a critical role in attitude formation and expression?

A) memory
B) osmosis
C) sleeping
D) running

Question 33

Attitudes that are more accessible are likely to be?

A) expressed
B) repressed
C) hidden
D) no difference

Question 34

Strong emotional evaluation of an issue causes attitudes to be more?

A) positive
B) negative
C) accessible
D) inaccessible

Question 35

Why are dual-evaluations attitudes less accessible than single-evaluation attitudes?

A) Dual-evaluations require more background information.
B) Dual-evaluations contain only either a positive or negative attitude .
C) Dual-evaluations require an integration of both positive and negative attitudes.
D) Single-evaluations are more time consuming.

Question 36

According to Heider, it is human nature to seek what?

A) money
B) food
C) sex
D) balance

Question 37

What theory attributes that we attach a greater value to things we like and a lesser value to things we dislike?

A) attitude accessibility
B) attitude balance
C) attitude dissonance
D) attribution

Question 38

What is the unpleasant psychological state experienced by an individual who performs an action that is contradictory to his or her beliefs?

A) attitude accessibility
B) attitude balance
C) attitude dissonance
D) attribution

Question 39

Jerry is asked to join the basketball team but his true passion is contemporary dance, what is he experiencing?

A) attitude accessibility
B) attitude balance
C) attitude dissonance
D) attribution

Question 40

What is it when a person interprets another person's behavior in a particular, consistent way?

A) attitude accessibility
B) attitude balance
C) attitude dissonance
D) attribution

Question 41

According to Harold Kelly, how many standpoints do people judge other people's behavior?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10

Question 42

Amy is frequently annoyed at the bus for being late, according to Harold Kelly which standpoint can we judge Amy?

A) consistency
B) distinctiveness
C) consensus
D) impact

Question 43

When asked to free associate the word blue, the most likely answer is?

A) Green
B) Red
C) Sky
D) Water

Question 44

Personal constructs should provide all the following to a person's world except?

A) order
B) clarity
C) prediction
D) connection

Question 45

A person who tries to seek rational answers but lack scientific knowledge is?

A) a naive scientist
B) a psychologist
C) a philosopher
D) a normal person

Question 46

For the most part Jane believes that her doctor knows best when it comes to her health. According the cognitive systems what is this stable assumption known ?

A) constructs
B) beliefs
C) knows
D) culture

Question 47

What happens when a person is adaptive?

A) their genes mutate
B) they are set in their ways
C) they are able to revise their constructs
D) they are unable to revise their constructs

Question 48

What is it called when your views or choices of normality are shaped by the people around you?

A) independent thought process
B) sheep people or sheeple
C) common corollary
D) soylent green

Question 49

What are discolored constructs?

A) a predictive system
B) a unpredictive system
C) a neutral system
D) not a system

Question 50

Being able to recognize the self or I as something seperate from the environment is known as?

A) self-consciousness
B) self-existence
C) self-awareness
D) self-self

Question 51

What is a defining feature of self-awareness?

A) that you are the same as everyone else
B) that you are distinct from everyone else
C) it is dependent on the environment
D) it is not dependent on the environment

Question 52

Jamie is an outspoken individual on social media, but tends to be introverted at home. His social media persona is representative of his?

A) public self
B) private self
C) conscious self
D) unconscious self

Question 53

When men exaggerate their height on online dating sites, what is this an example of?

A) public self
B) private self
C) conscious self
D) unconscious self

Question 54

People from China, Japan, and Korea usually represent themselves as?

A) an independent entity
B) part of a particular group
C) abstract
D) special

Question 55

Which subjects described themselves with more abstract traits?

A) Chinese subjects
B) Japanese subjects
C) Korean subjects
D) U.S. subjects

Question 56

What happens when Japanese subjects are unable to accept the dissonance of their public and private selves?

A) alienation and independence
B) independence and joy
C) alienation and insecurity
D) nothing

Question 57

Janette is proud of the fact that she is a first generation college student. What is this perceived membership known as?

A) social identity
B) social status
C) social collectivism
D) social coalition

Question 58

Why is social identity known as a fluid category?

A) It is made of water.
B) It can not be changed.
C) It can be changed.
D) It is not known as a fluid category.

Question 59

According to your book, why has being able to change your socially prescribed self only been a recent cultural development?

A) People had fewer choices several hundred years ago.
B) People had more choices several hundred years ago.
C) People have fewer choices now.
D) It has remained the same.

Question 60

What kind of structure is the caste system in India?

A) fair
B) equal
C) capitalistic
D) hierarchical

Question 61

Studies into social groups in India have shown that most individuals who achieve upward mobility usually perceive themselves as what socioeconomic status(SES)?

A) higher SES
B) lower SES
C) the same SES
D) individuals did not believe in SES

Question 62

What is a person's own worth known as?

A) self-awareness
B) self-conscious
C) self-attribution
D) self-esteem

Question 63

Lower scores on self-esteem surveys amongst Japanese and Koreans compared to Americans might be attributed to a difference in what?

A) confidence
B) education
C) language
D) economy

Question 64

What type of therapy concentrates on the types of information-processing in individuals?

A) cognitive therapy
B) computer therapy
C) behavioral therapy
D) gestalt therapy

Question 65

Jacob's therapist is constantly pointing out the inconsistencies of Jacob's arguments? What is this technique in cognitive therapy known as?

A) collaborative empiricism
B) Socratic dialogue
C) guided discovery
D) annoying

Question 66

What is the term for when a therapist and patient work together to examine the evidence to support or evaluate the patient's thoughts or assumptions?

A) friendship
B) collaborative empiricism
C) Socratic dialogue
D) guided discovery

Question 67

ACT is short for?

A) attribution and cognitive therapy
B) acceptance and confluence therapy
C) acceptance and commitment therapy
D) action and commitment therapy

Question 68

What is a reason that psychologist are turning to spirituality as a possible mediating factor in therapy?

A) It is empirical and can be operationalized.
B) It has been a proven method.
C) The process involves changing the way individuals think.
D) It is cost effective.

Question 69

Which religion states that suffering is an inseperable part of life?

A) Buddhism
B) Christianity
C) Judaism
D) Bokonism

Question 70

How many noble truths are there in Buddhism?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 71

What is it when a person believes that if something happens more frequently than usual during a period, it will happen less frequently in the future?

A) gamblers' fallacy
B) beginners luck
C) blessing in disguise
D) your guess is as good mine

Question 72

Why were gamblers who were winning more likely to win?

A) They were lucky.
B) They chose riskier odds.
C) They chose safer odds.
D) They just kept playing.

Question 73

In what domain did artificial intelligence first gain public attention?

A) chess
B) checkers
C) gambling
D) education

Question 74

What are technological systems that are able to perceive their environments and make decisions to maximize success?

A) robots
B) cyborgs
C) artificial intelligence
D) does not exist

Question 75

Jersey's psychology professor is interested in understanding the processes of sensation and perceptions of vision and sound. What type of psychologist would his professor be categorized as?

A) behavioralist
B) psychoanalyst
C) cognitive
D) biological

Question 76

John has consistently done subpar on his exams. He wants to do better, but his previous exams have brought his confidence down. What is it that is affecting John?

A) test anxiety
B) attribution of confidence
C) rational expectations
D) level of aspirations

Question 77

According to the cognitive sciences, personality should be what type of process?

A) measurable information that can be received and stored
B) unmeasurable information that can only be felt
C) communication between two individuals
D) nonsophisticated

Question 78

Jacob is able to rationalize any deicision he makes, no matter how ridiculous it is. What is this process known as?

A) dissonance
B) algorithms
C) constructs
D) attribution

Question 79

Cognition relates to senses, experience and thought.

Question 80

Experimental introspection had subjects look at how other subjects made decisions.