Deck 6: The Behavioral Learning Tradition

Question 1

What is Behaviorism?

A) a diverse interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior
B) a branch of psychology centered around the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
C) a tradition that emphasizes an understanding of the mental processes behind behavior through means such as introspection
D) a branch of psychology that analyzes change in personality over the lifespan

Answer 1

a diverse interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior

Question 2

Who was the pioneer ethnographer of Native American culture who argued that animals possess reason, creativity, and moral judgement?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Lewis Henry Morgan
C) George J. Romanes
D) William McDougall

Answer 2

Lewis Henry Morgan

Question 3

Who was the British psychologist who published Animal Intelligence in which he argued that sophisticated emotional dilemmas regulate animal behavior?

A) Lewis Henry Morgan
B) Edward Thorndike
C) George J. Romanes
D) Gustave Le Bon

Answer 3

George J. Romanes

Question 4

What is the instinct as defined by supporters of anthropomorphism?

A) a personal decision
B) a conditioned response
C) a learned behavior
D) an inherent pattern or complex behavior

Question 5

Who was the French psychologist who believed that aggressiveness as an individual trait initially emerges in a large crowd?

A) Gustave Le Bon
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Vladimir Bekhterev
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

Who was the French psychologist who believed that our entire learning process is imitation, and that we build our individual psychological qualities when we copy others?

A) Gustave Le Bon
B) Gabriel Tarde
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Julian Rotter

Question 7

Who was the English scholar who argued that human behavior could be traced to initial animal instincts such as parenting?

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Julian Rotter
C) William McDougall
D) Gabriel Tarde

Question 8

What was the hypothesis offered by comparative psychologists in regard to habit formation?

A) habits are inherently detrimental behaviors
B) habits are formed through social modeling
C) habits are a result of unhealthy coping mechanisms
D) habits are a result of favorable conditions stimulating one type of behavior and unfavorable conditions suppressing this behavior

Question 9

Who was the American scholar who introduced a new method of studying habit formation that involved placing animals inside a "puzzle box?"

A) Edward Thorndike
B) William McDougall
C) Julian Rotter
D) Vladimir Bekhterev

Question 10

What is the principle that in order to understand complex phenomena, a scientist should seek the simplest solution?

A) convergence
B) parsimony
C) habituation
D) deindividuation

Question 11

Who pioneered behavioral research into personality and argued that animals and humans should be subject to essentially similar laws?

A) psychoanalytic psychologists
B) cognitive psychologists
C) comparative psychologists
D) developmental psychologists

Question 12

What is the weakening of awareness of self, often experienced when part of a group?

A) depersonalization
B) intuition
C) self-efficacy
D) deindividuation

Question 13

What is the process by which new behaviors become automatic?

A) habit formation
B) behavioral adaptation
C) deindividuation
D) habituation

Question 14

What are Pavlov's two categories of reflexes?

A) explicit and implicit
B) conditioned and unconditioned
C) intentional and unintentional
D) trained and learned

Question 15

What is our belief in our own ability to manage our lives and to exercise control over events that effect our lives?

A) self-control
B) self-esteem
C) self-efficacy
D) self-awareness

Question 16

What process refers to the act of abandoning a bad habit or decreasing a fearful reaction?

A) deindividuation
B) inhibition
C) depletion
D) extinction

Question 17

What is a method of dealing with emotional problems containing three phases: self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement?

A) dialectical behavioral therapy
B) self-reflection therapy
C) cognitive behavioral therapy
D) self-control therapy

Question 18

______ is when inhibition in one part of the brain excites other parts of the brain.

A) Induction
B) Excitation
C) Inhibition
D) Conversion

Question 19

Thorndike's ______ are what he saw as the most essential principles on which learning is based.

A) Theories of Learning
B) Rules of habit formation
C) Laws of learning
D) Fundamentals of learning

Question 20

______ was a Russian psychologist who promoted the idea that science must study the individual from a multidisciplinary perspective with reflexology at the center.

A) Julian Rotter
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) William McDougall
D) Vladimir Bekhterev

Question 21

______ is the capacity for new habit formation or change of old habits. Pg. 179

A) Self-efficacy
B) Deindividuation
C) Retention
D) Plasticity

Question 22

______ is the ability of individuals to keep their habits ready to be used in a new situation.

A) Retention
B) Plasticity
C) Self-efficacy
D) Habit formation

Question 23

______ was seen by Watson to be the cause of mental illness.

A) An imbalance in the nervous system
B) A habit disturbance
C) An unhealthy coping mechanism
D) A chemical imbalance

Question 24

Edward Tolman was a(n) ______, who's research involved the idea of purpose or a goal.

A) animal behaviorist
B) cognitive psychologist
C) comparative psychologist
D) purposive or operational behaviorist

Question 25

In Skinner's system, ______ is based on using activities to produce effects.

A) self-control therapy
B) operant conditioning
C) habit formation
D) cognitive training

Question 26

The ______ was designed by B. F. Skinner to form good habits in babies.

A) schedules of reinforcement
B) puzzle box
C) skinner's box
D) aircrib

Question 27

______ was Skinner's biggest publishing hit in which he applied behaviorism to explain the modern individual.

A) Beyond Freedom and Dignity
B) Walden Two
C) Animal Intelligence
D) Social Learning and Personality Development

Question 28

______ was a novel written by Skinner in which he took Thoreau's argument for a simple lifestyle a step further by adding the concept of positive reinforcement.

A) Social Learning and Personality Development
B) Walden Two
C) Beyond Freedom and Dignity
D) Animal Intelligence

Question 29

______ states that among other things, learning does not necessarily need reinforcement and conditioning and can in fact come from other sources.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Reflexology
C) Social learning theory
D) Habit disturbance theory

Question 30

Psychologist ______ focused on the inner factor of expected outcome and how that regulates human behavior.

A) William McDougall
B) Gustave Le Bon
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Julian Rotter

Question 31

A person's ______ is the individual tendency to explain events as influenced by somewhat controllable, internal, relatively permanent characteristics such as skill or preparedness.

A) internal locus of control
B) external locus of control
C) self-efficacy
D) retention

Question 32

A person's ______ is an individual tendency to explain events as influenced by uncontrollable external factors such as powerful others or luck.

A) internal locus of control
B) eternal locus of control
C) plasticity
D) self-efficacy

Question 33

______ offers the suggestion that individuals influence their environment and vice versa.

A) Deindividuation
B) Operant conditioning
C) Reciprocal determinism
D) Habit disturbance

Question 34

Which of the following least fits the views of a behaviorist?

A) Personality is something that occurs between behavior and the environment.
B) An individual's development, actions, complex behavior, and traits are all based on the underlying learning processes
C) Habits are formed through repeated conditioning
D) Individual personality is the result of social learning

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an example of anthropomorphism?

A) Describing a dog as tired
B) Describing a cat as introverted
C) Describing a bird as friendly
D) Describing a mouse as shy

Question 36

Which of the following statements would contemporary research on animal emotion and sensation be least likely to support?

A) Animals feel the sensations of pain and fatigue
B) Animals experience deep moral conflicts
C) Animals are subject to essentially the same laws as humans
D) Animals display emotions through muscle movements

Question 37

Which of the following statements would Vladimir Bekhterev most likely disagree with?

A) Reflexology can explain practically all aspects of human behavior
B) Transformations of energy in the brain and nervous system account for human personality
C) Individual differences in personality are due to different social influences
D) Emotions are an accumulation of nervous energy in the cerebral cortex

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?

A) someone yawning when tired
B) removing one's hand quickly when touching something hot
C) someone jumping at a loud noise
D) a dog drooling when hearing a bell that is usually rung before food is presented

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned response?

A) a person jumps at a loud noise
B) a dog drools when hearing a bell that is usually rung before food is presented
C) a child fears white animals after being exposed to a loud noise paired with a white mouse
D) a person feels hunger at the sight of red and yellow stripes similar to those on food wrappers

Question 40

Which of the following statements would John Watson most likely disagree with?

A) Behavior is a set of responses to a specific signals.
B) Behavior is all social imitation.
C) Behavioral responses become useful and thus retained.
D) Some simple reactions develop into complex acts.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is most closely describing someone with an internal locus of control?

A) someone who attributes a low test score to inadequate teaching
B) someone who attributes a low test score to a bad testing environment
C) someone who attributes a low test score to lack of preparation
D) someone who attributes a low test score to bad luck

Question 42

Which of the following statements is most closely describing someone with an external locus of control?

A) someone who attributes bad grades to lack of skill
B) someone who attributes bad grades to lack of preparation
C) someone who attributes bad grades to lack of personal effort
D) someone who attributes bad grades to lack of effort from teachers

Question 43

Which of the following experimental designs would B.F. Skinner be least likely to implement?

A) measuring reaction times during a test of auditory recognition
B) measuring salivary levels of dogs after ringing a bell that has been paired with food
C) recording pigeon behavior after repeated positive reinforcement in the form of food
D) measuring

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of the social learning perspective?

A) Behavior is simply a consequence of reward and punishment.
B) All behavior is a form of imitation of others.
C) Behavior and personality is created through conditioning.
D) Personality is the interaction between behavior and the environment.

Question 45

Behaviorists such as Bandura have found that building up ______ is instrumental in overcoming posttraumatic symptoms.

A) self-control
B) learning ability
C) self-efficacy
D) plasticity

Question 46

Which of the following statements is NOT an example of deindividuation?

A) Someone doing something they would normally not because they're in a crowd.
B) Someone losing their feeling of individuality in a crowd.
C) Someone who is normally reserved becoming loud and talkative to match the energy of the crowd they're in.
D) Someone who is normally socially anxious becoming increasingly so in a crowd.

Question 47

According to Julian Rotter, which of the following individuals would likely be least effected by the opinions and viewpoints of others?

A) Someone who practices their hobbies because they get pleasure from the hobbies themselves.
B) Someone who practices their hobbies because they want to earn money from it.
C) Someone who practices their hobbies to impress someone else.
D) Someone who practices their hobbies to gain attention from others.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is an example of operant conditioning?

A) conditioning a dog to drool at the sound of a bell by pairing it with food
B) teaching a child to behave by rewarding them when they are good and punishing them when they misbehave
C) conditioning a person to become hungry at the sight of red and yellow by using red and yellow striped food wrappers
D) a person who becomes ill from clams gaining an aversion to them

Question 49

Which of the following experiments is least likely to be recreated again today?

A) Skinner's experiment examining pigeon's behavioral responses to schedules of reinforcement
B) Ivan Pavlov's experiment examining dog's salivary responses
C) John Watson's experiment examining operational conditioning on a 9-month-old child
D) Edward Thorndike's puzzle box experiments examining cat learning patterns

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions of Behaviorism to the study of personality?

A) knowledge about universal learning principles
B) knowledge about different conditions in which learning takes place
C) knowledge about habit formation
D) knowledge about cognitive processes

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributed to Behaviorism's rapid development?

A) a shift toward an emphasis on cognition
B) the success of animal psychology
C) the accomplishments of physiology
D) development of new research methods

Question 52

All of the following were major influences on the interdisciplinary tradition of Behaviorism except…

A) experiment psychology
B) cognitive psychology
C) animal psychology
D) physiology

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a special condition that must be present for acquisition of a conditioned reflex?

A) specific situation in which the reflex is formed
B) underlying unconditioned reflex
C) positive and negative reinforcement according to the conditioned response
D) an unconditioned stimulus to pair with unconditioned reflex

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT one of Watson's views on behavior?

A) Behavior is a set of responses to specific signals.
B) Behavioral responses becomes useful and thus retained.
C) Some simple reactions develop into complex acts.
D) Behavior is social imitation.

Question 55

______ is a Canadian born psychologist who conducted the Bobo doll experiment and published the influential book Social Learning and Personality Development.

A) Albert Bandura
B) B. F. Skinner
C) William McDougall
D) Julian Rotter

Question 56

The Bobo doll experiment showed that children exposed to direct and indirect violence were significantly more likely to express ______.

A) Empathy
B) Aggression
C) Kindness
D) Confusion

Question 57

Bandura referred to his research as ______ to emphasize the importance of cognitive processes in social learning.

A) social learning theory
B) social behavioral theory
C) social cognitive theory
D) cognitive theory

Question 58

______ is the incredibly rich and diverse interdisciplinary tradition that focuses on observable behavior.

A) Theory of habit formation
B) Social learning theory
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Behaviorism

Question 59

Knowledge about ______ and the different conditions in which learning takes place is a key contribution of behaviorism to the study of personality.

A) universal learning principles
B) cognitive processes
C) memory and attention
D) sensation and perception

Question 60

The teachings of ______ and La Mettrie, both from France, portrayed human and animal behavior as reflexes and in mechanical terms.

A) Comte
B) Descartes
C) Voltair
D) Sartre

Question 61

Instead of describing self-observed feelings, behaviorists turned their attention to learned reactions, ______, and reaction times.

A) Movements
B) Emotions
C) Reflexes
D) Memories

Question 62

Critics predictably describe behaviorism as reductionist and ______.

A) nonscientific
B) unreasonable
C) confusing
D) simplistic

Question 63

According to the _______, behavioral training program, every worker's movement must be regulated, every single operation should be effective, and every movement should be useful.

A) Taylorism
B) Skinnerism
C) McDougallism
D) Watsonism

Question 64

______ studies the effects of individual factors such as reasoning and emotional stability and group factors such as tradition and group pressure on individual economic decisions.

A) Habit formation
B) Behavioral economics
C) Behavioral learning
D) Economic analysis

Question 65

Abhijit Banerjee and Ester Duflo conducted research that demonstrated that many people remain poor because they do not have the necessary _________ to climb out of poverty.

A) motivation and determination
B) willpower and effort
C) habits and skills
D) intelligence

Question 66

Economist Sam Peltzman showed how risk compensation works: people tend to act more _____today if they feel that they are safer than yesterday.

A) safely
B) conservatively
C) cautiously
D) dangerously

Question 67

Behavioral distraction techniques, such as blocking negative thoughts, are sometimes used in behavioral therapy to help individuals avoid _______.

A) ruminations
B) negative influences
C) habit formation
D) unhealthy coping mechanisms

Question 68

To utilize principles of social learning, a teacher might try using the technique of _______ instead of just explaining things to their students.

A) passive observation
B) guided participation
C) active observation
D) student-led participation

Question 69

By encouraging students to adopt the position of ______, teachers can improve their student's retention and their learning outcomes.

A) passive listeners
B) active listeners
C) active observers
D) passive observers

Question 70

In addition to becoming less assertive, attentive, and careful, members of a group also tend to become ________ of one another.

A) less understanding
B) less accepting
C) more critical
D) less critical

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the three functions Pavlov used to describe nervous system dynamics in individual personality types?

A) stamina
B) strength
C) balance
D) agility

Question 72

A comparative psychologist would be least likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A) Animals express emotions through muscular movements
B) Animals struggle with complex moral predicaments
C) The basic mechanisms of learning should be similar in animals and humans
D) The simplest explanations should be used to explain complex phenomena

Question 73

Which of the following describes social learning theory as applied to teaching?

A) students take notes from a lecture
B) students take notes from a power point
C) students assume the role of active observers through guided participation
D) students take notes from a power point and a lecture

Question 74

Behaviorists often employ the use of introspection to analyze human personality.

Question 75

Referring to a cat as introverted is an example of anthropomorphism.

Question 76

A dog drooling at the sight of food is a conditioned response.

Question 77

Self-efficacy is our belief in our own ability to manage our lives and to exercise control over events that effect our lives.

Question 78

Contemporary research on animal emotion and sensation would likely support the claim that animals experience deep moral conflicts.

Question 79

Comparative psychologists believe that animals and humans should be subject to essentially similar laws.

Question 80

Watson's experiment examining conditioning on 9-month-old babies could easily be recreated today.