Deck 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

John Cade discovered the pharmacological effectiveness of ___________ and was the first person to use an effective drug treatment for a psychological illness.

A) fluoxetine
B) diazepam
C) lithium
D) bupropione

Answer 1

lithium

Question 2

Which of the following is a biologically based treatment for psychological disorders?

A) surgery
B) humanistic therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Answer 2

surgery

Question 3

Charlene takes a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor to treat a psychological disorder. Based on this information, we can conclude that __________.

A) Charlene likely has major depression
B) Charlene's medication is from one of the first classes of drugs effective for the treatment of the disorder she has
C) Charlene's medication can have many adverse and even life-threatening side effects
D) all of these

Answer 3

all of these

Question 4

In addition to treating depression, tricyclic antidepressants are also prescribed to treat __________.

A) high blood pressure
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
C) heroin addiction
D) all of these

Question 5

Research has repeatedly shown that people with major depression have deficiencies in the supply or use of which of the following neurotransmitters?

A) GABA
B) epinephrine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 6

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Celexa all treat depression by __________.

A) decreasing the brain's production of glutamate
B) decreasing the brain's production of acetylcholine
C) increasing the availability of serotonin in the brain
D) increasing the availability of GABA in the brain

Question 7

Which of the following medications has the fewest adverse side effects?

A) lithium
B) MAO inhibitors
C) tricyclic antidepressants
D) SSRIs

Question 8

______________, which is chemically unrelated to SSRIs, tricyclics, and MAO inhibitors, is widely used to treat depression and help people stop smoking.

A) bupropione (Wellbutrin)
B) fluoxetine (Prozac)
C) clozapine (Clorazil)
D) chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

Question 9

Valium and Librium are __________.

A) antidepressants
B) benzodiazepines
C) barbiturates
D) stimulants

Question 10

Both benzodiazepines and barbiturates are prescribed to relieve __________.

A) lethargy
B) depression
C) anxiety
D) hypoactive thyroid

Question 11

In addition to antianxiety medication, people with anxiety disorders would most frequently be prescribed which of the following?

A) SSRIs
B) Lithium
C) Antipsychotics
D) Marijuana

Question 12

Tonya's physician prescribed Valium for her. Tonya most likely has __________.

A) depression
B) bipolar disorder
C) anxiety
D) no energy

Question 13

Lithium is __________.

A) effective in stabilizing mania
B) near toxic at its effective dose
C) associated with kidney failure
D) all of these

Question 14

Garrett is taking a phenothiazine. Which of the following clusters of symptoms is his psychiatrist most likely attempting to treat?

A) anxiety and apprehensive expectations
B) hallucinations, confusion, and paranoia
C) loss of energy, motivation, and enjoyment of life
D) amnesia and loss of identity

Question 15

Currently, medications that are indicated to treat schizophrenia primarily focus on __________.

A) reducing the availability of dopamine in the brain
B) controlling the neuronal input to the frontal lobes
C) separating the functioning of the two brain hemispheres
D) organizing visual input via the left optic nerve

Question 16

The best-known phenothiazine is __________.

A) Librium
B) Xanax
C) Prozac
D) Thorazine

Question 17

Haloperidol (Haldol) is a traditional __________.

A) antipsychotic
B) benzodiazepine
C) anxiolytic (antianxiety medication)
D) antidepressant

Question 18

Clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa), and risperidone (Risperdal) are most often used to treat which of the following disorders?

A) schizophrenia
B) avoidant personality disorder
C) dissociative fugue
D) dissociative identity disorder

Question 19

Atypical psychotics are different from traditional antipsychotics because __________.

A) there is less risk of tardive dyskinesia
B) they target a different type of dopamine receptor
C) they affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin
D) all of these

Question 20

Drug treatments for which of the following disorders are most likely to be addictive?

A) bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) anxiety
D) major depression

Question 21

In a radical procedure known as prefrontal lobotomy, which of the following is performed?

A) The left hemisphere of an individual's brain is entirely removed.
B) Connections between the prefrontal lobes and the lower portion of the brain are severed.
C) The corpus callosum is severed and the frontal lobes are enlarged.
D) The right visual pathway is rewired to be processed by the right hemisphere.

Question 22

Instead of having a calming effect, a prefrontal lobotomy left Rosemary Kennedy, sister of President John F. Kennedy, in which of the following states?

A) violent and dangerous
B) affected by narcissistic personality disorder
C) affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) mentally incapacitated

Question 23

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used today to __________.

A) punish mentally ill patients for unacceptable behavior
B) reduce seizures in epileptics
C) treat depression when other treatments have failed
D) all of these

Question 24

In which type of therapy are electrodes taped to a patient's head and a mild electric current passed through the brain to induce seizures?

A) psychoanalytic therapy
B) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
C) behavioral modification
D) none of these

Question 25

Helen Mayberg (1997) discovered hyperactivity in which of the following in the brains of depressed patients?

A) corpus callosum
B) cingulate Area 25
C) frontal cortex
D) limbic system

Question 26

_________________ is the use of psychological techniques to help patients identify and understand maladaptive behaviors and/or thoughts.

A) Psychopharmacology
B) Deep brain stimulation
C) Electroconvulsive therapy
D) Psychotherapy

Question 27

In psychodynamic therapy, the therapist will help the client gain insight into ____________ influences of behavior.

A) unconscious
B) biological
C) social
D) cognitive

Question 28

Chuck is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Chuck to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Chuck's dream. Chuck's therapist is using a treatment technique developed by __________.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Alfred Adler
C) Mary Whiton Calkins
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 29

Chuck is in psychotherapy. The therapist tells Chuck to recall the recurring dream he's been having and to say whatever comes to his mind, regardless of how threatening or troubling it may seem. The aim of this process is to unlock the meaning of Chuck's dream. Chuck's therapist has likely been trained in which of the following types of psychotherapy?

A) behavioral
B) cognitive-behavioral
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 30

Freud said that the meaning of dreams can be best understood by examining which of the following?

A) the emotions one feels in a dream
B) the colors of objects in a dream
C) the symbolism of a dream
D) the time frame of a dream

Question 31

Mario does not get along with his younger, female supervisor, and in therapy it comes out that he relates to his supervisor the way he does to his youngest daughter. Mario is experiencing what psychodynamic therapists call __________.

A) countertransference
B) transference
C) manifest content
D) motion parallax

Question 32

The main idea of client-centered therapy is that a person will not become well if he or she experiences __________.

A) self-actualization at too early an age
B) an intense desire to be alone and withhold emotions
C) rapid and random firings of the occipital lobe neurons
D) a gap between his or her ideal self and actual self

Question 33

Dr. Hall is in a therapy session with his client, who is a violent criminal. Although Dr. Hall does not approve of this person's actions, he still shows genuine liking and empathy for her, regardless of what she has done. Dr. Hall is expressing __________.

A) systematic desensitization
B) unconditional positive regard
C) flooding
D) token economy

Question 34

Principles of operant and classical conditioning are applied in ___________ therapies.

A) reinforcement
B) cognitive
C) behavior
D) evolutionary

Question 35

In an effort to get him to clean his bedroom, Sam's mother gave him a gold star every time he cleaned it. Each time he had earned five stars, he was able to trade them in for a new toy. Now his room is usually clean. Sam's mother used __________.

A) a psychodynamic technique
B) a token economy
C) unconditional positive regard
D) all of these

Question 36

Maureen is deathly afraid of dogs. Her therapist is treating her with systematic desensitization, which means that the therapist is __________.

A) pairing relaxation with gradual exposure to dogs
B) hypnotizing her to be unafraid of dogs
C) transferring her fear of dogs to a fear of cats
D) reducing her real-world contact with dogs

Question 37

A _____________ therapist helps a client identify and challenge irrational thought patterns.

A) humanistic
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 38

Which of the following therapies helps clients break down irrational thoughts and construct logical ways of thinking, and also offers rewards for effective thinking and behavior?

A) rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
B) client-centered therapy
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
D) token economy

Question 39

Depressogenic thinking gives rise to __________.

A) hallucinations
B) delusions
C) mania
D) depressed moods

Question 40

Juan is entering group therapy for treatment of his alcoholism. What can he expect?

A) a structured process
B) clearly stated therapeutic goals
C) one or more trained therapists leading the group
D) all of these

Question 41

Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of __________.

A) a prescription-only group
B) a time-limited group
C) a closed group
D) an ongoing group

Question 42

Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk for developing depression?

A) being male
B) being white
C) having low income
D) all of these

Question 43

Van Voorhees and colleagues (2008) reported that teens who experienced which of the following were less likely to experience a depressive episode?

A) no religious affiliation
B) warmth from parents
C) a disconnect with family members
D) peer avoidance

Question 44

Which of the following is likely the best approach to treating a psychological disorder?

A) drug treatment only
B) psychotherapy only
C) a combination of drug treatment and psychotherapy
D) none of these

Question 45

Prolonged exposure therapy is used to treat clients experiencing __________.

A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
B) alcoholism
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 46

A therapeutic program called Four Steps teaches people with _____________ to use mindfulness thinking to break their patterns of recurrent, intrusive thoughts.

A) anorexia nervosa
B) schizophrenia
C) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 47

Doreen, who is being treated with the Four Steps program, is learning to identify her obsessions as part of a disorder, and not as who she is. Doreen is engaged in the step known as __________.

A) labeling
B) revaluing
C) refocusing
D) reattributing

Question 48

In his Four Steps training, Steve has learned to ascribe the cause of his compulsive behavior to brain activity and to stop thinking of it as being the result of character flaws. Steve's learning in this scenario is the product of the step known as __________.

A) Revalue
B) Relabel
C) Refocus
D) Reattribute

Question 49

Which of the following is true with respect to the effectiveness of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants in treating depression?

A) SSRIs are more effective than tricyclics.
B) Tricyclics are more effective than SSRIs.
C) They are comparably effective.
D) Neither is at all effective.

Question 50

Scientists theorize which of the following reasons for why SSRIs take about four weeks to have a therapeutic effect?

A) It takes that long for new receptor sites to form to use the increased serotonin supply.
B) Cortical tissue takes this long to regenerate once the active medication is administered.
C) The patient usually has an interfering, negative attitude that the medication will not work.
D) The corpus callosum needs this time to strengthen the connection between hemispheres.

Question 51

In terms of the effectiveness of lithium, evidence suggests that it is __________.

A) more effective than anticonvulsants in treating mania
B) more effective than antipsychotics in treating mania
C) not especially effective at treating acute mania
D) all of these

Question 52

Research suggests that lithium is most effective at __________.

A) controlling mania without side effects
B) decreasing depressive symptoms
C) controlling acute instances of mania
D) preventing relapse in bipolar disorder

Question 53

Antipsychotic medications work best at treating which of the following?

A) nonresponsiveness
B) flat affect
C) hallucinations
D) none of these

Question 54

Which of the following is a serious side effect of taking the drug clozapine (Clorazil)?

A) diabetes
B) schizophrenia
C) kidney failure
D) heart failure

Question 55

Because the positive symptoms of schizophrenia tend to respond to drug treatments, scientists speculate that these symptoms are __________.

A) caused by social forces
B) caused by fluctuations in neurochemistry
C) faked
D) none of these

Question 56

Which of the following is the most pronounced problem in treating schizophrenics with drug therapies?

A) a lack of available pharmaceutical agents
B) a lack of doctors who will prescribe antipsychotics
C) getting insurance to pay for traditional antipsychotics
D) persuading patients to keep taking their medication

Question 57

Research has shown that, because of the profound side effects of antipsychotics, up to ___________ of prescribed users cease taking these medications.

A) 4 percent
B) 44 percent
C) 74 percent
D) 94 percent

Question 58

A last-resort treatment for people with severe depression is __________.

A) anticonvulsant medication
B) atypical antipsychotic medication
C) psychoanalysis
D) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 59

When psychologists review research on different therapeutic approaches and select the most successful treatment for a disorder based on the substantiation of its effectiveness, they are engaging in
__________.

A) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
B) evidence-based therapies
C) subjective judgment
D) the Four Steps

Question 60

The usefulness of psychotherapy depends on the __________.

A) nature of the disorder
B) particular therapeutic approach
C) patient's mental state
D) all of these

Question 61

________________ have shown the greatest effectiveness in treating varying psychological disorders.

A) Antianxiety medications
B) Cognitive therapies
C) Token economies
D) Humanistic therapies

Question 62

A long-term study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed which of the following to be the most effective treatment?

A) drug and behavioral therapy
B) drug treatment only
C) behavioral intervention
D) classical conditioning

Question 63

SSRIs are commonly used to treat __________.

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) panic disorder
C) social phobia
D) all of these

Question 64

Making Connections in Treatment of Psychological Disorders: The psychodynamic approach contends that _______________ are the source of neurosis and therefore should be the focus when treating anxiety.

A) work-related issues
B) neuronal misfirings
C) repressed thoughts and memories
D) college examinations