Deck 7: Inequalities of Gender

Question 1

How do sociologists distinguish between sex and gender?

A) Gender is a biological category; sex is socially and culturally learned.
B) Gender is socially and culturally learned; sex is a biological category.
C) Gender is ambiguous or incomplete sexual differentiation; sex is a biological category.
D) Gender is about chromosomal differences; sex is socially and culturally learned.

Answer 1

Gender is socially and culturally learned; sex is a biological category.

Question 2

__________ are understood to have the XX chromosome and __________ are assumed to have the XY chromosome.

A) Females; males
B) Males; intersexuals
C) Females; intersexuals
D) Males; females

Answer 2

Females; males

Question 3

Societies create the social concept of __________, which is a combination of learned behavior, attitudes, and identity associated with being male or female.

A) intersexuality
B) gender roles
C) sex
D) transgender

Answer 3

gender roles

Question 4

What does Margaret Mead's research on three tribes living in New Guinea before World War II demonstrate about gender?

A) Gender is universal. In other words, men are masculine and women are feminine regardless of culture or geography.
B) Biological sex is a more important factor than gender.
C) New categories of gender were created to explain sex variation.
D) Different tribes had different gender roles, and some may not fit neatly into the Western categorization of gender.

Question 5

What does the gender differentiation in Samoan culture teach us about gender?

A) Gender is a binary category: either male or female.
B) Genetics determine gender.
C) There are more than two categories of gender.
D) Gender determines sexuality.

Question 6

In the United States, there are __________ men per 100 women.

A) 57
B) 74
C) 89
D) 97

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding the sex ratio in the United States?

A) Data-gathering agencies typically identify as many genders as a culture recognizes.
B) Elderhood is a feminized portion of the life cycle.
C) As people grow older, the percentage of women in the age group decreases.
D) There are not any real-life consequences of the sex ratio.

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding the worldwide sex ratio?

A) The sex ratio is about the same throughout the world.
B) There are more women than men worldwide.
C) There are more men than women worldwide.
D) There are more women than men worldwide due to infanticide of male babies.

Question 9

The term __________ refers to signs and symbols that signify gender and provide clues as to how people should organize their expectations of gender.

A) sex
B) gender
C) gender marker
D) gender polarization

Question 10

In which of the following ways do American parents typically play a role in the social construction of gender?

A) They often begin gender socialization through the color-coding of clothes and toys.
B) They teach their sons and daughters the same basic traits and behaviors.
C) They allow their children to grow into the individuals they are without enforcing notions of gendered roles on them.
D) They follow the American custom of designating blue for girls and pink for boys.

Question 11

How do schools play a part in the social construction of gender?

A) They use traditional children's literature that portrays both boys and girls as active (not passive) participants in storylines.
B) Teachers call on boys and girls at roughly the same rate.
C) Girls are rewarded more highly than boys for nonacademic achievements.
D) Teachers devote more of their time in the classroom to girls.

Question 12

The cultural definition of men and women as complete opposites, with no overlap between the appropriate social roles of men and women, is referred to as __________.

A) gender
B) sex
C) intersexuality
D) gender polarization

Question 13

According to Michel Foucault, how did the two-and-only-two gender scheme come into existence?

A) It is religiously based on the concept of men and women being created differently.
B) The government had an economic interest in controlling the population, and the interpretation of sexual intercourse changed.
C) Patriarchal dominance, alongside sexist institutions, guarantees men the right to exploit and oppress women.
D) Since the preponderance of births are either male or female, Foucault argued that gender is a binary, dichotomous scheme.

Question 14

The societal arrangement under which men dominate most aspects of life is called __________.

A) sexism
B) gender polarization
C) patriarchy
D) gender ideology

Question 15

From the perspective of patriarchy, violence against girls and women functions to __________.

A) teach girls and women the importance of resisting domination
B) emotionally subjugate women and to impart fear into them
C) equalize the experiences between men and women
D) maintain differences between the sexes

Question 16

__________ is a social arrangement, whereas __________ consists of beliefs, prejudices, and behaviors that assume and reinforce the superiority of one gender over another gender.

A) Sexism; patriarchy
B) Gender; gender polarization
C) Patriarchy; gender
D) Patriarchy; sexism

Question 17

During a state visit to France in July 2017, President Donald Trump remarked to French First Lady Brigitte Macron, "You're in such good shape, beautiful." His remark exemplifies the concept of __________.

A) patriarchy
B) sexism
C) gender polarization
D) gender markers

Question 18

Gender ideology is defined as __________.

A) the cultural values that define the roles, rights, and social position of men and women in a particular society
B) the beliefs, prejudices, and behaviors that assume and reinforce the superiority of one gender over another gender
C) the cultural definition of men and women as complete opposites, such that there is no overlap between the appropriate social roles of men and women
D) a sign or symbol that identifies a person as male or female

Question 19

Which of the following statements illustrates the dominant gender ideology in the United States?

A) Women are physically superior to men.
B) Men are more nurturing than women and should be the primary caregivers of children.
C) Women are more rational and logical than men.
D) Men are better suited than women to possess power and exert leadership.

Question 20

The term __________ refers to people whose identity does not correspond to the gender assigned to them by society.

A) cisgender
B) queer
C) transgender
D) asexual

Question 21

Which of the following concepts challenges the two-and-only-two gender scheme?

A) heterosexuality
B) cisgender
C) androgyny
D) sexual orientation

Question 22

The __________ perspective claims that it is effective and efficient to assign tasks and responsibilities according to gender.

A) functional
B) conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) feminist

Question 23

According to functionalists, the man's gender role is __________, whereas the woman's role is __________.

A) expressive; instrumental
B) expressive; maternal
C) paternal; instrumental
D) instrumental; expressive

Question 24

Which of the following statements is a criticism of the functional perspective on gender?

A) The contributions provided by men are more important to the family than those provided by women.
B) Women will not be able to achieve gender equality until they achieve higher social status in the workforce.
C) It would be more efficient and effective if men and women were assigned jobs based on talent and motivation instead of gender.
D) Because women have the capacity to bear children, it is effective and efficient for women to maintain the household responsibilities.

Question 25

Which theoretical perspective claimed that because society is based on the supremacy of men, paternity of children was a crucial issue?

A) functional theory
B) conflict theory
C) symbolic interaction theory
D) feminist theory

Question 26

The conflict perspective claims that __________.

A) gender inequality is a form of social stratification
B) it is effective and efficient to assign tasks and responsibilities according to gender
C) communication contributes to creating and maintaining various forms of inequality
D) gender inequality is rooted in the biological differences between men and women

Question 27

Thinking from a __________ perspective allows us to see how norms and values regarding gender are buried in the deep culture of our society and go largely unnoticed in our daily lives.

A) conflict
B) functional
C) symbolic interaction
D) feminist

Question 28

Which of the following is a consequence of gendered language?

A) The English language is not gendered so there are no consequences.
B) Gendered language is rarely politicized.
C) Gendered language determines our thought patterns and behaviors toward each other.
D) Gendered language cannot create gender inequality.

Question 29

Gender segregation in sports is less about rationality and logic and more about __________.

A) creating safe spaces for female athletes
B) socially constructed roles and gender ideology
C) acquiring lucrative sponsorships
D) allowing women into men's sports

Question 30

Tiny acts of discrimination accumulate over time to produce large differences between men and women. These single acts are referred to as __________.

A) mountains
B) molehills
C) bumps
D) piles

Question 31

Based on research on law firms, women have the same chance of being initially hired as men, but their chance of being promoted is about __________ percent lower than the chance of a man being promoted.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60

Question 32

Which of the following is true about women in the labor force?

A) Women with children are less likely to work than women without children.
B) Today, more than half of women work outside of the home.
C) Women are more likely than men to work outside of the home.
D) Women primarily work to have "extra" money for shopping.

Question 33

About half of all working women are in which of the following two broad occupational categories?

A) service and STEM
B) clerical and education
C) education and service
D) clerical and service

Question 34

__________ segregation refers to the differences in the percentage of women and men across occupations, whereas __________ segregation refers to men's dominance in the highest-status positions in both male-typed and female-typed jobs.

A) Horizontal; vertical
B) Vertical; reverse
C) Horizontal; parallel
D) Vertical; horizontal

Question 35

If you visit an elementary school, it is likely that the majority of teachers will be women and the principals and other administrators will be men. Which sociological concept explains this?

A) gender polarization
B) gender pay gap
C) occupational sex segregation
D) horizontal segregation

Question 36

Among the hundreds of occupations tabulated by the federal government, what is the one job in which the average woman earns more than the average man?

A) nurse
B) stock clerk
C) preschool teacher
D) dental hygienist

Question 37

Education increases the earnings of women as well as men. How does this impact the gender pay gap between men and women?

A) The gender pay gap stays roughly the same.
B) The gender pay gap decreases significantly.
C) The gender pay gap increases slightly.
D) The data is inconclusive.

Question 38

The gender pay gap among Asian Americans is almost the same as among __________.

A) Whites
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Native Americans

Question 39

What does it mean when there is asymmetry in the job market?

A) Women are not entering into the workforce in large numbers as they did in previous generations.
B) Men are continuing to dominate in traditionally male-dominated occupations.
C) Women are entering into traditionally male-dominated occupations, but men are not entering into traditionally female-dominated occupations.
D) Women are outnumbering men in medical school admissions and the gender pay gap is rapidly decreasing.

Question 40

The text authors argue that a fourth wave of the feminist movement may be emerging today. What is it in response to?

A) the voting rights act
B) the exclusion of women in institutions of knowledge production
C) the battle to make laws and public policies gender-neutral
D) overt expressions of sexism in politics

Question 41

__________ feminists want to build an anti-sexist labor movement to replace the private and concentrated ownership of the economy with the public and shared ownership of the economy.

A) Liberal
B) Socialist
C) Radical
D) Intersectionality

Question 42

__________ feminism argues that working within the legal system is necessary to change the system.

A) Liberal
B) Socialist
C) Radical
D) Intersectionality

Question 43

__________ feminists examine gender inequalities in relation to other systems of power, such as race and class.

A) Liberal
B) Socialist
C) Radical
D) Intersectionality

Question 44

__________ feminists contend that patriarchy is a system of oppression that precedes racism, ageism, and other forms of domination.

A) Mainstream
B) Socialist
C) Radical
D) Intersectionality

Question 45

__________ feminism has links to classical Marxist theory, specifically Friedrich Engels's assertion that capitalist societies become patriarchies because men work away from home and dominate the workplace.

A) Liberal
B) Socialist
C) Radical
D) Mainstream

Question 46

According to the text, what was the major impetus for millions of people in the United States and around the world to participate in a January 2017 protest?

A) police shootings of unarmed Black teens and adults across the country
B) the inauguration of Donald Trump to the American presidency
C) numerous mass shootings and the role of the National Rifle Association (NRA)
D) opposition to a tax bill that was being debated in Congress

Question 47

Evidence from national polls indicates which of the following?

A) A majority of the American people do not identify with the goals of feminism.
B) A majority of U.S. women say that they are feminists or strongly feminist.
C) About a third of women ages 65 and older say they feel that feminism is unnecessary.
D) A majority of young women (ages 18-34) do not support the feminist movement.

Question 48

Which of the following is an issue that continues to be problematic within the modern feminist movement?

A) disagreements over who the figurehead or leader should be
B) the debate about whether or not men can be feminists
C) the intersection of gender inequality with systems of racial and class inequality
D) a plan for getting young people politically involved in the women's movement

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true about male privilege and silent sexism?

A) Male privilege and silent sexism empower men and oppress women without anyone realizing it.
B) Male privilege and silent sexism are so inconsequential that they have no impact on the lives of men or women.
C) Male privilege and silent sexism are not really issues of inequality; they are simply differences in how men and women act and experience the world.
D) Male privilege and silent sexism are not as serious today as they were decades ago; gains in gender equality have rendered them nearly obsolete.

Question 50

A male professor and a female professor each have to bring their toddler to class one day because day care is unavailable. On their end-of-semester evaluations, what would students be most likely to write regarding this parenting occurrence?

A) The male and female professors would likely be equally praised for being good parents as well as academic professionals for not canceling class.
B) The female professor would most likely be called "unprofessional," whereas her male colleague would be lauded as a "great parent."
C) The male professor would likely be labeled a "bad parent" for not hiring a reliable caregiver, whereas his female colleague would be praised for bringing her child to class.
D) The male and female professors would likely be equally criticized for not having backup childcare arrangements.

Question 51

Explain how gender is socially constructed, and provide an example.

Question 52

Explain gender ideology and provide examples of some of the dominant gender ideologies in the United States.

Question 53

Discuss how the three major theoretical perspectives explain gender inequality.

Question 54

Explain occupational sex segregation and how it factors into the persistence of the gender pay gap.

Question 55

List and explain the various branches of twentieth-century feminism.