Deck 2: Psychoanalysis

Question 1

Describe Freud's view of female development. Why is the process more difficult for women than men, according to psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud's view of female development is based on his theory of psychosexual development, which consists of five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. According to Freud, girls experience the same stages of development as boys, but their experiences are different due to the lack of a penis (referred to as penis envy) and their relationship with their mother.

Freud believed that girls develop penis envy during the phallic stage, where they become aware of their lack of a penis and feel inferior to boys. This leads to a deep-seated sense of inadequacy and a desire to compensate for their "missing" organ, which can influence their development and behavior.

Additionally, Freud argued that girls experience the Oedipus complex, where they are in competition with their mother for the attention and affection of their father. This can lead to feelings of jealousy, guilt, and anxiety, which can impact their development and relationships in adulthood.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the process of female development is more difficult than that of men because of the added challenges and conflicts that arise from penis envy, the Oedipus complex, and the mother-daughter relationship. These conflicts can lead to internalized feelings of inferiority, anxiety, and unresolved issues that may manifest in various psychological and emotional difficulties later in life.

In conclusion, Freud's view of female development is rooted in the idea that girls experience unique challenges and conflicts that make the process more difficult than that of boys. This perspective has been criticized for its emphasis on biological determinism and its neglect of social and cultural factors that also influence female development.

Question 2

State the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis and describe the theoretical rationale upon which it rests.

Answer 2

The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis is the concept of free association, which states that the patient should say whatever comes to mind without censoring or filtering their thoughts. This rule is based on the theoretical rationale that the unconscious mind contains repressed thoughts, feelings, and memories that can only be accessed through free association. By allowing the patient to speak freely and without constraint, the psychoanalyst can uncover the unconscious conflicts and dynamics that are influencing the patient's thoughts and behaviors. This process allows for the exploration and resolution of unconscious conflicts, ultimately leading to personal growth and insight.

Question 3

Pick a defense mechanism, describe it, and give a client example.

Answer 3

Defense mechanism: Projection

Description: Projection is a defense mechanism in which an individual attributes their own unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or impulses onto someone else. This allows them to avoid acknowledging their own negative qualities and instead project them onto others.

Client example: A client who is struggling with feelings of jealousy towards their partner may project those feelings onto their partner, accusing them of being unfaithful or jealous. Instead of acknowledging their own insecurities, they project them onto their partner, creating conflict in the relationship. Through therapy, the client can explore their own feelings of jealousy and work on addressing them directly, rather than projecting them onto their partner.

Question 4

Describe the stages of psychoanalysis.

Question 5

What are the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalysis in terms of working with clients from diverse backgrounds?

Question 6

Discuss research on outcomes of transference interpretations in psychodynamic
therapy.

Question 7

For Freud, the MOST important motivator of human behavior is:

A) self-actualization
B) self-esteem
C) anxiety
D) conflict

Question 8

The MOST powerful source of human behavior, according to Freud, is

A) the unconscious
B) conscious thought
C) moral anxiety
D) early learning

Question 9

About instincts, Freud believed

A) that they must be repressed
B) that they are directed towards preservation of the organism
C) that they must be expressed
D) b and c

Question 10

The following, according to Freud, has no contact with reality

A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) Ozzy Osborne

Question 11

Which of the following structures have NO unconscious aspect?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) all have unconscious aspects

Question 12

Repression results in:

A) symptom formation
B) binding psychic energy
C) no symptoms
D) all of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is/are true about defense mechanisms?

A) they are conscious
B) they only discharge a little instinctual energy
C) they lead to extreme behavior
D) b and c

Question 14

The goal of psychoanalysis is to

A) shore up defenses
B) reduce repression
C) increase projection
D) a and b

Question 15

Neurotic anxiety is

A) fear of libido
B) fear of the superego
C) fear of ego
D) fear of Sigmund Freud

Question 16

David believes that he is possessed by the spirit of a hyper-intelligent alien being. The government has discovered this possession and is out to get him. In Freud's view, David is probably displaying

A) moral anxiety
B) projection
C) fantasy
D) all of the above

Question 17

The role of the analyst is BEST characterized as that of

A) sage
B) teacher
C) fellow traveler
D) doctor

Question 18

Susan the analyst looks forward to her 10:00am client on Fridays. She spends a lot of time reading about issues relevant to this client's presentation. Susan is probably experiencing

A) countertransference
B) transference
C) sublimation
D) burnout

Question 19

Traditional psychoanalysis is

A) well supported by research.
B) mixed in terms of research support.
C) not supported by research.
D) known for cultural diversity.

Question 20

The primary purpose of the training analysis is

A) to prevent countertransference
B) to make sure that the therapist knows her theory
C) to examine parallel processes between client and counselor
D) to ensure the continuation of psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Question 21

Susan is an analyst who is working with her client Chloe. Susan asks Chloe to "free associate" and tell her everything that comes into her mind. Chloe does not disclose everything that she is thinking because she does not feel that it is relevant to the session. Chloe has:

A) violated the Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis
B) assumed the role of the analyst
C) taken the "back seat"
D) completed her formal assessment

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the id and the ego?

A) The goal of the id is to seek pleasure and avoid pain and the goal of the ego is to satisfy the id and keep the individual safe.
B) Topographically, the id represents unconsciousness and the ego represents consciousness.
C) The id neutralizes pressure that the individual experiences from the environment and the ego provides a moral guide for the individual.
D) The id operates according to secondary process and the ego operates according to primary process.

Question 23

Hoglend and colleagues (2007) found that transference interpretation in psychodynamic therapy was:

A) not critical to improvement.
B) more related to outcome for less dysfunctional clients.
C) more related to outcome for more dysfunctional clients.
D) a and c

Question 24

Mary sought counseling because she feels very lonely. When Mary's therapist began exploring the source of Mary's loneliness, Mary disclosed that several times, people have told her that they have a hard time dealing with her "constantly chewing things such as gum, hard candy, pencils and pens." Mary's counselor, who is a well-trained analyst, believes that Mary is fixated in the Oral Stage of psychosexual development. Given this information, which of the following is true?

A) Mary's sexual drive was not satisfied from birth to age 1.
B) Mary received too little Erotogenic stimulation as an infant.
C) Mary received too much anal stimulation as an infant.
D) a and b

Question 25

Dean's wife Jean is constantly reminding Dean to pick up after himself at home. Jean also gets upset because Dean frequently volunteers his time and sometimes their money to their friends and other people in the community who are in need. The result of Dean's generosity is that Dean spends less time at home and often they do not have enough money to cover their monthly expenses. According to Freud:

A) Dean's parents had rigid rules about toilet training and rarely praised him for success.
B) Dean was not breast fed.
C) Dean's parents offered extreme amounts of praise for his success in toilet training.
D) Dean never resolved his Oedipal complex

Question 26

Nancy goes to the gym every day and pounds on a punching bag. Which defense mechanism is she using?

A) identification with the aggressor
B) projection
C) displacement
D) none of the above

Question 27

What is the relative importance of cognition in psychoanalytic theory?

A) The client's thoughts are the most important factor in understanding behavior.
B) Cognition is important in the processing of unconscious matter.
C) Thinking about the situation helps the client begin to accept the therapist as a unique individual.
D) The client is encouraged to use cognition to control emotions.

Question 28

What is the relative importance of behavior in psychoanalytic theory?

A) Much behavior is driven by and related to unconscious motives.
B) The therapist notices that the client is more likely to perform desired behaviors when appropriately reinforced.
C) The client is aware that his or her Realistic Anxiety drives his/her behavior.
D) a and c

Question 29

The most important thing the analyst does is

A) help the client act out her unconscious impulses
B) interpret the client's transference
C) assist the client in making peace with his mother
D) changes the client's defense mechanisms

Question 30

Match the phrase, Guided by the pleasure principle, with the letter of the appropriate word

A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
D) None of the above

Question 31

Match the phrase, Guided by the reality principle, with the letter of the appropriate word:

A) Id
B) Superego
C) Ego
D) None of the above