Deck 6: The Viewpoints of Rogers and Maslow: The Humanists

Question 1

According to the humanistic viewpoint, individuals are viewed as:

A) Basically good, active, and creative individuals
B) Being influenced by the unconscious motivation in the direction of self-fulfillment
C) Being unique and influenced by their subjective perceptions of reality
D) a & c
E) b & c

Answer 1

a & c

Question 2

The phenomenolgical perspective emphasizes the:

A) Environmental influences on personality
B) Individual's perceptions of events
C) Individual's feelings and behavior
D) a & c
E) b & c

Answer 2

b & c

Question 3

John is trying to explain to his parents why he has decided to drop out of school. He tells them that he feels it is too much pressure to work and go to school. They tell him that they both worked while going to school and that he just needs to plan his time better. From Rogers' viewpoint, John's parents are not considering his:

A) Subjective experience of the events
B) Cognitive restructuring of the situation
C) Construct alternatives
D) Comfort zone

Answer 3

Subjective experience of the events

Question 4

Instead of buying a new car, Susan decided to drive her old one for two more years so that she can work fewer hours and concentrate on her schoolwork. With this plan, she will graduate sooner and get a jump on her career. According to Rogers, Susan's course of action reflects:

A) Deductive reasoning
B) Cognitive modification
C) The actualizing tendency
D) Mental reformulation

Question 5

Rather than following the advice of his parents to pursue an MBA degree, Walter decides to follow his own gut feeling and enroll in a community education course entitled "Being Your Own Boss." According to Rogers, Walter's decision was based on the:

A) Affective model of decision making
B) Organismic valuing process
C) Rational emotive thinking
D) Objective expectations of success

Question 6

While being berated by her boss for her poor performance during a staff presentation, Rose knows that her boss is only criticizing her because he is going through some very emotionally trying times at home. Rose's perceptions reflect her:

A) Phenomenal field
B) Cognitive domain
C) Subjective realism
D) Objective reflection

Question 7

Without any good reason, Mike leaves the office at lunch and does not return. Once at home, Mike begins to think about the report he was to have finished by the end of the workday tomorrow. Mike's reactions earlier that day can be explained by what Rogers referred to as:

A) Repression
B) Regression
C) Suppression
D) Subception
E) Post-conscious reflection

Question 8

After a favorable experience as an intern at a marketing research firm, Doug decides that he will become a marketing major. According to Rogers, Doug's decision was guided by the _____ part of his self-concept.

A) reflective
B) affective
C) cognitive
D) organism

Question 9

Doug voices his concern about his office doing business with a company that has been fined several times for polluting a local stream. His concerns reflect his views on business ethics and environmental issues. According to Rogers, Doug's concerns are guided by the _____ part of his self-concept.

A) self
B) soul
C) core
D) psychosocial

Question 10

Doug voices his concern about his office doing business with a company that has been fined several times for polluting a local stream. His concerns reflect his views on business ethics and environmental issues. According to Rogers, Doug is experiencing a state of _____ within his self-concept by expressing his concerns.

A) psychic balance
B) cognitive equality
C) congruence
D) logical positivism

Question 11

Stan has been asked by his boss to develop a campaign to improve the image of a company that has been fined several times for polluting a local river. Stan feels uneasy taking the account because he has strong views about improving the quality of the environment. According to Rogers, Stan is experiencing a state of _____ within his self-concept.

A) dissonance
B) imbalance
C) displacement
D) incongruence

Question 12

The purpose of _____ is to help individuals meet the fundamental desire for continued personal growth and self-enhancement.

A) inner directiveness
B) cognitive centering
C) self-actualization
D) mental discipline

Question 13

After leaving his parent's home, Lester no longer has to worry about what his parents think of his majoring in fashion design and pursuing his dream of becoming a clothing designer. According to Rogers, Lester now has the ability to meet his full potential because he has:

A) Released his inner child
B) Experiential freedom and openness
C) Explored the feminine side of himself
D) Maintained a sense of affective closure with his parents

Question 14

While they both have aspirations of working in the arts, Joan decides to enroll in additional acting classes while Jan elects to do a summer internship as the stage manager of a local theater company. According to Rogers, Joan and Jan are demonstrating:

A) The uniqueness of the expression of self-actualization
B) Psychological expressionism
C) Psychosocial individuation
D) Reactive subjectivism

Question 15

In order to fulfill her dream of becoming a professional basketball player, Joyce forces herself to study to keep her academic scholarship, lifts weights in the off-season to maintain her strength, and attends motivational seminars to keep her spirits up. According to Rogers, Joyce's actions reflect the:

A) Integration of the mind, body, and soul
B) Holistic nature of the self-actualization process
C) Blending of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of personality
D) Expression of psychic humanism

Question 16

In his effort to earn respect and acceptance from the other students in his high school class, Joel organizes a charity fundraiser to raise money for a new teen center in the downtown area. According to Rogers, Joel's actions reflect:

A) The need for humanism
B) Personalism
C) The need for positive regard
D) Latent prosocial behavior

Question 17

Because Sue Ellen's parents have always shown support for her decisions, even when they expressed disagreement, she has been able to live a full and rich life, doing the things she truly loves. Sue Ellen is receiving _____ from her parents.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) unlimited affective conditioning
C) unconditional psychic freedom
D) unbridled emotional regard

Question 18

In order to be accepted by the rest of the cult members, Bob has to shave his head, preach the word of the cult 15 hours a week on a designated street corner, and not have contact with his family. In this case, Bob is receiving _____ from the other cult members.

A) emotional leverage
B) tough love
C) conditional affirmative respect
D) conditional positive regard

Question 19

Although this will strain her relationship with her parents, Julie has decided to leave college for two years to work on a cruise liner as a means of seeing art museums all over the world in the hopes of combining her love of art with a career as a painter. Julie's actions reflect:

A) Unconditional emotional surrender
B) The need for positive self regard
C) A psychosocial disengagement
D) A reintegration of the subjective self-consciousness

Question 20

Alan feels that he is a success only when he gets straight A's and praise from his parents. According to Rogers, Alan's sense of self is based on:

A) Conditions of worth
B) Conditional self-perception
C) Subjective self-regard
D) Emotional entrapment

Question 21

The _____ was Rogers' expression for an individual who displayed congruence and a high degree of personality adjustment.

A) self-realized person
B) emotionally intelligent person
C) fully functioning person
D) subjectively integrated individual

Question 22

Richard is very jealous of his cousin's new house and great job. Instead of letting such feelings make him depressed, Richard accepts these jealous feelings as natural and uses them to motivate himself to perform better at work. Richard is demonstrating what Rogers refers to as being:

A) Emotionally detached
B) Open to experiences
C) Self-promoting
D) Affectively objective

Question 23

A characteristic feature of the fully functioning person is:

A) Congruence of the self and one's experiences
B) Conditions of worth
C) Trust in his or her own judgment
D) a & b
E) a & c

Question 24

A characteristic of living what Rogers calls "the good life" is:

A) Increased affective arousal
B) Trust by others
C) Increased creativity
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 25

Rogers referred to the form of psychotherapy he developed as:

A) Self-reflective analysis
B) Humanistic therapy
C) Personalistic counseling
D) Person-centered therapy

Question 26

Within his form of therapy, Rogers attempted to:

A) Increase conditions of worth
B) Integrate the self-concept
C) Increase the individual's ability to experience freely the phenomenal field
D) a & c
E) b & c

Question 27

Dee tells her therapist that although she says she loves her boyfriend, she is experiencing anxiety because of the feelings of sexual attraction she has for a coworker. According to Rogers, Dee is:

A) In a state of cognitive dissonance
B) Experiencing reaction formation
C) In a state of incongruence
D) Experiencing affective parallelism
E) b & d

Question 28

As she tells her therapist about all of her affairs to deal with the abuse in her marriage, Gail's therapist tells her that she realizes people must do what they feel is necessary to gain control of their lives and understands Gail's feelings of guilt over what she has done. However, she tells Gail that sleeping with others will not get at the real sense of helplessness she feels about being trapped in this abusive relationship. Gail's therapist is demonstrating:

A) Empathic understanding
B) Deductive reasoning
C) Unconditional positive regard
D) a & b
E) a & c

Question 29

Elliot goes online to a web site titled "Like-Minded Minds" that claims it will match the client's ethnicity with that of a therapist to "ensure maximum treatment outcome." Elliot's efforts and the claims of the web illustrate the ___________ hypothesis.

A) ethnocentric echoing
B) cultural reactivity
C) ethnicity emphasis
D) cultural responsiveness

Question 30

While assessing the effects of person-centered therapy, it was noted that clients tend to:

A) Display a greater awareness of incongruence within the self-concept
B) Express their feelings in both words and actions
C) Experience the therapist's unconditional positive regard
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 31

In assessing the effectiveness of person-centered therapy, it was reported that therapists who contributed to treatment effectiveness were:

A) Most likely to be person-centered therapists
B) Accurately empathic
C) Non-possessively warm in attitude
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 32

In a study investigating the effectiveness of treating snake phobia, the results indicated that the individuals were:

A) More willing to touch a snake if they were treated by a "warm" therapist than a "cold" therapist
B) No more likely to touch a snake if they were treated by a "cold" therapist than no therapist at all
C) More likely to touch a snake if they received no treatment at all than if they were treated by a "cold" therapist
D) a & b
E) a & c

Question 33

David is talking about his depression with other individuals who also experience symptoms of depression. However, instead of talking to them in a room at the local mental health center, he is chatting with them while he is online. Such a form of E-therapy is an example of:

A) An Internet intervention
B) Computerized client-centered therapy
C) An electronic emotional exchange
D) A virtual support group

Question 34

A principal advantage presented by E-therapy is:

A) The lack of concern for issues related to confidentiality
B) Making therapeutic service available on a 24-hour basis
C) The lack of a need for empathic concern on the part of the therapist
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 35

The method of personality assessment most associated with Rogers' phenomenological viewpoint is:

A) The S.E.L.F. test
B) The Q-sort technique
C) L-data analysis
D) The I-E scale

Question 36

As part of his training to become a person-centered therapist, George is given 100 self-descriptive statements (e.g., I am sincere in my dealings with people.) and then asked to place them in one of nine categories, ranging from "least like me" to "most like me,"Based on how he perceives himself as being.
George is engaging in a(n):

A) Construct assessment exercise
B) Ideal sort
C) Self-sort
D) Objective sort
E) Subjective sort

Question 37

As part of his training to become a person-centered therapist, George is given 100 self-descriptive statements (e.g., I am sincere in my dealings with people.) and then asked to place them in one of nine categories, ranging from "least like me" to "most like me,"Based on how he would like to be.
George is engaging in a(n):

A) Construct assessment exercise
B) Ideal sort
C) Self-sort
D) Objective sort
E) Subjective sort

Question 38

The Q-Sort technique has been used to:

A) Assess the discrepancy between the real and ideal perceptions of the self-concept
B) Evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy
C) Measure the degree of personality adjustment
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 39

In a study using the Q-sort technique to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy, it was reported that the correlations for the self-ideal sorts:

A) Increased for those individuals receiving client-centered therapy
B) Decreased for those individuals receiving Adlerian therapy
C) Remained very low for those individuals requiring therapy but who did not yet receive it
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 40

A characteristic feature of the Q-sort technique is that it has been:

A) Used in a wide number of applications and research areas
B) Questioned regarding the ability of individuals to provide reliable and valid information about themselves
C) Less effective than projective techniques in detecting the tendency of individuals to try to make themselves look good
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 41

A characteristic strength of Rogers' viewpoint is his:

A) Strong emphasis on research
B) Attempts to identify those factors that contribute to a successful therapeutic experience
C) Efforts to research the therapeutic process took some of the mystery out of psychotherapy for the general public
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 42

A characteristic strength of Rogers' viewpoint is:

A) His emphasis on the validity of the perceptions people had of themselves and their experiences
B) The impact it had both inside and outside of personality psychology
C) The research it produced refuted the operation of the unconsciousness
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 43

In comparing Rogers and Freud it has been said that:

A) Both developed influential forms of therapy
B) Rogers' viewpoint has been evaluated as making a greater contribution than Freud's outside of personality psychology
C) Rogers' ideas have proven to be more controversial than Freud's
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 44

A characteristic limitation of Rogers' viewpoint is:

A) It placed too much emphasis on the validity of what people said about themselves
B) Its theoretical complexity
C) Its limited impact outside of person-centered therapy
D) a & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 45

A characteristic limitation of person-centered therapy is:

A) It almost completely ignores unconscious processes
B) It is more of a technique involving a set of responses than a form of therapy
C) Its effectiveness is limited primarily to severely depressed and anxious people
D) a & b
E) b & c

Question 46

According to Maslow, his thinking about the nature of personality was influenced significantly by:

A) The birth of his first child
B) Having the opportunity to work with the eminent psychologist Harry Harlow
C) The lessons he learned in life by working as a college student in his family's barrel manufacturing company
D) His experience as a Holocaust survivor
E) c & d

Question 47

Maslow's emphasis on the dignity of people and their concern for self-enhancement was termed the _____ in psychology.

A) "Third wave"
B) "Fourth power"
C) "Third force"
D) "Fifth dimension"

Question 48

A basic assumption of Maslow's humanistic viewpoint is that:

A) People are motivated to satisfy unconscious needs
B) Individuals are in a state of cognitive dissonance and motivated to reduce it
C) Psychological needs are met before cognitive needs
D) The dynamic force behind personality is the meeting of a variety of biological and psychological needs

Question 49

James attends workshops on acting, volunteers as a stagehand at the local acting company, and takes roles in plays, no matter how big or small, in an attempt to be the best actor he can be. According to Maslow, James is trying to reach a:

A) State of objective self-awareness
B) State of self-actualization
C) State of self-realization
D) State of affective perfectionism

Question 50

In his categorization of needs, Maslow described _____ needs as the lower, more basic set of needs.

A) psychosocial
B) biosocial
C) composition
D) fundamental
E) deficiency

Question 51

In his categorization of needs, Maslow described _____ needs as the higher set of needs.

A) beta
B) alpha
C) being
D) cognitive
E) superior

Question 52

In Maslow's _____ of needs, the lower needs exert more power to be satisfied than the higher needs.

A) hierarchy
B) pyramid
C) schemata
D) typology

Question 53

Joe is trying to study but his stomach keeps grumbling, which makes concentrating difficult. As a result, Joe stops studying and gets a bag of pretzels from the vending machine. Joe is satisfying his _____ needs.

A) omega
B) physiological
C) biosocial
D) psychophysiological
E) bioaffective

Question 54

A health issue associated with the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy is:

A) Narcolepsy
B) Obesity
C) Hypertension
D) Scurvy

Question 55

Ronnie's doctor wants to determine his vulnerability to hypertension and diabetes. Among the other tests performed, she also calculates his:

A) Body metric inventory (BMI)
B) Body mass index (BMI)
C) Body index metric (BIM)
D) Body inventory measure (BIM)

Question 56

After fighting the rush-hour traffic to get to her office, Janet's routine is to get a cup of coffee and the morning newspaper at a local coffee shop by her parking garage and spend 30 minutes relaxing before going to her office. With such actions, Janet is meeting her _____ needs.

A) psychosocial
B) safety
C) ritualistic
D) sedentary
E) emotional

Question 57

Coming home from work each day, Jane stops off at the gym to work out for an hour and then stops off at her favorite café for a cup of green tea before going home. This routine is an example of which of Maslow's need levels? ________ needs

A) Belonging
B) Safety
C) Physical
D) Biosocial

Question 58

Which feature has been associated with determining the impact that life changes can have on individuals?

A) The positive vs. negative nature of the events
B) The extent to which an individual has control over the events
C) The time span in which the events occur
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 59

It was reported that individuals who received information about their upcoming surgery and instructions for managing their postoperative pain were found to:

A) Be less depressed after their surgery
B) Require less anesthetics during their surgery
C) Heal faster after their surgery
D) Have more confidence in their surgeon
E) a, b, c, & d

Question 60

Julie belongs to the drama society and Spanish club at college, singles religious study group at her church, and women's junior league in her city. Julie's activities represent her effort to meet her _____ needs.

A) physical and social
B) altruistic and affective
C) humanitarian and socialization
D) belongingness and love
E) active and emotional

Question 61

While he was recovering from heart surgery in the hospital, Dave's friends from his cycling group and church visited him on a regular basis, which his doctor said helped him to recover more quickly. Such visits by friends illustrate the benefits of:

A) Social synergy
B) Social reconstruction
C) Social restoration
D) Social support

Question 62

In addition to being an active member of the membership committee, Jake was recently elected vice president of the psychology club. Jake is pleased with the results of the election because it helps to meet his _____ needs.

A) recognition
B) esteem
C) power
D) affiliation
E) merit

Question 63

While watching her son and his friends at the skateboard park pound their skateboards on the concrete without damaging the wheels, Dr. Taylor decides to construct the valves of the new artificial heart she is designing out of the same material used to make the wheels of the skateboards. Such reasoning indicates that Dr. Taylor's thinking is an example of the process of:

A) Creativity
B) Deconstruction
C) Innovation
D) Parallelism

Question 64

While watching her son and his friends at the skateboard park pound their skateboards on the concrete without damaging the wheels, Dr. Taylor decides to construct the valves of the new artificial heart she is designing out of the same material used to make the wheels of the skateboards. Dr. Taylor's ability to modify her views about the materials used in the design artificial hearts illustrates her _____ intelligence.

A) practical
B) artificial
C) observational
D) normative
E) reflective

Question 65

Bernardo approaches other ethnic groups in the community about helping him develop a grant to build a new cultural diversity center in the city. He approaches the others because he knows the members of the city council like to award grants to projects that involve groups working together, and, like his own group, these other groups lack membership involvement to pursue the grant on their own. Such a strategy illustrates what characteristic of leadership?

A) Wisdom
B) Social intelligence
C) Collaborative integrity
D) Creativity

Question 66

As the president of his company, David uses the wisdom he obtained from the conversations he had with his grandfather, the founder of the business, to develop a creative, new plan for expanding their video retail business by designing a program that will make it possible for the company to offer pay-per-view video retails. David's ability to bring together his wisdom, creativity, and intelligence to save the company from going out of business is an example of the concept of _____ as it is associated with effective leadership.

A) collectivism
B) synthesis
C) projection
D) rationality

Question 67

Self-esteem:

A) Is your own personal sense of self-worth
B) Can be expressed in a general sense
C) Can be expressed in a specific sense
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 68

Because being a published writer is important to Lisa, the rejection letter from the literary magazine editor will most likely:

A) Lower her self-esteem
B) Divide her self-esteem about being a writer
C) Segment her feminine self-esteem from her androgynous self esteem
D) Create ambiguity in her self-esteem
E) b & c

Question 69

Ralph feels that he should be given extra time to work on his class project because he also has to work part-time while going to school. In addition, he became really hostile when the instructor criticized his work at their weekly conference. Ralph's actions demonstrate the characteristic features of a(n) ____________ individual.

A) narcissistic
B) authoritarian
C) autocratic
D) charismatic
E) egocentric individual

Question 70

Compared to individuals with low self-esteem, individuals with high self-esteem:

A) Tend to be happier
B) Are less like to give up in response to failure
C) Are viewed by others as possessing a variety of social skills that make them appealing to others
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 71

After working in his auto repair shop all day, Jerry works a few more hours in the shop each night on his stock car, which he races on weekends at a local figure-eight track. Although he could make more money working as a mechanic at a dealership, Jerry likes being his own boss because he can combine his knowledge of cars with his passion of being the best racer he can at the level he can financially afford. Jerry's actions meet his _____ needs.

A) self-effacing
B) self-serving
C) self-perfection
D) self-actualization

Question 72

Instead of looking at fashion magazines to determine how she should feel about her body, Lisa relies on knowing what weight is best for her, given her lifestyle and eating habits. Lisa is ____ to enhance her self-esteem.

A) employing her own standards
B) making covert comparisons
C) denying the role of external standards
D) engaging in reversed negative talk
E) a, c, & d

Question 73

After watching professional ballroom dancers on television, Jean says to herself, I'll never be a good dancer, so why even try," which makes her feel bad about herself. This illustrates:

A) Circular reasoning
B) Negative self-talk
C) Covert self-disconfirmation
D) Pessimistic schematic reasoning

Question 74

When looking at those who live around him who have enough money to hire professional gardeners, Arnold feels that his lawn is the worst looking one on his block and that he is not being a good neighbor. Such an assessment is an example of:

A) Falsification self-perception
B) Negative self-talk
C) Pessimistic self-evaluation
D) Derogatory self-dialogue

Question 75

To help enhance your self-esteem, you should use standards for yourself that:

A) Exceed your ability
B) Include the possibility of trial-and-error learning
C) Involve altering your definition of success
D) b & c
E) a, b, & c

Question 76

As you move up through system of needs, the self-actualization need:

A) Is the most powerful
B) Is the least powerful
C) Creates more affective arousal but less cognitive arousal
D) a & c
E) b & c

Question 77

From Maslow's viewpoint, it is a misconception that:

A) You must completely satisfy one need before you can begin to satisfy another
B) Lower needs will always override higher needs
C) As you pay less attention to one need, you can begin to satisfy another need
D) a & b
E) a, b, & c

Question 78

Steve eats his lunch while attending a meeting of the Students for World Peace program committee. Steve's actions illustrate that:

A) Physiological needs are stronger than psychosocial needs
B) You can meet more than one need level at a time
C) Maslow was wrong about his arrangement of his system of needs
D) He lacks community needs, not to mention his rudeness
E) a & d

Question 79

Stu skips lunch to take his friend to the airport. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, such actions illustrate that:

A) Being needs can supersede delta needs
B) Higher needs can supersede lower needs
C) Lower needs can supersede higher needs
D) Beta needs can supersede deficiency needs

Question 80

Jill would rather work for an airline company, which is unpredictable about the schedule it expects its employees to work but provides her with an inexpensive way to see art museums all over the world, than in her family's business, which provides a lot of job security but no artistic simulation. Jill's actions support the belief that:

A) Higher needs can take precedent over lower needs
B) Cognitive needs are more powerful than monetary needs
C) Maslow was wrong in the arrangement of his system of needs
D) Needs operate from the top down, not from the bottom up
E) b & d