Deck 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Question 1

When comparing the mature seeds of a pine tree to an apple tree,which of the following is a correct statement?

A)The developmental sequences postfertilization are identical.
B)Both contain triploid tissue.
C)The nutritive tissues are both haploid.
D)Only the apple seed has a diploid seed coat.
E)Both contain haploid and diploid tissues.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A flowering plant with a deleterious mutation in microsporogenesis would most likely

A)fail to produce sepals.
B)fail to produce petals.
C)fail to produce anthers.
D)fail to produce pollen.
E)fail to produce ovules.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Based on studies of plant evolution and anatomy,which flower part is least likely to have evolved from a leaf?

A)stamen
B)carpel
C)petals
D)sepals
E)receptacle

Answer 3

E

Question 4

All of the following are primary functions of flowers except

A)pollen production.
B)photosynthesis.
C)meiosis.
D)egg production.
E)sexual reproduction.

Question 5

All of the following floral parts are involved in pollination or fertilization except the

A)stamen.
B)carpel.
C)petals.
D)sepals.
E)receptacle.

Question 6

A mature,unfertilized ovule in an angiosperm is the result of

A)a single meiotic division.
B)a single mitotic division.
C)both meiotic and mitotic divisions.
D)mitosis from the megaspore mother cell.
E)differentiation from the suspensor tissues.

Question 7

Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the

A)ovule.
B)style.
C)megasporangium.
D)anther.
E)ovary.

Question 8

Which of the following are true of most angiosperms?

A)They have a triploid endosperm within the seed.
B)They have an ovary that becomes a fruit.
C)They have a small (reduced)sporophyte.
D)They have a triploid endosperm within the seed and an ovary that becomes a fruit.
E)They have a triploid endosperm within the seed, an ovary that becomes a fruit, and a small (reduced)sporophyte.

Question 9

In some angiosperms,other floral parts contribute to what is commonly called the fruit.Which of the following fruits is derived mostly from an enlarged receptacle?

A)pea
B)raspberry
C)apple
D)pineapple
E)peach

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the ploidy level of a fertilized embryo sac?

A)All cells are diploid.
B)All cells are triploid.
C)All cells are polyploid.
D)The ploidy level varies among species.
E)There are haploid, diploid, and triploid cells.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

A)petals → sepals → stamens → carpels
B)sepals → stamens → petals → carpels
C)spores → gametes → zygote → embryo
D)sepals → petals → stamens → carpels
E)male gametophyte → female gametophyte → sepals → petals

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence during the alternation of generations life cycle in a flowering plant?

A)sporophyte → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → diploid zygote
B)sporophyte → mitosis → gametophyte → meiosis → sporophyte
C)haploid gametophyte → gametes → meiosis → fertilization → diploid sporophyte
D)sporophyte → spores → meiosis → gametophyte → gametes
E)haploid sporophyte → spores → fertilization → diploid gametophyte

Question 13

Which of the following plant/animal interactions is not a mutually beneficial (mutualistic)relationship?

A)honeybees gathering pollen from apple blossoms
B)butterflies gathering nectar from lily blossoms
C)beetles feeding on magnolia blossoms
D)ants protecting and feeding from nectaries of Acacia
E)wasps such as Campsoscolia ciliata transferring pollen in orchid flowers

Question 14

The ovary is most often located on/in the

A)stamen.
B)carpel.
C)petals.
D)sepals.
E)receptacle.

Question 15

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the

A)stamen.
B)carpel.
C)petals.
D)sepals.
E)receptacle.

Question 16

At the conclusion of meiosis in plants,the end products are always four haploid

A)spores.
B)eggs.
C)sperm.
D)seeds.
E)gametes.

Question 17

A perfect flower is fertile,but may be either complete or incomplete.Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower?

A)It has no sepals.
B)It has fused carpels.
C)It is on a dioecious plant.
D)It has no endosperm.
E)It has both stamens and carpels.

Question 18

Which of the following is true in plants?

A)Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes.
B)Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.
C)The gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms.
D)Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes, and meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores.
E)Mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes, meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores, and the gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms.

Question 19

Carpellate flowers

A)are perfect.
B)are complete.
C)produce pollen.
D)are found only on dioecious plants.
E)develop into fruits.

Question 20

The male wasp,Campsoscolia ciliata,transfers pollen from one orchid to another orchid of the same species.What "reward" does the male wasp receive from the orchid plants for helping with the orchid pollination?

A)a supply of energy-rich nectar
B)volatile chemical hormones that help the male wasp find a sexually receptive female
C)no reward; the male wasp is deceived by the flower shape and odour
D)successful copulation with the flower
E)a store of nectar that the wasp can use in time of famine

Question 21

In the life cycle of an angiosperm,which of the following stages is diploid?

A)megaspore
B)generative nucleus of a pollen grain
C)polar nuclei of the embryo sac
D)microsporocyte
E)both megaspore and polar nuclei

Question 22

In flowering plants,pollen is released from the

A)anther.
B)stigma.
C)carpel.
D)filament.
E)pollen tube.

Question 23

In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?

A)ovule-egg
B)embryo sac-female gametophyte
C)endosperm-male gametophyte
D)seed-zygote
E)microspore-pollen grain

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is false?

A)The sporophyte is the dominant generation.
B)Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers.
C)Pollination is the placing of pollen on the stigma of a carpel.
D)The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell that contains two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus.
E)Flowers produce fruits within the ovules.

Question 25

Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination?

A)dioecious
B)monoecious
C)complete
D)wind-pollinated
E)insect-pollinated

Question 26

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation?

A)anther-gametophyte
B)pollen-gametophyte
C)embryo sac-gametophyte
D)stamen-sporophyte
E)embryo-sporophyte

Question 27

Genetic incompatibility does not affect the

A)attraction of a suitable insect pollinator.
B)germination of the pollen on the stigma.
C)growth of the pollen tube in the style.
D)membrane permeability of cells.
E)different individuals of the same species.

Question 28

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?

A)Fertilization precedes pollination.
B)Pollination easily occurs between plants of different species, whereas fertilization is within a species.
C)Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other.
D)Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei.
E)If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.

Question 29

Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants?

A)megasporocyte
B)microsporocyte
C)endosperm
D)pollen tube
E)megasporocyte and microsporocyte

Question 30

What effects would occur in a mutant of Arabidopsis that cannot synthesize GABA within its flowers?

A)Pollen tube growth would not be directed toward the egg, and fertilization would not occur.
B)The seeds from the flowers would be unable to break dormancy.
C)The pollen grain would not form a pollen tube due to incompatibility with the pollen tube.
D)The length of the style would be increased to the point where the growing pollen tube would be unable to reach the synergids.

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?

A)sporangia → meiosis → two haploid cells → meiosis → two pollen grains per cell
B)pollen grain → meiosis → two generative cells → two tube cells per pollen grain
C)two haploid cells → meiosis → generative cell → tube cell-fertilization → pollen grain
D)pollen grain → mitosis → microspores → meiosis → generative cell plus tube cell
E)microsporocyte → meiosis → microspores → mitosis → two haploid cells per pollen grain

Question 32

Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself." For self-incompatibility,the system requires

A)the rejection of nonself cells.
B)the rejection of self cells.
C)carpel incompatibility with the egg cells.
D)that the flowers be incomplete.
E)the union of genetically identical sperm and egg cells.

Question 33

In flowering plants,a mature male gametophyte contains

A)two haploid gametes and a diploid pollen grain.
B)a generative cell and a tube cell.
C)two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.
D)two haploid microspores.
E)a haploid nucleus and a diploid pollen wall.

Question 34

Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of the megaspore produce

A)three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.
B)the triple fusion nucleus.
C)three pollen grains.
D)two antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, two eggs, and two synergids.
E)a tube nucleus, a generative cell, and a sperm cell.

Question 35

Where and by which process are sperm cells formed in plants?

A)meiosis in pollen grains
B)meiosis in anthers
C)mitosis in male gametophyte pollen tube
D)mitosis in the micropyle
E)mitosis in the embryo sac

Question 36

Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant?

A)ovule
B)microsporocyte
C)pollen grain
D)embryo sac
E)stamen

Question 37

Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?

A)An antheridium forms from the megasporophyte.
B)A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis.
C)The egg nucleus is usually diploid.
D)A pollen tube emerges to accept pollen after pollination.
E)The endosperm surrounds the megaspore mother cell.

Question 38

Which of the following would be considered a multiple fruit?

A)apple
B)strawberry
C)raspberry
D)pineapple
E)corn on the cob

Question 39

Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?

A)meiosis → fertilization → ovulation → germination
B)fertilization → meiosis → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
C)meiosis → pollination → nuclear fusion → formation of embryo and endosperm
D)growth of pollen tube → pollination → germination → fertilization
E)meiosis → mitosis → nuclear fusion → pollen

Question 40

During the alternation of generations in plants,

A)meiosis produces gametes.
B)mitosis produces gametes.
C)fertilization produces spores.
D)fertilization produces gametes.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true about fruits?

A)Fruits form from megasporangia and integuments.
B)All fruits contain seeds.
C)Green beans, corn, tomatoes, and wheat are all vegetables.
D)Pollination is always required for fruit maturation.
E)During fruit development, the wall of the ovary becomes the integument.

Question 42

Suppose that 100 pollen grains land on a stigma,and 50 mature seeds are formed in the fruit.What does this indicate about the pollination process and success?

A)50% success: 100 pollen grains grew to 50 ovules, and double fertilization occurred.
B)50% success: evidently, only 50 sperm pollinated 50 anthers.
C)50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs, and 50 sperm fused with 50 polar nuclei.
D)50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs, and 50 sperm fused with 100 polar nuclei.

Question 43

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?

A)potato
B)lettuce
C)radish
D)celery
E)green beans

Question 44

Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination.What is the major function of ripe fruits?

A)attracting pollinators
B)dispersing seed
C)releasing nutrients to seeds
D)keeping the seed hydrated before germination

Question 45

Which of the following is a potential advantage of introducing apomixis into hybrid crop species?

A)Cultivars would be better able to cope with a rapidly changing environment.
B)They would have a larger potential genome than inbred crops.
C)All of the desirable traits of the cultivar would be passed on to offspring.
D)They would benefit from positive mutations in their DNA.
E)It would be easier to introduce novel genes.

Question 46

The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths,a(n)________,which covers the young shoot,and a(n)________,which covers the young root.

A)cotyledon; radicle
B)hypocotyl; epicotyl
C)coleoptile; coleorhiza
D)scutellum; coleoptile
E)epicotyl; radicle

Question 47

Which of the following statements argues for an advantage for flowering plants to maintain an extended gametophyte generation?

A)The protection of female gametophytes within ovules keeps them from drying out.
B)Sperm with flagella can reach the egg faster.
C)It provides sufficient time for the integument to develop into a seed coat.
D)It allows for a complex nucleus to develop.
E)It allows more time for potential pollination.

Question 48

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

A)the trend toward smaller size
B)the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle
C)the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
D)the trend toward larger gametophytes

Question 49

Which of the following developmental processes in a seed is the most evolutionarily advantageous for the initial establishment of a viable seedling?

A)The emergence of the radical.
B)The coleoptiles in monocots.
C)The protective layer of cutin outside of the seed coat.
D)The emergence of the first photosynthetically active leaves.
E)The development of a nutrient-rich hypocotyl.

Question 50

As a flower develops,which transition is most likely to occur?

A)The microspores become pollen grains.
B)The ovule becomes a fruit.
C)The petals are retained.
D)The vegetative nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
E)The ovules become ovaries.

Question 51

The primary function of the integument of an ovule is to

A)protect against animal predation.
B)ensure double fertilization.
C)form a seed coat.
D)direct development of the endosperm.
E)produce hormones that ensure successful pollination.

Question 52

Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm?

A)The pollen tube grows away from the egg toward the polar nuclei.
B)Ca²⁺ builds up in the cytoplasm of the egg.
C)The egg cell plasmolyzes.
D)Double fertilization occurs.
E)There is a spike in membrane transport activity.

Question 53

The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to various kinds of

A)seed dispersal agents.
B)pollinators.
C)herbivores.
D)climatic conditions.

Question 54

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants

A)protects the zygote from herbivores.
B)evolved concurrently with pollen.
C)helps in dispersal of the zygote.
D)allows it to be nourished by the parent plant.

Question 55

Which of the following metabolic processes is most likely to still be occurring at low levels in a fully mature,viable,dry seed?

A)photosynthesis
B)respiration
C)fatty acid synthesis
D)protein synthesis
E)DNA replication

Question 56

The structure of a mature functional fruit always includes

A)one or more seeds.
B)extensive vascular connections to the parent plant.
C)fleshy cells rich in sugars.
D)brightly coloured pigments to attract animal dispersers.
E)subtending bracts to protect against predators.

Question 57

Which of the following statements applies to the endosperm in angiosperms?

A)Its nutrients may be absorbed by the cotyledons in the seeds of eudicots.
B)It develops from a haploid cell.
C)Its nutrients are digested before embryo development.
D)It develops from the fertilized egg.
E)It is only fully developed in monocot seeds.

Question 58

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants.Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success?

A)wind pollination
B)dominant gametophytes
C)fruits enclosing seeds
D)sperm cells without flagella

Question 59

What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

A)The endosperm develops into a diploid nutrient tissue.
B)A triploid zygote is formed.
C)Both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed.
D)Two embryos develop in every seed.
E)The antipodal cells develop into the seed coat.

Question 60

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating)animals,as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
1)The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks.
2)The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth.
3)The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs.
4)The seed coat,upon its complete digestion,should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5)The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes.

A)4 only
B)1 and 2
C)3 and 5
D)3, 4, and 5

Question 61

Biofuels are mainly produced by

A)the breakdown of cell wall biopolymers into sugars that can be fermented.
B)plants that convert hemicellulose into gasoline.
C)the genetic engineering of ethanol-generating genes into plants.
D)transgenic crops that have cell walls containing ethylene.
E)plants that are easy to grow in arid environments.

Question 62

The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include

A)increasing the amount of land suitable for agriculture.
B)overcoming genetic incompatibility.
C)increasing the frequency of self-pollination.
D)increasing crop yield.
E)decreasing the mutation rate of certain genes.

Question 63

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

A)increased genetic variation in progeny
B)enhanced mitosis
C)more stable populations
D)rapid increases in population due to high seed production
E)higher reproductive success

Question 64

Garden beans and many other eudicots have a hooked hypocotyl during germination.Which of the following is true concerning hypocotyls and/or the hypocotyl hook?

A)It is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed.
B)It pushes the cotyledons up through the soil.
C)It straightens when exposed to sufficient water.
D)It is stunted in an etiolated seedling.
E)It emerges after the successful establishment of the radicle.

Question 65

One major potential benefit resulting from protoplast fusion experiments in agriculturally relevant species is

A)there is an increased potential of hopeful mutants.
B)species that are normally sexually incompatible can sometimes be successfully fused, producing offspring with traits of both parent species.
C)many new species can be produced in a short period of time.
D)deleterious traits are often removed by this process.
E)genetically unrelated species can be successfully combined to produce new species with much larger genomes and adaptive potentials.

Question 66

Which of the following statements reflects a disadvantage of using biofuels?

A)Land used to grow crops for biofuels cannot be used to grow crops for human consumption.
B)Biofuel would potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
C)Biofuels create a carbon-neutral cycle.
D)Use of biofuels may slow down global warming.
E)There are no disadvantages.

Question 67

What is the first step in the germination of a seed?

A)pollination
B)fertilization
C)imbibition
D)hydrolysis of starch and other food reserves
E)emergence of the radicle

Question 68

Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?

A)Clones of plants do not occur naturally.
B)Cloning, although achieved in animals, has not been demonstrated in plants.
C)Making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation.
D)Reproduction of plants by cloning may be either sexual or asexual.
E)Viable seeds can result from sexual reproduction only.

Question 69

Which of the following types of plants are incapable of self-pollination?

A)dioecious
B)monoecious
C)wind-pollinated
D)insect-pollinated

Question 70

Fruits develop from

A)microsporangia.
B)receptacles.
C)fertilized eggs.
D)ovaries.
E)ovules.

Question 71

Which of the following characteristics would you associate with asexual reproduction?

A)lower nectar volume and nectar concentration
B)high number of shoots that develop roots
C)frequent visits from pollinators
D)A and B
E)A, B, and C

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true for a species that produces seeds by apomixis?

A)The seed coat is made of diploid cells derived from the ovule of a flower.
B)The embryo consists of diploid cells derived from fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm.
C)The scutellum is the primary food storage tissue of the embryo.
D)A haploid embryo is contained within the seed.
E)The embryo of the seed is genetically distinct from the parent plant.

Question 73

Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?

A)an environment that varies on a regular, predictable basis
B)an environment with irregular fluctuations of conditions
C)a relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances
D)a fire-maintained ecosystem
E)an environment with many seed predators

Question 74

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of asexual reproduction in plants?

A)increased success of progeny in a stable environment
B)increased agricultural productivity in a rapidly changing environment
C)maintenance and expansion of a large genome
D)production of numerous progeny
E)increased ability to adapt to a change in the environment

Question 75

A parent with an S₁S₂ genotype exhibiting gametophytic self-incompatibility could potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

A)S₁S₃
B)S₂S₃
C)S₁S₄
D)S₂S₄
E)Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.

Question 76

A parent with an S₁S₂ genotype exhibiting sporophytic self-incompatibility can potentially fertilize which of the following plant genotypes of the same species with pollen grains?

A)S₁S₃
B)S₂S₃
C)S₃S₄
D)S₁S₄
E)Half of all the pollen grains could be successful.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion?

A)It occurs when the second sperm nucleus fuses with the polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
B)It can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants.
C)It is used to develop gene banks to preserve genetic variability.
D)It is the method of test-tube cloning that produces whole plants from callus.
E)It occurs within a callus that is developing in tissue culture.

Question 78

One disadvantage of monoculture is that

A)the whole crop ripens at the same time.
B)genetic uniformity makes a crop more vulnerable to a new pest or disease.
C)it predominantly uses vegetative propagation.
D)most grain crops self-pollinate.
E)it allows for the cultivation of large areas of land.

Question 79

Which of the following is not a means of asexual reproduction in plants?

A)fragmentation
B)root system giving rise to adventitious shoots
C)wind pollination
D)apomixis
E)vegetative buds

Question 80

Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?

A)It involves both meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid and diploid cells.
B)It produces vegetables and not fruits.
C)It involves meiosis only.
D)It can lead to genetically altered forms of the species.
E)It produces clones of the parent plant.