Deck 10: The Respiratory System: Exchange of Gases

Question 1

Arrange the following entries in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body. a. trachea b. bronchiole c. pharynx
D) alveoli e. larynx

A) e, c, b, a, d
B) c, a, e, d, b
C) b, d, a, c, e
D) c, a, e, b, d
E) c, e, a, b, d

Answer 1

E

Question 2

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

A) initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body
B) must be maintained higher than atmospheric pressure
C) must be maintained lower than atmospheric pressure
D) gradually elevates as air enters the lungs
E) rapidly elevates

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which one of the following muscles separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A) intercostal
B) intracostal
C) cardiac
D) diaphragm
E) spleen

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

A) flatten the diaphragm
B) pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases
C) constrict the lungs so that intrapulmonary pressure increases
D) separate the layers of pleural membranes
E) increase blood flow to lung tissue

Question 5

A little girl was playing in the snow one day and found that she was wiping her nose quite often. The "runny nose" that she was experiencing due to the cold temperatures resulted from

A) an insufficient production of mucus
B) an inadequate supply of blood to the nasal epithelium
C) the slowed activity of nasal cilia
D) a buildup of tears in the nasal septum
E) the inability of the sinuses to drain

Question 6

How does external respiration differ from internal respiration?

A) External respiration is done only by some amphibians, which can exchange gases through their skin.
B) External respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas internal respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids.
C) External respiration involves gills, whereas internal respiration involves lungs.
D) Internal respiration refers to gas exchange between inhaled air and blood, whereas external respiration refers to gas exchange between the blood and tissue fluids.
E) External respiration refers to gas exchange, regardless of its location, whereas internal respiration refers to the cellular process that metabolizes glucose and results in the production of ATP.

Question 7

All of the following are involved in the process of breathing EXCEPT which one?

A) bones
B) respiratory system
C) circulatory system
D) skeletal muscles
E) nervous system

Question 8

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

A) closure of the soft palate
B) cartilage
C) smooth muscle
D) epiglottis
E) skeletal muscle

Question 9

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood?

A) trachea
B) bronchioles
C) alveoli
D) bronchi
E) pleura

Question 10

All of the following are TRUE regarding the effect of smoking on the respiratory system EXCEPT which one?

A) The production of mucus increases in response to the presence of smoke.
B) Smoking destroys cilia lining the respiratory tract.
C) Particles and debris from the smoke accumulate in the mucus of the airway and increase the risk for infections by pathogens.
D) Antimicrobial compounds found in the respiratory mucus of smokers decrease the likelihood of infection.
E) "Smoker's cough" results from the heavy coughing that is necessary to clear accumulated mucus or particles from the airway.

Question 11

Which of the following occurs as air is drawn through the nose?

A) Water is removed, and the air becomes drier.
B) Carbon dioxide is removed from the air and replaced with oxygen.
C) Air is mixed with odorants to produce smells.
D) Harmful allergens and other toxic materials such as cigarette smoke and asbestos are removed.
E) Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

Question 12

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

A) expiratory reserve volume
B) tidal volume
C) inspiratory reserve volume
D) dead space volume
E) vital capacity

Question 13

All of the following are part of an individual's vital capacity EXCEPT which one?

A) tidal volume
B) inspiratory reserve
C) expiratory reserve
D) residual volume

Question 14

During puberty, the increased production of testosterone in males causes the rapid enlargement of which one of the following structures of the respiratory system?

A) pharynx
B) esophagus
C) larynx
D) bronchi
E) bronchioles

Question 15

During the ingestion of food or liquid, which one of the following tips to block the opening to the trachea?

A) pharynx
B) bronchi
C) epiglottis
D) bronchioles
E) larynx

Question 16

Which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

A) Oxygen is an important source of energy for cells and is used to make glucose.
B) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the process of cellular respiration, which results in the production of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions.
C) Oxygen must be available to cells in order for them to make the sugars necessary to supply energy for cell functions.
D) Oxygen is used to drive the anaerobic breakdown of sugars for the production of ATP.
E) Oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, which is then used to drive the production of ADP.

Question 17

Ventilation refers to the process by which

A) gases are exchanged between the cells and the lungs
B) gases are exchanged between the air and the blood
C) air moves into and out of the lungs
D) gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells
E) ATPs are produced

Question 18

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they

A) are wider in diameter
B) carry oxygenated air toward the alveoli
C) filter, warm, and humidify air
D) lack cartilage in their walls
E) are lined by a ciliated epithelium

Question 19

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the

A) bronchioles
B) larynx
C) alveoli
D) bronchi
E) sinuses

Question 20

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

A) promote the exchange of nutrients with both lungs
B) allow gas exchange between the lungs and the blood stream
C) allow white blood cells and macrophages access to foreign antigens entering the body through air
D) function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation
E) serve as a shock absorber for the lungs during body movement

Question 21

Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood during internal respiration.

Question 22

Carbaminohemoglobin differs from hemoglobin in that carbaminohemoglobin

A) is found in blood plasma
B) binds carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide
C) is found in red blood cells
D) is bound to carbon dioxide
E) transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells

Question 23

Carbon dioxide is carried from the tissues to the lungs by a variety of mechanisms. Which of the following lists these mechanisms in order representing the mechanism that carries the most carbon dioxide to the mechanism that carries the smallest amount?

A) bicarbonate-carbaminohemoglobin-dissolved in plasma
B) bicarbonate-dissolved in plasma-carbaminohemoglobin
C) dissolved in plasma-bicarbonate-carbaminohemoglobin
D) carbaminohemoglobin-bicarbonate-dissolved in plasma
E) carbaminohemoglobin-dissolved in plasma-bicarbonate

Question 24

Which of the following disorders is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscle; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five years of diagnosis?

A) amytrophic lateral sclerosis
B) pleurisy
C) cystic fibrosis
D) emphysema
E) botulism

Question 25

The trachea is completely surrounded by rings of cartilage, resulting in an organ that is inflexible.

Question 26

In which one of the following situations is hemoglobin most likely to bind oxygen?

A) in a tissue with a low partial pressure of oxygen
B) in a tissue with a neutral pH
C) in a tissue with a high temperature
D) in a tissue with a low pH
E) in a metabolically active tissue (e.g., muscle)

Question 27

External respiration is the process of

A) transporting gases in the blood stream to target cells
B) exchanging air in lungs with the surrounding environment
C) moving gases into or out of the blood stream within lung tissue
D) gas uptake by target cells
E) carbon dioxide release by cells into the bloodstream

Question 28

Which one of the following is a symptom of botulism?

A) elevated stroke volume
B) paralysis of muscles used for breathing
C) cough yielding green phlegm
D) immune system attack of connective tissue
E) rash

Question 29

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body causes

A) a simultaneous increase in the amount of oxygen in the body
B) an increase in the pH of the blood
C) a decrease in the rate at which impulses are released from the respiratory center
D) slow, shallow breathing
E) a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 30

The respiratory control center is located

A) in the pulmonary veins
B) in the pulmonary arteries
C) in the medulla oblongata
D) in the right lung
E) throughout the arteries

Question 31

All of the following are involved in the regulation of the rate and depth of breathing EXCEPT which one?

A) carotid and aortic bodies
B) blood levels of CO₂
C) blood levels of O₂
D) bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
E) medulla oblongata

Question 32

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form?

A) free carbon dioxide gas
B) oxyhemoglobin
C) soluble bicarbonate ion
D) bound to hemoglobin
E) carbon monoxide

Question 33

A condition in which wheezing occurs with breathlessness and a persistent cough, and yields yellowish or greenish phlegm is

A) asthma
B) bronchitis
C) lung cancer
D) lupus
E) anemia

Question 34

All of the following statements are TRUE regarding lung cancer EXCEPT which one?

A) Symptoms include chest pain, chronic cough, and wheezing.
B) One hundred percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking or exposure to cigarette smoke.
C) Lung cancer may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.
D) This type of cancer typically takes many years to develop.
E) Problems associated with lung cancer include inadequate exchange of gases in the alveoli and impairment of blood flow in the pulmonary blood vessels.

Question 35

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood directly across the alveoli wall.

Question 36

Surfactant is released to reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

Question 37

The rate and depth of normal breathing are determined by

A) oxygen levels in the blood
B) carbon dioxide levels in the blood
C) a pacemaker in the diaphragm
D) a pacemaker in the intercostal muscles
E) carbon monoxide levels in the blood

Question 38

Which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

A) contraction of the diaphragm
B) reduction in the efficiency of oxygen transport by the blood
C) increase in air pressure in the lungs
D) opening of the trachea
E) downward movement of the ribs

Question 39

Burning of carbon-based fuels can produce which one of the following, an odorless gas that competes with oxygen for binding to hemoglobin.

A) carbon tetrachloride
B) nitrogen
C) ozone
D) hydrogen
E) carbon monoxide

Question 40

Oxygen-rich blood flows through the heart

A) by entering the right atrium and continuing through the aortic arch
B) via the left atrium and ventricle before entering the systemic circuit
C) on the left side of the heart following returning from the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
D) right to left
E) only through the coronary arteries

Question 41

Longer vocal cords generate higher-pitched tones than longer ones.

Question 42

The figure above shows the components of the respiratory system. Match each labeled structure (A-E) to its description.
This structure is also known as the "windpipe."

Question 43

Use the figure below to answer the following question.

The figure above depicts expiration.

Question 44

The respiratory system functions to ________ with the environment.

Question 45

Hemoglobin binds more tightly to carbon monoxide than to oxygen.

Question 46

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body results in a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, which results in an increase in breathing rate.

Question 47

The figure above shows the components of the respiratory system. Match each labeled structure (A-E) to its description.
Site of the vocal cords; the glottis is the opening to this structure.

Question 48

Deoxygenated blood is transported to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs by the pulmonary veins; oxygenated blood is transported away from the pulmonary capillaries by the pulmonary arteries.

Question 49

The figure above shows the components of the respiratory system. Match each labeled structure (A-E) to its description.
Contraction of this structure causes it to flatten out, increasing lung volume.

Question 50

Antibiotics are the preferred treatment for colds.

Question 51

The rate and depth of normal breathing are controlled by the need to get rid of CO₂.

Question 52

Hemoglobin in red blood cells can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide, but not at the same time since it uses the same binding site.

Question 53

The figure above shows the components of the respiratory system. Match each labeled structure (A-E) to its description.
Site of external respiration; walls consist of one layer of squamous epithelial cells.

Question 54

The figure above shows the components of the respiratory system. Match each labeled structure (A-E) to its description.
Large airways that enter each lung and then branch into smaller and smaller airways; walls contain connective tissue, smooth muscles, and cartilage.

Question 55

There is substantial evidence that children who live with smokers are at an increased risk for asthma.

Question 56

Lung diseases, such as emphysema, can be diagnosed by measuring lung volumes and the rates at which these volumes change.

Question 57

Lung capacity is typically measured with the use of a spirometer.

Question 58

Sound results from the ________ of the vocal cords as air passes through the larynx.

Question 59

Air spaces in the skull called the ________ drain into the nasal cavity.

Question 60

During the cough reflex, the trachea ________ slightly to increase the velocity of air movement.

Question 61

The muscles involved in respiration include the ________ muscles located between the ribs and the ________ located between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.

Question 62

The concentration of ________ is monitored by the aortic and carotid bodies.

Question 63

The lower pharynx serves as a passageway for both the ________ and ________ systems.

Question 64

The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs with each breath is the ________.

Question 65

In the figure above, ________ must be released over the inner surface of the sac-like structures to reduce surface tension.

Question 66

Intrapulmonary pressure must be reduced prior to the process of ________.

Question 67

During a normal breathing cycle, pressure changes are essential to the exchange of gases with the environment. Describe what type of pressure changes must occur during ventilation.

Question 68

The pleural cavity, which is located between the pleural membranes, contains small amounts of ________.

Question 69

It is impossible to talk while swallowing because the ________ blocks the opening to the lower respiratory tract, routing food to the esophagus instead of the ________.

Question 70

The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs between the alveoli and the ________.

Question 71

The anatomical design of the paired lungs makes them easy to distinguish; the right lung has ________ lobes, whereas the left side has ________ lobes.

Question 72

The concentration of ________ in the blood is monitored indirectly by monitoring the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 73

Use the figure below to answer the following questions.

At the end of every ________ is a cluster of ________, where gas exchange takes place.

Question 74

The basic pattern of inhalation and exhalation is controlled by a region at the base of the brain called the ________.

Question 75

Oxygen and carbon dioxide both have the ability to bind to hemoglobin, which would seem to be an unfavorable situation for the body, particularly in terms of cellular respiration. What features does the human body use to favor oxygen and not carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin?

Question 76

Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that ________ the production of mucus and ________ the activity of cilia in the respiratory system.

Question 77

The structure nicknamed the "Adam's apple" is associated with the ________, part of the respiratory passageway.

Question 78

During intense physical exercise, human cells and tissues increase their need for oxygen to provide the ATP necessary for work. Why does heart rate have to increase to meet the need for oxygen?