Deck 18: The Diversity of American Colonial Societies

Question 1

The Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535, with its capital in Mexico City, encompassed

A) Mexico, California, and Oregon.
B) Alaska, Siberia, and Central America.
C) Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands.
D) Brazil, Paraguay, and Roanoke.
E) Florida, St. Lucia, and Dominica.

Answer 1

Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands.

Question 2

One of the major reasons for the growth of the world population after 1700 was

A) recovery from the plague.
B) large-scale development of the plantation economy in the new world and the growth of staple crops.
C) the spread of more high-calorie per acre staple crops like maize and potatoes from the New World.
D) the transition to a mercantile, cash-based economy.
E) exposure of the different populations to each other strengthened the global immune system.

Answer 2

the spread of more high-calorie per acre staple crops like maize and potatoes from the New World.

Question 3

The forced labor system in which Amerindian men in Peru worked two to four months of the year in the mines was

A) the milla.
B) the puri.
C) the colo system.
D) the rota.
E) the mita.

Answer 3

the mita.

Question 4

How were the European languages and cultures primarily transmitted to indigenous populations?

A) enslavement and the use of the requiremento.
B) creating bicultural societies through interaction and assimilation.
C) conversion efforts by the Catholic church.
D) development of local schools and educational efforts by Spanish settlers.
E) there was strict separation of cultural and linguistic identities as a deliberate process of isolation.

Question 5

What was the most deadly of the epidemics in the Americas?

A) Smallpox
B) Syphilis
C) Influenza
D) Measles
E) Cholera

Question 6

The most influential defender of Amerindians in the early colonial period was a Catholic priest named

A) Diego de Landa.
B) Bartolomé de las Casas.
C) Juan de Zumárraga.
D) Diego Mendez.
E) Aldo Suarez.

Question 7

In colonial Spain, a term used to describe Spanish lesser nobles.

A) creoles.
B) castas.
C) hidalgos.
D) palenques.
E) baronettes.

Question 8

Why did the peoples of the New World lack immunity to the diseases of the Europeans?

A) They had a different DNA structure than Europeans.
B) It was due to their long isolation from other continents.
C) Significant differences in dietary structure.
D) Disease did not exist in the Americas.
E) None of these.

Question 9

In Brazil, Amerindian slaves were increasingly ravaged by disease and warfare and were eventually superseded by

A) Asian slaves.
B) European peasants.
C) African slaves.
D) better technology.
E) animal power.

Question 10

An encomienda was

A) a form of forced labor and tribute.
B) a plantation for mining precious metals.
C) a plantation for growing sugar.
D) an agreement with Amerindians.
E) a disease of the lower intestine.

Question 11

By the end of the sixteenth century, Portugal controlled the Brazilian coast while this country controlled most of the remaining areas of Central and South America.

A) Spain
B) England
C) Netherlands
D) France
E) Austria

Question 12

The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the

A) Council of the Indies.
B) Spanish and Portuguese armies.
C) Catholic Church.
D) plantation system.
E) Lantern Council.

Question 13

Which of the following Old World foods did settlers introduce to New World agriculture?

A) Wheat, olives, grapes, and garden vegetables
B) Maize, rice, and bran
C) Manioc, wheat, and amaranth
D) Spelt, manioc, and wheat
E) Spelt, taro, and chinampas

Question 14

The economic development of the colonies in Mexico and Peru was dominated by sugar plantations and

A) diamond mining.
B) copper mining.
C) silver mining.
D) gold mining.
E) rice plantations.

Question 15

What effect did European horses have on the Americas?

A) Increased military capacity and hunting efficiency
B) Decreased military capacity and hunting efficiency
C) No impact because religious prohibitions prevented its use
D) No appreciable impact because they already had the horse
E) The decline in the alpaca population

Question 16

The highest-ranking Spanish officials in the colonies were:

A) viceroys
B) priests.
C) conquistadors
D) indigenous royalty
E) creoles.

Question 17

Which of the following became the richest institution of the Spanish colonies?

A) The Catholic Church
B) The Viceroyalty of Brazil
C) The farmers
D) The unions
E) The Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata

Question 18

Enormous wealth was generated by the Spanish through

A) engaging in slave trade of indigenous Americans.
B) development of plantation economies in the sugar trade.
C) establishing a monopoly on the Columbian exchange.
D) long-distance trade with Asia.
E) silver and gold mines.

Question 19

Death rates among Amerindian peoples during the epidemics of the early colonial period were

A) very high.
B) average.
C) very low.
D) no higher than at other times.
E) nonexistent; death rates ceased during this period.

Question 20

Early Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the Americas sought to institute colonial societies similar to the Old World including patriarchal families networks founded on this religion.

A) Protestant
B) Catholic
C) Puritan
D) Anglican
E) none of the above

Question 21

The largest slave revolt in South Carolina took place in 1739 and was called

A) the Creole Rebellion.
B) Gabriel's Rebellion.
C) Nat Turner's Rebellion.
D) the Taiping Rebellion.
E) the Stono Rebellion.

Question 22

Why did Massachusetts have a lower mortality rate than southern and Caribbean colonies?

A) Massachusetts was more homogenous and less hierarchal.
B) Massachusetts had more families and greater stability of population.
C) Massachusetts had a nicer climate.
D) Massachusetts relied on indentured servitude rather than slavery.
E) Massachusetts was based on religion instead of commerce.

Question 23

Which of the following is true of the Puritans?

A) They wished to break from the Church of England.
B) They wanted to establish a hierarchy of bishops and priests.
C) Their efforts to reform the Church of England were welcomed.
D) They welcomed Catholic as well as Jewish members.
E) They wanted to purify the Church of England, not break from it.

Question 24

The French settlements in America resembled Spanish and Portuguese colonies more than those of England in that they wanted to

A) draft Amerindians for military service.
B) extract resources and convert the population to Christianity.
C) free the Amerindians from oppression by the Aztec kings.
D) protect the environment while preserving Amerindian culture.
E) do none of these; the French actually resembled the English more than they did the Spanish or Portuguese.

Question 25

The hybrid culture of African and American was most "standardized" by the evolution of a common idiom along the Carolina coast called:

A) Bantu
B) Swahili
C) Gullah
D) Sotho-Tswana
E) Yoruba.

Question 26

Which of the following is not one way that slaves expressed their resistance to the colonial masters in Latin America?

A) Signing petitions
B) Malingering
C) Rebelling
D) Running away
E) Sabotaging

Question 27

Which of the following were ways that the Amerindian population reacted to the colonial economy?

A) They provided furs and deerskins to European traders.
B) Amerindian hunting and gathering and agricultural practices were disrupted.
C) They became dependent on European goods.
D) The natural balance of plants and animals was disrupted.
E) All of the above.

Question 28

Within fifteen years of its settlement, the colony at Jamestown lost ____ percent of its population:

A) 80
B) 60
C) 40
D) 20
E) 10

Question 29

In Virginia, colonial government consisted of a governor, his council, and elected representatives known as the

A) House of Payne.
B) House of Burgesses.
C) House of Lords.
D) House of Elders.
E) Assembly of Freemen.

Question 30

In Colonial Spanish America, the term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World was

A) mestizos.
B) mulattos.
C) muchachos.
D) creoles.
E) chinampas.

Question 31

One of the significant factors delaying English and French settlement of the Americas was

A) lack of participation in the sugar trade.
B) their ongoing industrial revolution.
C) involvement in the wars of religion during the Reformation.
D) lack of access to the ocean.
E) inferior shipbuilding capabilities.

Question 32

The two groups of Protestant dissenters that colonized New England were

A) Quakers and Shakers.
B) Puritans and Pilgrims.
C) Shakers and Mormons.
D) Questers and Seekers.
E) Congregationalists and Presbyterians.

Question 33

The castas of Latin America included mixed-race peoples such as

A) creoles and cajuns.
B) aryans and assyrians.
C) serbs and slavs.
D) mestizos and mulattos.
E) palenques and puccis.

Question 34

Why did Brazil develop more slowly than other areas of Latin America?

A) Difficulty to excavate the terrain.
B) Significant indigenous population resistance to European assimilation.
C) The Portuguese were interested in business empires, not conversion of natives.
D) The local population was smaller and less urbanized, requiring a different labor structure.
E) Brazil had no significant mineral wealth for exploitation.

Question 35

One difference between northern and southern English colonies was that

A) northern colonies were more religious.
B) southern economies were entirely based on plantations.
C) northern economies were more commercially far-reaching.
D) southern economies engaged in global trade.
E) northern economies were free of Spanish influence.

Question 36

Plantation economies grew all of the following labor intensive crops except

A) tobacco.
B) cotton.
C) rice.
D) sugar.
E) squash.

Question 37

Migrants to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years were called:

A) Black slave labor.
B) Amerindian slave labor.
C) Indentured servants.
D) The mita and encomienda.
E) The chinampa system.

Question 38

The majority of slaves granted manumission

A) were married and fathered a child.
B) killed an opponent in the annual games at the stadium.
C) purchased their freedom.
D) pledged homage to the feudal lord.
E) by order of the Catholic Church.

Question 39

The leaders of French expansion, the coureurs de bois, were

A) Jesuits converting natives.
B) Indian fur traders.
C) Frenchmen living among the natives.
D) Englishmen who fought with the French.
E) an elite French commando unit.

Question 40

Though it began as a proprietary colony and as a refuge for Quakers, this colony was the first to have sole right to form a government as given by Britain.

A) Massachusetts
B) New York
C) Virginia
D) Pennsylvania
E) Maryland

Question 41

Between 1651 and 1673 the English Navigation Acts sought to

A) severely limit colonial trading and production competition.
B) limit the colonial manufacture of ships.
C) ban importation of the printing press to America.
D) prevent the importation of slaves on slave ships.
E) rechart the waters off the coast of North America.

Question 42

Identify the following term(s).
Bartolomé de Las Casas

Question 43

Identify the following term(s).
Pilgrims

Question 44

Identify the following term(s).
House of Burgesses

Question 45

Identify the following term(s).
Columbian Exchange

Question 46

Identify the following term(s).
indentured servant

Question 47

Identify the following term(s).
coureurs de bois

Question 48

Tupac Amaru II was

A) an Aztec god.
B) a Brazilian rebel.
C) a Peruvian Amerindian leader.
D) a Mexican myth.
E) an early Amerindian convert to Islam.

Question 49

Identify the following term(s).
mulatto

Question 50

The French and Indian War resulted in the

A) French losing Canada to the English.
B) French losing Louisiana to Spain.
C) Spanish losing Texas to France.
D) Spanish losing Florida to the French.
E) Both A and B

Question 51

Identify the following term(s).
Potosí

Question 52

In French Canada, Jesuit efforts to convert the native people to Christianity led to the

A) founding of schools, hospitals, and churches.
B) Battle of Montreal.
C) Great Schism.
D) Amerindians being pushed to Puritanism.
E) Stono Rebellion.

Question 53

Identify the following term(s).
Iroquois Confederacy

Question 54

Identify the following term(s).
mestizo

Question 55

Identify the following term(s).
encomienda

Question 56

Identify the following term(s).
Tupac Amaru II

Question 57

Identify the following term(s).
New France

Question 58

The primary Amerindian allies of the French were the Algonquin and the native enemies of the French were the

A) Algonquin.
B) Iroquois.
C) Huron.
D) Cheyenne.
E) Leni Lenape.

Question 59

Identify the following term(s).
creoles

Question 60

Identify the following term(s).
Puritans

Question 61

Identify the following term(s).
mita

Question 62

Describe the major elements of the Columbian Exchange and how it affected both Amerindians and Europeans.

Question 63

Identify the following term(s).
hidalgos

Question 64

What role did religion play in European settlement of the Americas? Discuss Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British uses of Christianity as a tool of colonization.

Question 65

Identify the following term(s).
smallpox

Question 66

Spanish authorities used the term mestizo to refer to someone

Question 67

Refer to Map (in the textbook) 18.2, and discuss how European claims in the North American colonies changed by the end of the eighteenth century. What countries were gaining and losing colonial territory? Why?

Question 68

Refer to Map (in the textbook) 18.1 and identify the regions that produced precious metals. What types of metals were mined? What was the global impact of this metal mining?

Question 69

The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why? How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal?

Question 70

Refer to Map (in the textbook) 18.1 and describe what European countries dominated the Americas. What were the cash crops grown in the Americas, and where were they grown? What was their economic importance to Europe? Did Europe develop these cash crops, or were they borrowed through a process of diffusion?

Question 71

How did the end of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain affect the Spanish and Portuguese territories in the Americas?

Question 72

Spain and Portugal justified their American conquests by assuming an obligation to

Question 73

Refer to Map (in the textbook) 18.1 and describe the Spanish and Portuguese objectives in ruling their lands in the Americas. What governing systems did they employ? Did they want to integrate the peoples of the Americas into their cultures?

Question 74

Discuss the differences in colonial management practiced by the European states in the Americas. How did the different reasons for colonization lead to different levels of governmental presence in the colonies, and how did this governmental presence affect the social structure?

Question 75

The term Columbian Exchange refers to _______________.

Question 76

Identify the following term(s).
castas

Question 77

How were the North American colonies of France and England affected by the French and Indian War?

Question 78

Refer to Map (in the textbook) 18.2 and explain the English and French processes of colonizing the lands of North America. How did the losses of France change the balance of power in North America? What other Old World countries had territorial claims in North America by 1763?

Question 79

Compare and contrast the different colonial regions established in British North America. In what ways were they similar or different?

Question 80

What effect did European colonization of the Americas have on the environment and peoples of the Americas?