Deck 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following skills develops at the fastest pace during early childhood?

A) giving directions
B) drawing pictures
C) recognizing geometric shapes
D) using language

Answer 1

D

Question 2

___________ the appearance of permanent teeth in children.

A) Overweight and obesity accelerate
B) Poor dental hygiene in toddlerhood delays
C) Prolonged malnutrition accelerates
D) Excessive plaque on baby teeth delays

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During early childhood, boys ________ than girls.

A) are less muscular
B) are slightly larger
C) have more body fat
D) are much heavier

Answer 3

B

Question 4

________ help(s) doctors measure skeletal age.

A) Growth norms
B) X-rays of epiphyses
C) Height and weight
D) Chronological age

Question 5

Jim sometimes uses his right hand skillfully, but prefers his left hand. Jim

A) is ambidextrous.
B) has a strongly lateralized brain.
C) is very likely to have left-handed children.
D) probably had early damage to the left hemisphere.

Question 6

For the left-handed 10 percent of the population, language is

A) always housed in the right hemisphere.
B) always housed in the left hemisphere.
C) most often housed in the right hemisphere.
D) most often shared between the hemispheres.

Question 7

Felicity and Samantha are identical twins. They are

A) probably both right-handed.
B) more likely than ordinary siblings to differ in handedness.
C) probably both left-handed.
D) less likely than fraternal twins to differ in handedness.

Question 8

The years from 2 to 6 are often called the _______ years.

A) play
B) growth
C) beginning
D) "me"

Question 9

Growth and myelination of fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex contributes to ____________ in early childhood.

A) a strong hand preference
B) suppression of impulses in favor of thoughtful responses
C) dramatic gains in motor coordination
D) dramatic gains in spatial skills

Question 10

The _________ is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear.

A) reticular formation
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) corpus callosum

Question 11

By age 4,

A) many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses.
B) synaptic pruning is fully completed.
C) preschoolers show declines in attention and focus.
D) the brain is nearly half of its adult size.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is supported by research on lead exposure during childhood?

A) Overall, poorer mental test scores associated with lead exposure persist over time and seem permanent.
B) Lead-exposed children given drugs to induce excretion of lead improve in long-term outcomes.
C) Once lead-exposed children move away from contaminated areas, their mental test scores increase.
D) Negative lead-related cognitive consequences are evident only at high levels of exposure.

Question 13

An ________ during early childhood supports plasticity of the brain.

A) underproduction of neurons
B) underproduction of synapses
C) overproduction of neurons
D) overproduction of synapses

Question 14

Growth norms

A) for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world.
B) are very similar in every country of the world.
C) vary from child to child in each population.
D) are the best estimate of skeletal age.

Question 15

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases to _____ percent of its adult weight.

A) 60
B) 70
C) 80
D) 90

Question 16

For most children,

A) activity in the left hemisphere increases slowly throughout early and middle childhood.
B) activity in the left hemisphere peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly.
C) the left hemisphere shows a dramatic growth spurt between ages 3 and 6.
D) activity in the right hemisphere increases dramatically between ages 2 and 6.

Question 17

Handedness

A) reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action.
B) is evident in a wide range of skills from birth.
C) is a heritable trait, especially for left-handed people.
D) is strongest for simple, rather than complex, skills.

Question 18

During early childhood,

A) preschoolers show declines in sustained attention.
B) the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value.
C) energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex is at an all-time low.
D) synaptic pruning decreases.

Question 19

In early childhood, on average, children add _____ inches in height and about _____ pounds in weight each year.

A) 1 to 2; 5
B) 1 to 2; 10
C) 2 to 3; 5
D) 2 to 3; 10

Question 20

Improvements in sustained, controlled attention are due to growth of the

A) cerebellum.
B) hippocampus.
C) reticular formation.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 21

Infectious diseases like measles

A) do not occur until after age 3 throughout the world.
B) occur at about the same rate in all countries.
C) have been eradicated through mass immunization.
D) occur much earlier in developing countries than in industrialized nations.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about appetite in early childhood?

A) Preschoolers' appetites increase because their growth is at an all-time high.
B) Parents should be concerned if their preschooler varies the amount eaten from meal to meal.
C) Preschoolers' wariness of new foods is normal and adaptive.
D) Because preschoolers have smaller appetites, they need a different quality of food than adults need.

Question 23

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is necessary for

A) brain development.
B) prenatal development of the skeleton.
C) short, normal-GH children to grow to average heights.
D) secretion of IGF-1.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is supported by research on nutrition?

A) Restricting access to tasty foods is an effective way to get young children to eat healthy foods.
B) Adding salt or sugar is an easy way to get children to eat healthy foods.
C) Children who are routinely offered sweet fruit or soft drinks may develop "milk avoidance."
D) Offering bribes is an effective way to get preschoolers to eat healthy foods.

Question 25

Research on sleep demonstrates that

A) most American parents cosleep with their children into the preschool years.
B) sleepwalking in early childhood often signals a severe neurological problem.
C) parent-child cosleeping is associated with sleep disorders during the preschool years.
D) sleep terrors can be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue.

Question 26

Of the 10 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, ___ percent are due to infectious disease.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 70
D) 98

Question 27

Poor diet

A) is not a major contributor to susceptibility to childhood diseases.
B) is usually unrelated to childhood disease.
C) depresses the body's immune system, making children more susceptible to disease.
D) can cause childhood diseases like measles and chicken pox.

Question 28

Growth hormone (GH)

A) prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development.
B) stimulates the liver and epiphyses of the skeleton to release insulin-like growth factor 1, which triggers cell duplication throughout the body.
C) contributes to rapid physical growth in boys, whereas thyroid-stimulating hormone contributes to physical development in girls.
D) is necessary during the prenatal period for development of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 29

In developing countries,

A) vaccines weaken the immune system and children's susceptibility to disease.
B) most childhood deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with nearly cost-free oral rehydration therapy.
C) most children receive government-funded immunizations.
D) widespread diarrhea leads to growth stunting but rarely to death.

Question 30

The _________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth.

A) pituitary gland
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum

Question 31

By the school years, low-SES children in the United States are, on the average,

A) no different in size than their middle-SES agemates.
B) less likely than middle-SES children to have dietary deficiencies.
C) much more likely to be overweight than middle-SES children.
D) about ½ to 1 inch shorter than their economically advantaged counterparts.

Question 32

During the preschool years,

A) children usually eat the same amount of food during each meal.
B) the social environment powerfully influences food preferences.
C) it is common for children's appetite to increase.
D) children can tolerate more fats, oils, and salt.

Question 33

Sleep contributes to body growth because

A) GH is released during the child's sleeping hours.
B) rest allows the awake body to produce GH at higher levels.
C) rest allows the awake body to produce TSH at higher levels.
D) REM sleep heightens the impact of environmental events.

Question 34

When young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments,

A) their dwarfism is permanent, even with immediate treatment.
B) they rarely exhibit catch-up growth.
C) they must be given high levels of iron to prevent anemia.
D) their GH levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.

Question 35

On average, 2- and 3-year-olds sleep _______ hours per day, while 4- to 6-year-olds sleep _______ hours.

A) 10 to 11; 11 to 12
B) 11 to 12; 10 to 11
C) 11 to 12; 13 to 14
D) 13 to 14; 11 to 12

Question 36

Oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplements

A) are effective for children with severe diarrhea, but they are expensive to administer.
B) must be administered by trained medical professionals or public health workers.
C) save the lives of millions of children each year.
D) are less effective than immunization in preventing childhood deaths due to diarrhea.

Question 37

Research on lead exposure during childhood reveals that

A) middle-SES children are the most likely group to experience lead exposure.
B) use of iron supplements increases lead concentration in the blood.
C) exposed children absorb more lead when their diets contain zinc.
D) a stressed, disorganized home life can heighten lead-induced damage.

Question 38

Brianna, age 4, eats only pasta, bread, and chicken. Which of the following would you suggest to Brianna's parents to encourage their daughter to eat new foods?

A) Serve her only new foods so that she has no other choices.
B) Repeatedly expose her to new foods without any direct pressure to eat them.
C) Add sugar or butter to new foods and offer dessert if she eats them.
D) Refuse to serve pasta until she tries at least one new food.

Question 39

Dmitri, age 5, is very short in stature, shows decreased GH secretion, has an immature skeletal age, and has serious adjustment problems. Dmitri probably has

A) a vitamin C deficiency.
B) a thyroxine deficiency.
C) psychosocial dwarfism.
D) an iron deficiency.

Question 40

Sophia's parents will not allow her to eat any sugary foods. This practice usually

A) prompts children to eat more healthy foods.
B) has no effect on children's eating behavior.
C) focuses children's attention on sugary foods.
D) decreases children's desire to eat sugary foods.

Question 41

Which of the following is true about otitis media?

A) The insertion of plastic tubes that drain the Eustachian tubes is an ineffective treatment for otitis media.
B) Otitis media occurs less often in children who attend child-care centers than in those who do not.
C) Only about 20 percent of U.S. children have experienced a bout of otitis media.
D) The incidence of otitis media is greatest between 6 months and 3 years.

Question 42

_______ are at greater risk for injury than _________.

A) Girls; boys
B) Children with easy temperaments; irritable children
C) Middle-SES children; low-SES children
D) Economically advantaged U.S. children; children in Western Europe

Question 43

Between the ages of 2 and 3 years, most children learn how to

A) push a riding toy with their feet.
B) use a knife to cut soft foods.
C) tie their shoes.
D) pedal and steer a tricycle.

Question 44

One of the greatest immediate benefits of the U.S. Health-Care Reform Act is that

A) all employers are required to provide affordable coverage to all workers.
B) Medicaid will no longer be necessary for low-income families.
C) government-sponsored health care will be provided free of charge for all families.
D) insurance companies cannot deny coverage because of preexisting conditions.

Question 45

Five- and 6-year-olds

A) engage in true skipping.
B) throw and catch with a rigid upper body.
C) draw people using a tadpole image.
D) catch a ball against their chest.

Question 46

Children should be in a properly installed car safety seat up to age ____ or until the child is 4 feet 9 inches tall.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 47

Which of the following is a true statement about preventing childhood injury?

A) During the past 30 years, parents have changed a great deal in the amount they do to protect their children from injury.
B) In the United States, more than 80 percent of infant seats and 40 percent of child booster seats are improperly used.
C) In the United States, about 15 percent of parents fail to place their children in car safety seats.
D) Young children properly restrained in car safety seats have a 50 percent reduced risk of fatal injury.

Question 48

About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers are not fully immunized.

A) 7
B) 18
C) 24
D) 32

Question 49

Harvey, age 3, can probably

A) gallop and skip with one foot.
B) copy some numbers and simple words.
C) zip and unzip large zippers.
D) ride a bicycle with training wheels.

Question 50

In the United States, under the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP),

A) state control over program implementation enables each state to adapt insurance coverage to meet its unique needs.
B) employers are required to provide paid leave for employees with a seriously ill child.
C) the states are mandated to provide free routine medical visits for all uninsured children.
D) well-child checkups include parental counseling in nutrition, disease prevention, and child development.

Question 51

Of the following, which is supported by research on injury prevention?

A) American parents seem willing to ignore familiar safety practices, perhaps because they value individual rights and personal freedom.
B) Parents rarely rely on children's knowledge of safety rules, rather than monitoring and controlling access to hazards.
C) Older preschoolers spontaneously recall about 85 percent of the safety rules their parents teach them.
D) Compared to other forms of child rearing, authoritarian parenting is linked to low overall rates of childhood injury.

Question 52

In the United States, ________ are the most frequent source of injury across all ages, ranking as the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.

A) birth traumas
B) infectious diseases
C) falls
D) motor vehicle collisions

Question 53

Childhood injuries

A) are typically accidental and usually cannot be prevented.
B) occur within a complex ecological system and can often be prevented.
C) rank second only to cancer as a cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.
D) are less common in the United States than in other industrialized nations.

Question 54

In the United States, nearly _____ percent of childhood deaths are due to injury.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 35

Question 55

In the United States,

A) the Health-Care Reform Act will ensure insurance coverage for all U.S. children.
B) children can receive free medical examinations from birth through adolescence.
C) about 7.3 million children do not have health insurance.
D) businesses are required by the Health-Care Reform Act to offer health insurance to their employees.

Question 56

Three-year-old Billy caught five colds during his first year in preschool. He also experiences repeated otitis media. If Billy is like other children with frequent otitis media, he may have trouble

A) attending to others' speech.
B) falling and staying asleep.
C) mastering large motor skills, such as running and climbing.
D) identifying the letters of the alphabet.

Question 57

Caitlyn, age 4, can probably

A) tie her shoes.
B) ride a bicycle with training wheels.
C) draw a person with six parts.
D) use scissors.

Question 58

Which of the following children is the most likely to lack immunizations?

A) Sam from the United States
B) Kristen from Canada
C) Nigel from Great Britain
D) Elsa from Sweden

Question 59

Of the following, which is true in the United States?

A) Under the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), every uninsured child receives free medical examinations.
B) Because of low insurance-reimbursement rates, many doctors refuse to take public-aid patients.
C) Federal law requires that health checkups occur three times during the first year of life.
D) Affordable health care is available to all parents of young children.

Question 60

Which of the following is a true statement concerning childhood immunizations?

A) The United States is ahead of Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Canada, and Sweden in immunization rates.
B) Childhood immunization rates in the United States lag behind many other industrialized nations because many U.S. children do not have access to adequate health care.
C) Nearly 100 percent of U.S. children who receive a complete schedule of vaccinations in the first two years continue to receive the immunizations they need until school entry.
D) Disease outbreaks of whooping cough and rubella have not occurred in the United States since the development of vaccines for these diseases.

Question 61

Describe the development of drawing in children in Western nations.

Question 62

Which of the following is a true statement about self-help skills?

A) While young preschoolers can use a spoon well, they cannot serve themselves at mealtimes.
B) The use of child-sized eating utensils is unnecessary and inhibits fine-motor progress.
C) Between ages 4 and 5, children can dress and undress without supervision.
D) Shoe-tying skills are typically mastered in early preschool.

Question 63

Girls

A) run slightly faster than boys.
B) can jump farther than boys.
C) are ahead of boys in skills that emphasize force.
D) are ahead of boys in drawing skills.

Question 64

Discuss how motor vehicle use relates to childhood injuries. What are some ways to minimize unintentional injuries during automobile travel?

Question 65

Which of the following statements is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills?

A) Parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children.
B) Sex differences in motor skills are largely due to genetically based differences.
C) Differences in physical capacity between boys and girls increase rapidly, beginning in infancy.
D) Boys and girls are usually channeled into similar physical activities.

Question 66

To parents, fine-motor progress in early childhood is most apparent in which two areas?

A) reaching and grasping; independent movement
B) self-help skills; drawing and painting
C) writing; running
D) intermodal perception; independent movement

Question 67

Describe strategies for preventing early otitis media.

Question 68

Discuss how sleep habits contribute to body growth in children, and explain how disrupted sleep affects cognitive functioning.

Question 69

In cultures with little art,

A) children nonetheless create elaborate drawings.
B) children still draw the universal tadpole to represent a person.
C) the first drawings of the human figure typically emphasize the head and face over the hands and feet.
D) even older children and adolescents produce simple forms.

Question 70

Around age _____, children's writing shows some distinctive features of print, such as separate forms arranged in a line on the page.

A) 18 months
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 71

Discuss the use of synthetic growth hormone (GH) to treat short, normal-GH children.

Question 72

Most 3-year-olds

A) use an adult grip pattern to hold a pencil.
B) vary their pencil grip, depending on the location of marks they are trying to make.
C) use a constant pencil angle across a range of drawing and writing.
D) grip pencils indiscriminately in either their left or right hand.

Question 73

Studies of motor development in early childhood show that

A) adult involvement in children's motor development should focus on perfecting the "correct" technique.
B) children need direct instruction to master most gross- and fine-motor skills.
C) playgrounds must offer a range of equipment to meet the diverse needs of individual children.
D) daily routines, such as pouring juice and dressing, support fine- but not gross-motor skills.

Question 74

When adults draw with children and point out resemblances between drawings and objects,

A) they stifle children's self-expression.
B) preschoolers' pictures become simpler so the adult can recognize items.
C) preschoolers' pictures become more detailed and comprehensible.
D) they interfere with the natural progression of childhood drawing.

Question 75

Direct instruction in which of the following activities is most likely to accelerate gross-motor development in early childhood?

A) throwing
B) running
C) dancing
D) tumbling

Question 76

Anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. She will probably

A) draw a body, a head, and arms and legs, and add features such as eyes and hair.
B) make the universal tadpole-like shape or some other primitive drawing.
C) draw a large head with facial features but no body.
D) use depth cues, such as overlapping objects, in the background.

Question 77

Jesi, age 3, is asked to draw a cylinder. Based on her age, she will probably draw

A) nothing.
B) nonrepresentational scribbles.
C) a circle, an oval, or a rectangle.
D) two circles and some lines.

Question 78

Children first represent objects and events on paper by

A) drawing only the boundaries of objects.
B) drawing recognizable shapes.
C) making gestures that leave marks.
D) drawing stick figures.