Deck 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

Gametes

A) are formed during mitosis.
B) contain only 23 chromosomes.
C) contain 46 chromosomes.
D) determine directly observable characteristics.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

On the DNA ladder, adenine always appears

A) alone.
B) with thymine.
C) with cytosine.
D) with guanine.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dizygotic twins

A) have the same genetic makeup.
B) result from a zygote that separates into two clusters.
C) are the most common type of multiple offspring.
D) are more alike than ordinary siblings.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Generally, human __________ come in 23 matching pairs.

A) chromosomes
B) phenotypes
C) cells
D) genotypes

Question 5

Directly observable characteristics are affected by an individual's lifelong history of experiences and also by the individual's

A) karotypes.
B) phenotypes.
C) gametes.
D) genotype.

Question 6

The release and fertilization of two ova results in

A) identical twins.
B) fraternal twins.
C) phenylketonuria (PKU).
D) miscarriage.

Question 7

Twenty-two of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs called

A) sex chromosomes.
B) XX.
C) autosomes.
D) XY.

Question 8

Hair color is an example of a

A) karotype.
B) phenotype.
C) gamete.
D) genotype.

Question 9

The nucleus of a cell contains

A) karotypes.
B) chromosomes.
C) genotypes.
D) phenotypes.

Question 10

Meiosis results in __________ in the male and __________ in the female.

A) four sperm; one ovum
B) one sperm; four ova
C) millions of sperm; about 40,000 ova
D) four sperm; millions of ova

Question 11

Recent evidence reveals that, even at the microscopic level,

A) it takes a change in several base pairs to influence human traits.
B) approximately 85 percent of chimpanzee and human DNA is identical.
C) biological events of profound developmental significance are the result of both genetic and nongenetic forces.
D) simpler species have far more proteins than humans or primates.

Question 12

A __________ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics.

A) chromosome
B) genotype
C) phenotype
D) karotype

Question 13

An estimated 21,000 __________, which directly affect our body's characteristics, lie along the human chromosomes.

A) nuclei
B) regulator genes
C) protein-coding genes
D) sex genes

Question 14

Chromosomes

A) store and transmit genetic information.
B) come in 46 matching pairs.
C) are inherited from the mother only.
D) are inherited from the father only.

Question 15

Gametes are formed during a cell division process called __________, which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells.

A) mitosis
B) metaphase
C) meiosis
D) cytokinesis

Question 16

The genetic variability produced by meiosis is

A) rare.
B) male dominant.
C) adaptive.
D) female dominant.

Question 17

Each rung of the DNA ladder

A) is made up of thousands of chromosomes.
B) contains 20,000 genes.
C) consists of a pair of chemical substances called bases.
D) contains 23 matching pairs.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about sex chromosomes is true?

A) The Y chromosome is large and long, and the X chromosome carries most of the genetic material.
B) Both boys and girls are born with several pairs of X and Y chromosomes.
C) When gametes form in females, the X and Y chromosomes separate into different cells.
D) The sex of a new organism is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Question 19

Zookeeper Ross knows that he shares some of his genetic makeup with the chimpanzee, Chumley. You could tell Ross that about _____ percent of their DNA is identical.

A) 80
B) 85
C) 90
D) 95

Question 20

Taylor's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor

A) has phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) has Down syndrome.
C) is male.
D) is female.

Question 21

Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele __________ to their children.

A) cannot pass that trait
B) can pass that trait
C) will pass the dominant trait
D) will pass the recessive trait

Question 22

If the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is

A) homozygous.
B) female.
C) heterozygous.
D) a monozygotic twin.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about dominant and recessive diseases is true?

A) Children who inherit the dominant allele rarely develop the disorder.
B) Males are more likely than females to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes.
C) Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles.
D) The recessive allele has no effect on the individual's characteristics.

Question 24

Monozygotic twins

A) have the same genetic makeup.
B) develop more rapidly than children of single births.
C) are no more alike than ordinary siblings.
D) tend to be healthier than children of single births.

Question 25

When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome,

A) females are more likely to be affected.
B) males are more likely to be affected.
C) 50 percent of the female children are likely to have the disorder.
D) 50 percent of the male children are likely to be carriers of the disorder.

Question 26

The sickle cell allele is common among

A) Jews of European descent.
B) children whose parents are of Mediterranean descent.
C) male Caucasians born in North America.
D) black Africans.

Question 27

In somatic mutation,

A) the defective DNA is passed on to the next generation.
B) cells that give rise to gametes mutate.
C) the event giving rise to the mutation occurs at conception.
D) the DNA defect appears in every cell derived from the affected body cell.

Question 28

Which of the following is a major cause of the dramatic rise in fraternal twinning and other multiple births in industrialized nations over the past several decades?

A) global warming
B) older maternal age
C) late fertilization of the ovum
D) variation in oxygen levels

Question 29

Fragile X syndrome

A) is an example of polygenic inheritance.
B) occurs when there is a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA.
C) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability.
D) occurs more often in females than males because the disorder is X-linked.

Question 30

Which of the following environmental influences contributes to monozygotic twinning?

A) early fertilization of the ovum
B) poor maternal nutrition
C) temperature changes
D) high-fructose diet

Question 31

In incomplete dominance,

A) both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.
B) children have a 25 percent chance of being carriers.
C) children have a 50 percent chance of inheriting the disorder.
D) one allele is expressed in the phenotype.

Question 32

All U.S. states require that each newborn be given a blood test for

A) cystic fibrosis.
B) phenylketonuria (PKU).
C) sickle cell anemia.
D) Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 33

Which of the following serious diseases is due to dominant alleles?

A) Cooley's anemia
B) sickle cell anemia
C) Huntington disease
D) hemophilia

Question 34

__________ is a sudden but permanent change in a segment in DNA that can lead to __________.

A) Mutation; hereditary abnormalities
B) Meiosis; X-linked disorders
C) Mitosis; fragile X syndrome
D) Genomic imprinting; mutations

Question 35

Genomic imprinting

A) can be triggered by smoking or exposure to environmental pollutants, such as mercury or lead.
B) occurs when alleles are chemically marked such that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup.
C) is more likely to affect males because their sex chromosomes do not match.
D) is always permanent, cannot be erased in the next generation, and occurs in all offspring if it occurs in one.

Question 36

Carriers of the sickle cell allele

A) often do not display symptoms until after they have passed the gene on to their children.
B) can be treated during infancy if placed on a diet that is low in phenylalanine.
C) are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells.
D) develop sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause degeneration of the nervous systems.

Question 37

Which of the following statements about sex differences is true?

A) Rates of miscarriage are higher for girls, whereas rates of birth defects are higher for boys.
B) Rates of infant and childhood deaths, learning disabilities, and intellectual disabilities are all higher for girls.
C) Worldwide, about 106 girls are born for every 100 boys.
D) Rates of miscarriage, birth defects, and behavior disorders are all higher for boys.

Question 38

One of the most frequently occurring recessive disorders is

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) Huntington disease.
C) Marfan syndrome.
D) Down syndrome.

Question 39

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have fraternal twins?

A) Marlie, a 25-year-old Caucasian American
B) Janie, a 30-year-old Caucasian American
C) Asuka, a 30-year-old Japanese
D) Rhoda, a 30-year-old African

Question 40

Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, and intelligence, are due to __________ inheritance.

A) X-linked
B) polygenic
C) dominant-recessive
D) paternal

Question 41

Most chromosomal defects result from

A) mistakes during meiosis.
B) germline mutations.
C) mistakes during mitosis.
D) somatic mutations.

Question 42

People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to __________ than people in professional and technical occupations.

A) marry later
B) have more children
C) have fewer children
D) have children later

Question 43

In power and breadth of influence, no other microsystem context equals the

A) school.
B) church.
C) family.
D) peer group.

Question 44

Which of the following individuals has the highest probability of having a child with Down syndrome?

A) Isabella, who is 15 years old
B) Bonny, who is 24 years old
C) Raelyn, who is 33 years old
D) Katrina, who is 42 years old

Question 45

Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each other's parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective

A) induction.
B) permissive parenting.
C) coparenting.
D) niche-picking.

Question 46

When Erin and Brooke willingly comply, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a(n) __________ influence between parents and their children.

A) direct
B) coparenting
C) maladaptive
D) indirect

Question 47

Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that

A) males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males.
B) verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome.
C) females who are missing an X chromosome have trouble with spatial relationships.
D) most children with these disorders suffer from intellectual disabilities.

Question 48

Most adoptees

A) appear well-adjusted as adults.
B) have persistent cognitive delays.
C) suffer from severe emotional problems.
D) have persistent social problems.

Question 49

Angela and Tony's first child died in infancy. They badly want to have another child but are worried about Angela's family history of genetic disorders. They want to find out if Angela is a carrier. Angela and Tony are candidates for

A) in vitro fertilization.
B) genetic counseling.
C) donor insemination.
D) amniocentesis.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about surrogate motherhood is true?

A) Most surrogates have no children of their own.
B) Surrogates cannot be paid for their childbearing services.
C) It usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates.
D) It usually involves younger couples as contractors and older women as surrogates.

Question 51

Most children with sex chromosome disorders

A) are aggressive and antisocial.
B) have verbal difficulties.
C) have trouble with spatial relations.
D) have very specific cognitive challenges.

Question 52

Studies show that children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization

A) receive caregiving that is somewhat warmer than children who are conceived naturally.
B) are at greater risk for genetic disorders than their naturally conceived counterparts.
C) tend to experience severe adjustment problems throughout childhood, including insecure attachment to caregivers.
D) are usually well-adjusted until adolescence when they experience a significant rise in psychological problems.

Question 53

The most frequently occurring form of Down syndrome results from

A) an extra broken piece of a twenty-first chromosome attaching to another chromosome.
B) an error during the early stages of mitosis.
C) a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
D) the inheritance of an extra X chromosome.

Question 54

When Aziz was born, his parents were told he had the most common chromosomal disorder, occurring in 1 out of every 700 live births. Aziz has __________ syndrome.

A) XYY
B) Klinefelter
C) Turner
D) Down

Question 55

In proteomics,

A) researchers map the sequence of all human DNA base pairs.
B) scientists modify gene-specified proteins involved in disease.
C) doctors correct genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.
D) the fetus is inspected for defects of the limbs and face using a small tube with a light source.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about adoption is true?

A) In Western Europe, more unwed mothers give up their babies than in the past.
B) Adopted children tend to have fewer emotional difficulties than other children.
C) In North America and Western Europe, the availability of healthy babies has declined.
D) Fewer adoptive parents are accepting children who have known developmental problems.

Question 57

Which of the following prental diagnostic methods is the most widely used technique?

A) amniocentesis
B) chorionic villus sampling
C) ultrasound
D) maternal blood analysis

Question 58

Jonelle can promote her grandchildren's development indirectly by

A) praising the children rather than offering them encouragement.
B) gently reprimanding the children when they misbehave.
C) providing financial assistance to their parents.
D) implementing a reward system for the children's good behavior.

Question 59

Donor insemination

A) is commonly used to overcome female reproductive difficulties.
B) involves giving a woman hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova.
C) permits women without a male partner to become pregnant.
D) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged.

Question 60

Which of the following is a risk associated with frequent ultrasound use?

A) premature labor
B) miscarriage
C) low birth weight
D) limb deformities

Question 61

Which of the following statements about how the United States ranks on key measures of children's health and well-being is true?

A) The United States ranks in the top 10 on most key measures of children's health and well-being.
B) The United States ranks higher than Spain and Germany on the childhood poverty indicator.
C) The United States ranks higher than Canada in public expenditure on children's health care.
D) The United States does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and well-being.

Question 62

For single mothers rearing children and adolescents, extended-family living is associated with

A) more positive mother-child interaction.
B) increased antisocial behavior in adolescents.
C) decreased self-reliance in adolescents.
D) lower rates of adolescent pregnancy and parenthood.

Question 63

__________ is devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities.

A) Epigenesis
B) Behavioral genetics
C) Environmental genetics
D) Child development

Question 64

In cultures that emphasize __________, people stress group goals over individual goals.

A) individualism
B) independence
C) collectivism
D) industrialization

Question 65

A United Nations petition called "I am Malalah" demanded that

A) girls be banned from attending school in Pakistan.
B) all children be enrolled in school by the end of 2015.
C) Malalah Yousafzai, a Pakistani schoolgirl, be honored for bravery.
D) girls in developing nations receive free health care.

Question 66

In cultures that emphasize individualism, people

A) define themselves as part of a group.
B) are largely concerned with their own personal needs.
C) value an interdependent self.
D) readily endorse public policies for low-SES families.

Question 67

Affluent parents

A) too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development.
B) are less likely than low-SES parents to have children who use alcohol and drugs.
C) are less likely than low-SES parents to have children who report high levels of depression.
D) are more likely than low-SES parents to engage in parenting that promote favorable development.

Question 68

Compared to the United States, most Western European countries place greater weight on

A) individualism.
B) independence.
C) familism.
D) collectivism.

Question 69

In diverse cultures around the world, __________ in particular fosters patterns of thinking and behaving that greatly improve quality of life, for both parents and children.

A) education of women
B) collectivism
C) living near extended family
D) having one stay-at-home parent

Question 70

Which of the following is a reason why attempts to help children and youths have been difficult to realize in the United States?

A) Public policies aimed at fostering children's development have failed in other Western countries.
B) The interdependent nature of U.S. citizens has made government hesitant to become involved in family matters.
C) Children remain unrecognized in the process because they cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests.
D) Public policies aimed at fostering children's development do not yield valuable returns.

Question 71

In the United States, affordable child care is

A) usually high in quality.
B) fairly easy to find.
C) in short supply.
D) the norm.

Question 72

Which of the following children is least likely to participate in community-center enrichment activities?

A) Meagan, who lives in a stimulating home
B) Francois, who lives in a middle-income neighborhood
C) Chantel, who lives in a chaotic neighborhood
D) Lucius, who lives in an affluent neighborhood

Question 73

Which of the following is the largest barrier to the worldwide education of girls?

A) cultural beliefs about gender roles
B) reluctance to give up a girl's work at home
C) government-mandated school enrollment fees
D) the limited number of schools in developing areas

Question 74

Which of the following statements about the Convention on the Rights of the Child is true?

A) The United States was one of the first countries in the world whose legislature ratified it.
B) Opponents maintain that its provisions would shift the burden of child rearing from the state to the family.
C) Although it includes the right to freedom of thought, it does not include the right to a free compulsory education.
D) The United States is one of only two countries in the world whose legislature has not yet ratified it.

Question 75

Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Germany
D) France

Question 76

Which of the following statements reflects a widely held opinion in the United States?

A) "The government should help poor parents raise their children."
B) "Most people are content with others intruding into family life as long as help is needed."
C) "If parents decide to have a baby, then they should be ready to care for it."
D) "People should try to define themselves as part of a group."

Question 77

Nate, whose parents are involved in his school activities and attend parent-teacher conferences, probably

A) resents his parents' involvement in his education.
B) shows better academic achievement than his agemates.
C) lives in a low-SES household with many siblings.
D) attends a private school in a large city.

Question 78

Today, more black than white adults

A) live farther away from kin and see fewer relatives during the week.
B) fail to establish family-like relationships with friends and neighbors.
C) perceive their relatives as less important in their lives.
D) have relatives other than their own children living in the same household.

Question 79

In the United States,

A) a significant portion of government spending is devoted to improving quality of child care.
B) the Children's Defense Fund is one of the most vigorous special interest groups devoted to children.
C) the Convention on the Rights of the Child engages in research, education, and legal action on behalf of children.
D) UNICEF is dedicated to advancing the economic security, health, and welfare of U.S. children in low-income families.

Question 80

Most homeless families consist of

A) childless couples.
B) single fathers with adolescent children.
C) single mothers with adolescent children.
D) women with children under age 5.