Deck 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

When children are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults, they

A) renew their efforts to master new tasks.
B) feel too much guilt and their exuberant play breaks down.
C) lose the ability to form a sense of morality.
D) form a superego by identifying with the same-sex parent.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If you asked 3-year-old Xander to tell you about himself, which of the following is he most likely to say?

A) "I have a blue raincoat."
B) "I am funny but shy."
C) "I don't like spaghetti."
D) "I'm scared of the mean dog."

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements about emotional understanding is true?

A) Preschoolers whose mothers negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding.
B) Attachment security is related to more elaborate parent-child discussions of feelings that highlight the emotional significance of past events.
C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends.
D) The less preschoolers refer to feelings when interacting with peers, the better they are liked by their peers.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional understanding?

A) Many 4- to 5-year-olds cannot correctly judge the causes of basic emotions.
B) By age 3, children appreciate that both desires and beliefs motivate behavior.
C) Preschoolers' explanations of emotional states tend to emphasize external factors.
D) Preschoolers poorly infer how others are feeling based on their behavior.

Question 6

Four-year-old D'Andre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. D'Andre sits in the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. D'Andre is displaying

A) effortful control.
B) situational empathy.
C) scaffolding.
D) altruistic behavior.

Question 7

Erikson regarded play as a means through which

A) children escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world.
B) preschoolers symbolically represent their unconscious wishes and desires.
C) children seek to avoid punishment and maintain the affection of parents.
D) young children learn about themselves and their social world.

Question 8

Jun, a Chinese child, pushed a playmate at the park. Which of the following sentences is his mother most likely to use while discussing the incident with her son?

A) "The playmate wasn't hurt, so no harm done."
B) "You have such as boisterous personality."
C) "You made the other boy sad by pushing him."
D) "It's okay as long as you didn't intend harm."

Question 9

__________ is/are vital in managing emotion in early childhood.

A) Social interaction
B) Self-conscious emotions
C) Phobias
D) Effortful control

Question 10

__________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept.

A) Early birth order
B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
C) Permissive parenting
D) Authoritarian parenting

Question 11

Elsie describes herself by saying, "I'm not afraid of the dark, no way!" Elsie probably

A) is between the ages of 3 and 4 years old.
B) has an insecure attachment to one or both of her parents.
C) has parents who reminisce with her about times when they resolved upsetting feelings.
D) is lying about her fear of the dark.

Question 12

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling revealed that

A) Irish-American parents often told stories about the child's misdeeds.
B) Chinese parents downplayed the child's misdeeds, attributing them to assertiveness.
C) Chinese parents did little to cultivate their child's individuality.
D) Irish-American parents generally saw self-esteem as unimportant or even negative.

Question 13

Three-year-old Sara says, "I have three dolls. I have brown hair. I made a tall tower." This demonstrates that Sara is beginning to develop

A) self-esteem.
B) a self-concept.
C) a gender identity.
D) gender typing.

Question 14

__________ is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health.

A) Individualism
B) Emotional competence
C) Collectivism
D) Mental representation

Question 15

If you asked 4-year-old Keisha to describe herself, which of the following is she most likely to say?

A) "I am friendly."
B) "I am smart."
C) "I am helpful."
D) "I do not like bugs."

Question 16

According to Erikson, once children have a sense of autonomy, they become

A) filled with doubt and shame.
B) aware of their own psychological conflict.
C) less contrary than they were as toddlers.
D) unmotivated to perform unfamiliar tasks.

Question 17

At a parade, 3-year-old Kyle puts his fingers in his ears when he hears the fire trucks coming down the street. Kyle is displaying

A) scaffolding.
B) situational empathy.
C) social problem solving.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Question 18

Preschoolers' self-concepts largely consist of

A) talents.
B) personality traits.
C) observable characteristics.
D) temperamental qualities.

Question 19

By age 3, children with a history of parental criticism

A) give up easily when faced with challenges.
B) are usually nonemotional after failing.
C) are nonetheless enthusiastic and highly motivated.
D) seek approval and anticipate it.

Question 20

Because preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing between their desired and their actual competence, they

A) tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks.
B) suffer from a constant fluctuation in self-esteem.
C) usually rate their own ability as extremely high.
D) give up easily when faced with a challenging task.

Question 21

In the sandbox, Amelia makes a pie while Franklin pours sand from one container to another. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaged in

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) associative play.
D) nonsocial activity.

Question 22

As Chandra pours herself some juice, she misses the cup and spills juice on the table. Her father chides her for being a bad girl and making a mess. Chandra is likely to

A) show moderate, adaptive levels of shame and pride.
B) experience self-conscious emotions intensely.
C) be more persistent on difficult tasks.
D) show decreased rates of shame as she grows older.

Question 23

When parents are __________, their children are likely to react with concern to others' distress.

A) warm and sensitive
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) devoid of emotional expressiveness

Question 24

Twins Jillian and Wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. However, they do not try to direct each other's activities. They are engaged in

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) associative play.
D) nonsocial activity.

Question 25

When parents focus on showing their child how to improve performance, that child experiences

A) less shame after failure.
B) less pride after success.
C) greater persistence on difficult tasks.
D) self-conscious emotions intensely.

Question 26

Cousins Easton and Jack are both infants. Sometimes Easton watches Jack while he rolls on the floor. However, both babies engage in solitary play. This is known as

A) parallel play.
B) cooperative play.
C) associative play.
D) nonsocial activity.

Question 27

Research on preschool friendships reveals that

A) friendships in early childhood tend to last an average of 4 to 7 years.
B) only about one-fourth of young children reciprocally name each other as best friends.
C) more than one-third of young children mention the same best friend from one year to the next.
D) young preschoolers are more likely than older preschoolers to have other-sex best friends.

Question 28

Whicb of the following reticent and passive peers is most likely to be accepted by his or her peers?

A) Gabrielle, a Caucasian-American girl
B) Katy, a Japanese-American girl
C) Andrew, a British boy
D) Yi Min, a Chinese boy

Question 29

By age 3,

A) self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation.
B) children no longer depend on adults to know when to feel self-conscious emotions.
C) children are not yet sensitive to praise and blame.
D) children have not yet developed the capacity to feel guilty or ashamed.

Question 30

Longitudinal evidence indicates that

A) play forms do not emerge in a universally ordered sequence.
B) later-appearing play forms do not replace earlier ones.
C) children who spend many hours in nonsocial activity are at risk of behavior problems.
D) most children achieve either associative or cooperative play, but not both.

Question 31

Angry, punitive parenting

A) generally does not affect children who are poor emotion regulators.
B) will foster a heightened sense of empathy and sympathy in children.
C) disrupts the development of empathy at an early age.
D) can be linked to an increase in altruistic behavior through adolescence.

Question 32

When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to

A) ineffective parenting.
B) good adjustment.
C) poor emotional self-regulatory skills.
D) an insecure attachment.

Question 33

Which of the following play behaviors is a cause for concern in a child?

A) spending long periods of time in solitary play
B) aimless wandering and hovering near peers
C) simple, repetitive motor movements without objects
D) kneading clay with no intent to make something

Question 34

When portraying an emotion they do not feel, children of all ages find it easier to act __________ than __________.

A) sad; pleased
B) pleased; angry
C) disgusted; angry
D) angry; pleased

Question 35

__________ is the most frequent form of play among 3- to 4-year-olds.

A) Cooperative play
B) Associative play
C) Parallel play
D) Nonsocial activity

Question 36

Three-year-old Sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. Sasha is engaging in __________ play.

A) make-believe
B) parallel
C) constructive
D) functional

Question 37

Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as

A) an understanding of thoughts and feelings.
B) pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
C) based on mutual trust.
D) long-term and enduring.

Question 38

Four-year-old Christopher has authoritarian parents who sometimes physically abuse him. When his friend Joaquin has a bad day and cries, Christopher is most likely to react with

A) sympathetic concern.
B) anxiety and distress.
C) fear and anger.
D) strong feelings of empathy.

Question 39

When her friend, Reagan, loses her favorite toy, 4-year-old Nahla puts her arm around Reagan and offers to give Reagan a cookie from her lunch. Nahla's emotional response to Reagan's loss exhibits

A) personal distress.
B) effortful control.
C) emotional self-regulation.
D) altruistic behavior.

Question 40

__________ plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or a personally distressed, self-focused response.

A) Effortful control
B) Emotional masking
C) Temperament
D) Birth order

Question 41

The fact that children __________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate.

A) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions
B) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards
C) who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents
D) who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently

Question 42

Research shows that interventions designed to teach social problem solving

A) do not benefit children from lower-SES homes.
B) often disrupt existing peer relationships.
C) offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events.
D) do not reduce the risk of adjustment difficulties for children from troubled families.

Question 43

Which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior?

A) "Pushing your sister is not okay."
B) "Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down."
C) "You should be ashamed of yourself. Good girls do not push."
D) "Only bad girls push their sisters."

Question 44

Most theories agree that

A) a child's morality is regulated by inner standards from birth.
B) truly moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others' expectations.
C) at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults.
D) conscience does not begin to take shape until age 7.

Question 45

Which of the following statements about inductive discipline is true?

A) Induction gives children information about how to behave that they can use in future situations.
B) Induction deemphasizes the impact of the child's actions on others.
C) Freud endorsed the use of induction after the superego had fully developed.
D) Children who consistently experience induction may form an insecure attachment to their caregivers.

Question 46

Five- to 7-year-olds tend to rely on __________ when negotiating with peers.

A) adult intervention
B) persuasion and compromise
C) group consensus
D) impulse satisfaction

Question 47

Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by

A) using requests, suggestions, and explanations.
B) combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction.
C) using gentle discipline that incorporates frequent rule reminders.
D) asserting their power whenever the opportunity presents itself.

Question 48

Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in __________ children.

A) all
B) fearless
C) impulsive
D) anxious

Question 49

When practicing induction, warnings, disapproval, and commands are

A) strictly forbidden.
B) sometimes necessary.
C) often inconducive to the inductive message.
D) poorly received by the child.

Question 50

Twin studies suggest a(n) __________ genetic contribution to empathy.

A) minimal
B) modest
C) somewhat high
D) elevated

Question 51

Which of the following types of parent-child play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child?

A) parent-directed play
B) mother-son play
C) mother-daughter play
D) father-daughter play

Question 52

One of the best ways for Johann's mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to

A) provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers.
B) avoid arranging frequent play dates that may overwhelm Johann.
C) avoid providing specific suggestions to Johann on how to interact with other children.
D) prevent Johann from interacting with children with whom he has conflicts.

Question 53

Nicki Crick and Kenneth Dodge's circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) __________ approach.

A) Piagetian
B) information-processing
C) Vygotskian
D) ethological

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality is true?

A) Freud believed that young children form a superego by internalizing the other-sex parent's moral standards.
B) Most researchers today agree with Freud's view of conscience development.
C) In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior.
D) Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by 10 to 12 years of age.

Question 55

As children reach age 2, they

A) often use language to evaluate their own and others' actions.
B) begin to engage in sociodramatic play.
C) often describe themselves in terms of typical emotions.
D) can correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions.

Question 56

Due to its contribution to later academic performance, readiness for kindergarten must be assessed in terms of not only academic skills but also

A) language skills.
B) social skills.
C) emotional understanding.
D) effortful control.

Question 57

Children who get along well with agemates tend to

A) request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior.
B) attend selectively to social cues.
C) hover around peers' activities.
D) barge into play groups without asking.

Question 58

Three-year-old Cassandra has very low anxiety and is rarely uncomfortable with parental disapproval. What advice might you give her parents?

A) Cassandra needs to be punished for every transgression.
B) Power assertion is the best method to teach Cassandra morality.
C) A close parent-child bond motivates children to listen to parents.
D) Teaching Cassandra to feel shame will lead to the quickest morality development.

Question 59

Conscience formation is promoted by __________ discipline.

A) child-directed
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) inductive

Question 60

Research on friendships shows that

A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends.
B) preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends.
C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust.
D) children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

Question 61

Which of the following behaviors is an example of verbal aggression?

A) social exclusion
B) friendship manipulation
C) name-calling
D) destroying another's property

Question 62

Young children's moral reasoning

A) tends to be rigid.
B) is rarely based on consequences.
C) is usually complex.
D) rarely centers on physical harm.

Question 63

Which of the following statements about harsh punishment is true?

A) About 53 percent of preschoolers experience harsh punishment regularly.
B) Children who are punished frequently develop a more conflict-ridden parent-child relationship.
C) Individuals whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline.
D) Corporal punish is most commonly used in economically advantaged homes.

Question 64

When Erin takes her brother's book away and makes him cry, Erin's father says, "Your brother is crying because you took his book away. Your behavior disappointed me." Erin's father is using __________ as a means of influencing Erin.

A) coercion
B) empathy-based guilt
C) fear of loss of parental love
D) shame

Question 65

__________ aggression is used to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward.

A) Proactive
B) Reactive
C) Hostile
D) Verbal

Question 66

Models are most influential in

A) adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) middle childhood.
D) the early years.

Question 67

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all

A) characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior.
B) characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur.
C) important characteristics that are necessary for inductive discipline to be effective.
D) characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.

Question 68

Research on the consequences on punishment reveals that

A) most white children may view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
B) physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior in black children.
C) most black children may regard spanking as an act of personal aggression.
D) white parents usually consider physical punishment to be wrong.

Question 69

Sending a child to her room for a few minutes

A) is useful when a child is out of control.
B) often generates much resentment in children.
C) is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior.
D) is the most effective form of discipline.

Question 70

When parents use punishment, they can increase its effectiveness by

A) using the same punishment regardless of the transgression.
B) permitting the child to act inappropriately at home but scolding him in public.
C) being consistent and providing explanations for the punishment.
D) withdrawing parental warmth until the behavior has been eradicated.

Question 71

Emily is chosen as Student of the Day. Annie is angry that she was not selected, and she spreads a mean rumor about Emily. This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) physical
B) instrumental
C) passive
D) relational

Question 72

According to social learning theorists,

A) morality has a unique course of development.
B) reinforcement for good behavior is enough for children to acquire moral responses.
C) children learn to behave morally largely through modeling.
D) positive reinforcement for a child's character decreases a behavior's frequency.

Question 73

Which of the following statements about social experience and moral understanding is true?

A) Social experiences are not vital to the development of morality.
B) Children rarely benefit from adult-child discussions of moral issues.
C) Children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication.
D) Children who physically assault others tend to have parents who tell stories with moral implications.

Question 74

Three-year-old Madison is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing another child's toy and the other showing a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. Madison is most likely to view

A) both actions as equally wrong.
B) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult.
C) the stealing as more wrong than the bad table manners.
D) the bad table manners as more wrong than the stealing.

Question 75

Research on punishment shows that spanking is

A) associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents' child-rearing style.
B) viewed by most white children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
C) associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.
D) a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.

Question 76

Preschoolers in diverse cultures distinguish

A) friends and leisure activities as separate from matters of personal choice.
B) moral violations as less wrong than violations of social conventions.
C) between accidental and intentional transgressions.
D) moral imperatives from social conventions and matters of personal choice.

Question 77

The cognitive-developmental perspective regards children as

A) passive learners of moral standards.
B) active thinkers about social rules.
C) blank slates with regard to morality.
D) prewired with moral compasses.

Question 78

To sit next to her mother at a restaurant, Diana pushes her little brother Mark out of the way. This is an example of __________ aggression.

A) hostile
B) physical
C) passive
D) relational

Question 79

The most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by

A) building a mutually respectful bond with the child.
B) warning children that they will be punished if they act immaturely.
C) letting children know after the fact how to act.
D) combining firm intervention with a temporary withdrawal of affection.

Question 80

Frequent punishment promotes

A) immediate compliance but not lasting changes in behavior.
B) emotional well-being throughout early and middle childhood.
C) more efficient emotional-regulation skills.
D) strong internalization of moral rules.