Deck 10: The Macro-Micro Link in Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion

Question 1

A police officer stops you for driving 73 mph in a 65 mph zone and gives you a ticket that costs $150. If you go home and mail a check, you are acknowledging that the police officer has:

A) power.
B) a gun.
C) charisma.
D) status.
E) authority.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Manuel Noriega was never elected president of Panama but became its de facto ruler when he became head of the army and thus powerful enough to demand the resignation of the elected president. Given only this information, what was Noriega's government?

A) totalitarian
B) authoritarian
C) democratic
D) a monarchy
E) a simulacrum

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In Who Governs, Robert Dahl examined the way power was distributed in New Haven, Connecticut, and concluded that a wide variety of actors played a role in the political decision-making process. What theory of power does Dahl believe in?

A) authoritarianism
B) democracy
C) pluralism
D) power elite
E) oligarchy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Why do politics, education, and religion all appear in the same chapter of your text?

A) All three exist only at the macro level.
B) All three exist only at the micro level.
C) They have all come to be increasingly involved in terrorism.
D) Political, religious, and educational concerns often overlap in everyday life.
E) All three are important to sociologists, but have less effect on everyday life.

Question 5

Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert's mugger had ____________ but not ____________.

A) power; authority
B) authority; power
C) authoritarianism; power
D) totalitarianism; total power
E) authority; politics

Question 6

What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common?

A) They are all secular institutions.
B) They are all run by governments.
C) They are all less important today than in the past.
D) They are all social institutions.
E) None of them function at the macro level.

Question 7

For which of the following reasons could the supposed increase in voter turnout in the 2004 election really be just an artifact of the way that voter turnout is measured?

A) The turnout rate was based on all residents of voting age.
B) The turnout rate was measured by randomly sampling only a select few polling places.
C) The turnout rate may have been exaggerated to make the winners look better.
D) The turnout rate may have included many ballots that were cast illegally.
E) For the first time, the turnout rate was based on eligible voters, as opposed to all residents of voting age.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a technique that could work to disenfranchise part of the population?

A) requiring polling places to be put in as many locations as possible
B) requiring that poll taxes be paid in order to vote
C) denying people who have been convicted of a felony the right to vote for the rest of their lives
D) requiring a literacy test to get a ballot
E) requiring voters to show government-issued photo identification

Question 9

The methods and tactics of managing a political entity are called:

A) power.
B) totalitarianism.
C) fascism.
D) monarchy.
E) politics.

Question 10

Abdullah II of Jordan succeeded his father, Hussein bin Talal, as ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1999. This makes his government a:

A) theocracy.
B) monarchy.
C) totalitarian state.
D) pluralist polity.
E) democratic republic.

Question 11

Since 1917, all Puerto Ricans have been considered U.S. citizens, but they are not represented in Congress and cannot cast ballots in presidential elections. In this sense they are:

A) ruled by a 527 committee.
B) part of the Fourth Estate.
C) disenfranchised.
D) a pluralistic society.
E) full participants.

Question 12

Kim Jong Il and his father, Kim Il Sung, Korea's current and former leader, have both restricted the basic human rights of their subjects. What type of government does North Korea have?

A) democratic
B) a monarchy
C) a republic
D) anarchist
E) totalitarian

Question 13

What is it called when a government seeks to control every aspect of life?

A) anarchism
B) totalitarianism
C) communism
D) socialism
E) determinism

Question 14

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting?

A) suffrage
B) disenfranchisement
C) pluralism
D) voting conviction
E) simulacrum

Question 15

In the nineteenth century, New Jersey's legislature adopted a number of so-called "sunset laws" that closed the polls early on election day, usually before the working day at factories was over. What would the effect that this had on the working class be called?

A) democracy
B) voter fraud
C) representation
D) disenfranchisement
E) totalitarianism

Question 16

On January 30, 2005, Iraq held what many claim were the first free and fair elections in its history, after many decades of military dictatorship. This was seen as the first step in transforming Iraq into a:

A) theocracy.
B) kleptocracy.
C) totalitarian regime.
D) constitutional monarchy.
E) democracy.

Question 17

What is a political system called that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government?

A) pluralist
B) democratic
C) socialist
D) authoritarian
E) secular

Question 18

Which theory of power argues that a variety of organizations and institutions have roughly equal access to the power structure?

A) conflict theory
B) the theory of power elites
C) disenfranchisement theory
D) authoritarianism
E) pluralism

Question 19

Systems and structures that persist over time and help organize group life are called:

A) social controls.
B) social institutions.
C) secular actions.
D) political or governmental legislation.
E) pluralistic situations.

Question 20

What is the most extreme form of authoritarianism called?

A) totalitarianism
B) monarchy
C) secularism
D) theocracy
E) the power elite system

Question 21

A sociologist tells you that she believes that "the owners and top-level managers in large income-producing properties are far and away the dominant power figures in the United States" because "their corporations, banks, and agribusinesses come together as a corporate community that dominates the federal government." What concept is being described here?

A) pluralism
B) authoritarianism
C) totalitarianism
D) political action committees
E) the power elite

Question 22

In 1988 Michael Dukakis, the Democratic nominee for president, posed for a photo in an M1 tank. He hoped that the pictures from this staged event would make him seem stronger on defense issues, but instead many people felt he looked silly, and his opponents used the image in their ads. This demonstrates:

A) the importance of creating a simulacrum to fool voters.
B) the importance of controlling special interests.
C) the role that money plays in determining national elections.
D) the importance of presenting a "telegenic" image.
E) the importance of using "new media" to communicate with voters.

Question 23

According to the textbook, during the 1960s, how did many Americans view antiwar protestors?

A) heroic because they put their bodies on the line
B) patriotic because they exercised their freedom of speech
C) comedic because of their innovative use of dramatic protest
D) un-American because of their vocal criticism of American intervention in Southeast Asia
E) apathetic because of their disinterest in American politics

Question 24

Mike McCurry was the White House Press Secretary from 1995 to 1998. It was his job to field questions from the press and explain the president's policies and attitudes in language that was compelling and persuasive. According to this job description, he could be called a(n):

A) advocate of new media.
B) 527 committee member.
C) spin doctor.
D) member of the Fourth Estate.
E) technocrat.

Question 25

What large-scale social change has made celebrity politicians more popular and successful?

A) the increasing importance of television
B) the increasing focus on political platform and policies
C) the increasing need to connect with celebrity voters
D) the increasing importance of Hollywood stars to fund-raising
E) the rise of religiosity among celebrities

Question 26

What does Jean Baudrillard call an image in the media that people can no longer distinguish from the reality that it is supposed to represent?

A) simulacrum
B) hidden curriculum
C) fundamentalism
D) sacred
E) extrinsic religiosity

Question 27

In August of 2009, House Republican leader John Boehner asked rank-and-file Republicans to use "new media" like Twitter to get out their message about America's health-care system. Given that a Twitter post can only be 140 characters long, what feature of modern politics closely resembles Twitter posts?

A) press conferences
B) opinion leaders
C) journalistic watchdogs
D) sound bytes
E) news stories

Question 28

In the past, most voters formed political opinions by listening to speeches, meeting with representatives of political parties, or attending town hall meetings. How do voters today tend to learn about political issues?

A) through websites maintained by political candidates
B) through church groups that disseminate information on policy and news
C) through human interest stories in the media
D) through newspaper and magazine articles that focus on the policy implications of political decisions
E) through intimate, firsthand knowledge of issues

Question 29

During the 2012 presidential election, Barak Obama was endorsed by singer and celebrity Beyoncé Knowles. To the extent that people pay attention to her and care about what she says, she is a(n):

A) opinion leader.
B) member of the Fourth Estate.
C) creator of sound bytes.
D) structural functionalist.
E) political action leader.

Question 30

Organizations formed expressly to raise and spend money in order to influence elected officials are called:

A) power elites.
B) media groups.
C) special interest groups.
D) unions.
E) charter schools.

Question 31

Why are political action committees much more important to political campaigns now than they were in the past?

A) Unlike candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give them.
B) They are the only organizations that have proved successful in the struggle against the power elites.
C) Their members have positions of power within the media.
D) They have far and away the largest number of grassroots supporters.
E) Many of their members hold high political office.

Question 32

Organizations designed to raise money to support the interests of a particular group are called:

A) political action committees.
B) media groups.
C) taste cultures.
D) simulacrums.
E) power elites.

Question 33

According to a recent study, what percentage of the American population makes up the power elite?

A) 5 percent
B) considerably less than 1 percent
C) 12.5 percent
D) 42 percent
E) 50 percent

Question 34

What did C. Wright Mills mean by the term "power elite"?

A) members of legislatures and courts who compete for power and influence
B) members of the media who set the agenda for politics in the United States
C) a small group of people who occupy key positions in political, economic, and military institutions
D) individuals who have enough wealth to contribute to a political action committee
E) a diverse group of individuals in a community who have influence over the voting behaviors of their friends and neighbors

Question 35

Short sentences or phrases on a political subject, designed to be catchy and memorable but not necessarily to convey much information, are called:

A) position papers.
B) policy gripes.
C) spin doctors.
D) press releases.
E) sound bytes.

Question 36

The Swift Vets and POWs for Truth was a group of veterans and former prisoners of war from the Vietnam War that formed during the 2004 presidential campaign in order to oppose John Kerry's candidacy for president. What could they be called?

A) totalitarian
B) a power elite
C) a special interest group
D) postmodernists
E) creators of a simulacrum

Question 37

When John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon debated during the 1960 presidential campaign, voters who watched the debate on television were more likely to see Kennedy as the winner than those who listened to it on radio. Why?

A) The Kennedy campaign put out better television advertisements.
B) Nixon refused to take advice on hair, makeup, and clothing that would have made him look better on camera.
C) The radio program was shorter than the television program and omitted some of Kennedy's key arguments.
D) Kennedy smiled a lot.
E) Nixon's voice was more soothing and confident than Kennedy's.

Question 38

According to C. Wright Mills, who rules America?

A) the power elite
B) a variety of organizations and institutions that represent different interest groups
C) political action committees that raise money and advocate on behalf of their donors
D) the media
E) celebrities

Question 39

High-profile individuals who interpret political information and influence the voting habits of the public are called:

A) spin doctors.
B) celebrity politicians.
C) opinion leaders.
D) political action leaders.
E) talking heads.

Question 40

In 1971 Daniel Ellsberg, working for the Department of Defense, found a large collection of classified documents that showed that many members of the U.S. government did not believe the Vietnam War was winnable, despite public assertions to the contrary. Ellsberg turned to the Fourth Estate, giving the documents to:

A) a low-ranking member of Congress.
B) Judge William Byrne.
C) the New York Times.
D) U.S. Senator Mike Gravel.
E) a member of the vice president's staff.

Question 41

What do sociologists call the lessons that students learn indirectly but which they are not officially or formally tested on?

A) the formal curriculum
B) the hidden curriculum
C) media socialization
D) education
E) educational inequality

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of how the hidden curriculum can reinforce inequality?

A) All of the professors at a college are white and heterosexual.
B) History books are rewritten to emphasize the role of women and minorities.
C) Schools attempt to change how they teach.
D) Teachers invite to the classroom a wide variety of guest speakers from all walks of life.
E) Schools attempt to address the gaps and exclusions that exist in their curricula.

Question 43

Which of the following would be an example of "new media"?

A) political parties summarizing their campaign platforms on television
B) a radio program that tells you where to go if you want to volunteer to work on a political campaign
C) newsletters that provide "voter guides" telling you who to vote for
D) a magazine that provides information on candidates' policy positions but also describes their family lives, hobbies, and favorite books
E) politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents and hear back from them directly

Question 44

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States?

A) Anyone who works hard can get good grades.
B) Education is the pathway to material success and, as such, rewards the best and brightest individuals.
C) Tracking helps students from disadvantaged backgrounds achieve material success.
D) Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.
E) Boys tend to be smarter than girls.

Question 45

In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes?

A) critical thinking
B) independence and initiative
C) the mathematical skills needed to work with computer software and the drive needed to create new things
D) taking orders and performing repetitive tasks
E) the desire to join social movements

Question 46

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, the curriculum at schools like Trinity College at Cambridge (The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity) leaned very heavily on theology. Today, the vast majority of university students will never take any theology classes. Why did this change?

A) We have fundamentally changed biologically.
B) Universities in those days were controlled by the state.
C) The Internet has altered social relations to such an extent that education in certain subjects no longer seems important.
D) There are more colleges now, so students who are told they must take theology classes can simply transfer to a different school.
E) The knowledge, values, and expectations required to succeed in contemporary society are different from those required then.

Question 47

In 2009, shortly after Sarah Palin resigned as governor of Alaska, a Republican political strategist asked: If Sarah Palin weren't attractive, "would we even be talking about her today?" This quote reminds us that politics today:

A) requires immense amounts of money to succeed.
B) has very little connection to the lives of everyday people.
C) rewards style over substance.
D) is based on sound bytes.
E) is mostly scripted by spin doctors.

Question 48

What subjects were taught in European universities during the Middle Ages?

A) math and science
B) only theology
C) natural philosophy and the works of ancient Greek philosophers
D) chivalry and religion
E) law, theology, and medicine

Question 49

How does the textbook define the "hidden curriculum"?

A) the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by self-sacrifice
B) a group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society
C) higher grades given for the same work, or a general rise in student grades without a corresponding rise in learning
D) subjects that are rarely taught, which require students to seek them out on their own time
E) lessons that students learn indirectly through the method in which the curriculum is presented and the way the school is organized

Question 50

In 2008 Joe McCain, brother of the presidential hopeful John McCain, called 911 to complain about a traffic jam. When the 911 operator scolded him, he used a vulgarity and hung up. This incident was reported on the news almost immediately, illustrating that:

A) Republican politicians are more likely to make costly high-profile gaffes.
B) sound bytes are now the primary way by which politicians communicate with the public.
C) new media primarily reach older voters.
D) new media are a valuable tool for politicians trying to reach youth.
E) the power and potential of new media in the political process cuts both ways.

Question 51

What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members?

A) religion
B) politics
C) education
D) the hidden curriculum
E) homeschooling

Question 52

John Dewey, an American educational reformer, once wrote, "Perhaps the greatest of all pedagogical fallacies is that a person learns only the particular thing he is studying at the time. Collateral learning in the way of formation of enduring attitudes, of likes and dislikes, may be and often is, more important." What is another term for what Dewey calls "collateral learning?"

A) microinequalities
B) the hidden curriculum
C) conflict theory
D) symbolic interactionism
E) simulacrums

Question 53

What variable would account for the dramatic jump in test scores evidenced by the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom?

A) hard work
B) natural, but late-blooming, aptitude
C) better books and other instructional materials
D) teacher attitudes
E) community support

Question 54

Before 1900, approximately what percentage of Americans graduated from high school?

A) 2 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 22 percent
D) 50 percent
E) 87 percent

Question 55

When students are tested and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.), this process is called:

A) the hidden curriculum.
B) socialization.
C) tracking.
D) distance learning.
E) charter schooling.

Question 56

When schools fail to make any mention of gays or lesbians in the curriculum, what message is being sent?

A) no message at all, as there is nothing in the curriculum.
B) Gays and lesbians are an adult subject not appropriate for children.
C) Schools are harbingers of progressive social change.
D) Gays and lesbians aren't full members of society.
E) Gays and lesbians are part of a more interesting world that young people are eager to escape to.

Question 57

What are the most significant consequences of a high school freshman being assigned to a remedial math course?

A) She will face increasing pressure from her parents to succeed.
B) She has been effectively locked out of certain careers.
C) She will lose status within the school and have worse relationships with her peers.
D) She will be more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol.
E) She will almost certainly also fall behind in her English classes.

Question 58

In their Pygmalion in the Classroom, how did Jacobson and Rosenthal select the students they identified as ready to academically "bloom" in the coming school year?

A) by looking for students who had not received adequate attention from their teachers
B) randomly
C) through IQ tests
D) by looking at grades
E) by asking teachers who could do better

Question 59

Sociologists like R. S. Erickson have noted that "the informal and decidedly antidemocratic set of teaching practices and power relationships by which the school operates" produces a "disjuncture between the democratic creed and what actually goes on in school," so students often learn that it's important to take orders and to not make waves. What concept is Erickson talking about?

A) teacher expectations
B) the hidden curriculum
C) simulacra
D) forward thinking
E) pluralism

Question 60

In Soviet Russia, it was a common practice to edit old photographs to reflect the current political mood. For example, Stalin's friends who turned into his enemies were cut out of pictures with him. These pictures were an example of:

A) important precursors to new media.
B) simulacrum.
C) sound bytes.
D) opinion leaders.
E) a free press.

Question 61

According to Randall Collins, our educational system is much like a "tribal initiation rite," a "secret society," or a "closed occupational caste," not a rational system that produces more efficient production but a mechanism for:

A) creating gender inequality in the workforce.
B) reproducing the existing class structure.
C) punishing those who deviate from mainstream American values.
D) teaching the values and ideals we need to function in society today.
E) making inner-city schools extraordinarily unhappy places.

Question 62

According to your textbook, what do all religions have in common?

A) god(s) or other supernatural beings
B) moral laws about the proper way to offer prayer and sacrifice to a god
C) a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane
D) a belief in the need for respecting one's parents
E) certain days that are considered holy

Question 63

How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition?

A) A sociological definition looks only at the macro elements of religion.
B) A sociological definition looks only at the way religion is created and recreated through everyday interaction.
C) A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all brands of religious experience.
D) A sociological definition is only interested in the deity a particular religion worships.
E) A sociological definition cannot take into account personal relationships with God.

Question 64

What does the sociologist Randall Collins argue is the true function of schools?

A) They train a workforce in computer and technology skills so students can work in a twenty-first-century information economy.
B) They teach traditional American values like respect, hard work, and punctuality.
C) They provide the hidden curriculum necessary to produce social solidarity in a nation of immigrants.
D) They reproduce the class structure, making sure that most people grow up to have a socioeconomic status similar to that of their parents.
E) They teach students to have a profound intellectual engagement that allows them to establish a meaningful relationship with the society they live in.

Question 65

What was Jonathan Kozol's impression of the poorly funded schools he visited in urban Chicago?

A) Children are very resilient and can overcome even the worst conditions.
B) They were extraordinarily unhappy places.
C) They were poor in materials but rich in spirit.
D) Even though they were poorly funded, a small group of dedicated teachers could still make a difference in children's lives.
E) They could only succeed when they were closely regulated by programs like the No Child Left Behind Act.

Question 66

What is one reason critics object to school vouchers?

A) They believe vouchers will undermine the independence of private schools.
B) They believe vouchers will drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further.
C) They believe vouchers will reduce the number of choices and amount of control parents have over their children's education.
D) They fear that vouchers will cause students to be socially, rather than educationally, disadvantaged.
E) They believe vouchers will uphold the separation between church and state.

Question 67

How does the academic achievement of homeschooled students compare to that of public school students?

A) Homeschooled students perform better in reading, but worse in math and science.
B) Homeschooled students perform significantly better, on average, than public school students.
C) Homeschooled students perform worse in almost every subject.
D) No one knows because there is no way to test homeschooled students.
E) Homeschooled students do well only if their parents are certified as teachers; otherwise they do fairly badly.

Question 68

Which of the following is a criticism of the No Child Left Behind Act passed by Congress in 2002?

A) America's educational system is in fine shape, and any attempt to change it will simply disrupt a functioning system.
B) Teachers, under pressure to raise test scores, may stop doing everything but "teaching to the test."
C) It does not cost enough to be meaningful.
D) It will disproportionately benefit students in poor, urban schools.
E) It will make it harder for parents to move their children out of failing schools and into better ones.

Question 69

What development transformed and expanded the role of distance learning in the American educational system?

A) the increasing use of school vouchers
B) the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002
C) a rise in immigration, leading to a large population of non-English-speaking students
D) the deterioration of the infrastructure in educational institutions
E) the rise of the Internet

Question 70

Schools that blend high school and college are called:

A) charter schools.
B) early college high schools.
C) hybrid schools.
D) junior colleges.
E) college achievement schools.

Question 71

Which of the following is an advantage cited by supporters of school vouchers?

A) Vouchers provide more funding for public schools.
B) Vouchers provide better pay for teachers, which improves the quality of education across the board.
C) Vouchers create more schools that specialize in math and science.
D) Vouchers give more choices to parents for their children's education.
E) Vouchers offer a better way to use the Internet for distance learning.

Question 72

Which of the following would be included on a list of the functions of religion?

A) providing food and water
B) making social mobility easier
C) showing how to create world peace
D) providing values, norms, and rules
E) all of the above

Question 73

What is one example of how America's educational system is in crisis?

A) Literacy rates are low.
B) Standardized tests are becoming too difficult.
C) Teachers are overpaid.
D) School infrastructure is growing too quickly.
E) Teachers' unions are too powerful.

Question 74

Public schools that are run by private entities are called:

A) charter schools.
B) religious schools.
C) homeschools.
D) secular schools.
E) indentured schools.

Question 75

What does the sociologist Randall Collins recommend to reform the American educational system?

A) The first two years of college should be combined with high school to make the transition easier.
B) High schools should be funded by the federal government so poor areas don't have poorly funded schools.
C) It should be illegal for employers to ask about educational credentials.
D) There should be more teachers for inner-city schools so that the teacher-student ratio goes down.
E) Standardized test scores should not be asked for on college applications.

Question 76

What is the goal of early college high schools?

A) to make education cheaper, because college teachers are paid less when teaching in these institutions
B) to move skilled workers into the economy faster
C) to make it easier for students from underserved backgrounds to enter college
D) to slow down the educational process and to keep more young people in school and out of the workforce, where too many people are underemployed
E) to help prevent violence on school grounds

Question 77

According to Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol, how do schools reinforce inequality?

A) by singling out students from poor backgrounds for criticism
B) by busing students to schools far away from their homes, disrupting their schedules and removing them from their natural peers
C) by using local property taxes to fund public schools, trapping poor children in poor schools
D) by "teaching to the test," which removes many more creative subjects from the curriculum
E) by privileging athletes and giving them a much easier educational path

Question 78

What is the most likely source of the following quote: American medical training is attached at the end of a very long and expensive education that keeps the supply of physicians low and their incomes and social backgrounds very high. This formal education appears to have little real practical relevance; most actual training is done on the job in the most informal circumstances, through the few years of internship and residency.

A) Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
B) Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God
C) Randall Collins, The Credential Society
D) Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities
E) Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson, Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development

Question 79

According to Randall Collins, why do members of lucrative professions like law and medicine support the current educational system?

A) They understand how complicated their professions are and want to make sure that everyone who enters them is well trained.
B) They hated school while they were in it but feel nostalgic for it once they're established in their professions.
C) They want to keep the number of potential job applicants down, thus minimizing competition and ensuring that there is a large number of people for less lucrative, less pleasant professions.
D) They know that the world is changing quickly, and they want to make sure that new doctors and lawyers are fully versed in the intricacies of twenty-first-century life.
E) They tend to invest in private schools so they make a profit from education.

Question 80

Within the Christian religion, certain days (Sundays), books (the Christian Bible), and objects (crucifixes) are treated differently than other days, books, and objects. Chapter 10 would say that this different treatment is needed to separate them from:

A) the profane.
B) other religious traditions.
C) people who worship a different god.
D) the sacred.
E) impure beliefs and rituals.