Deck 1: The Essence of Anthropology

Question 1

Which of the following is not a traditional field or subdiscipline of anthropology?

A)cultural anthropology
B)applied anthropology
C)physical anthropology
D)archaeology
E)linguistics

Answer 1

applied anthropology

Question 2

As part of your job,you may study the frequency of blood types in human populations,or watch the behavior of monkeys and apes,or dig for early hominid bones in East Africa.You are a/an _______________.

A)ethnologist
B)primatologist
C)ethnographer
D)physical anthropologist
E)cultural anthropologist

Answer 2

physical anthropologist

Question 3

Which of the following are not primates?

A)Asian and African apes
B)tarsiers
C)monkeys
D)lemurs and lorises
E)all of the above are primates

Answer 3

all of the above are primates

Question 4

In human evolutionary studies,physical anthropologists known as _______________ look at fossilized skeletons of our ancestors to reconstruct the complex path of human evolution.

A)molecular anthropologists
B)archaeologists
C)forensic anthropologists
D)ethnohistorians
E)paleoanthropologists

Question 5

Anthropology is _______________.

A)the study of Western culture primarily through the analysis of its folklore
B)the study of humankind everywhere,throughout time
C)the study of nonhuman primates through an analysis of their myth and folklore
D)the study of the species Homo sapiens by analyzing its biological but not its cultural dimensions
E)the analysis of humankind from the subjective perspective of one group

Question 6

Cross-cultural research that allows the anthropologist to develop theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur between groups is known as _______________.

A)ethnography
B)biography
C)ethnology
D)ethnohistory
E)ethnoarchaeology

Question 7

Cultural anthropology is the study of patterns of human behavior.These standards _______________.

A)are biologically inherited
B)operate only when people are unconscious
C)can be studied only by sociologists
D)focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures
E)are inherited and are studied initially by physical anthropologists

Question 8

Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans because _______________.

A)it was the first science to study human beings
B)it synthesizes data from many fields in an effort to describe human behavior as a whole
C)it has greater attention to details
D)it requires a longer period of training
E)it focuses primarily on contemporary Western societies

Question 9

In general,ethnologists study _______________.

A)cultures as they have been observed,experienced,and discussed with persons whose cultures they seek to understand
B)animal behavior,with the aim of making useful comparisons with human behavior
C)various kinds of insects,because the social order of insect groups can tell us something about human social systems
D)the languages through which culture is transmitted,shaped,and experienced
E)the processes through which people come to understand the methods of social science

Question 10

An archaeologist studies material remains and environmental data to understand _______________.

A)old rocks
B)fossils
C)human culture
D)future species
E)how oil is formed from ancient plants

Question 11

Which of the following statements about cultural anthropology is/are correct? Cultural anthropologists study _______________.

A)humans as biological organisms because the capacity for culture is rooted in our biological natures
B)how some people are "more cultured" than others
C)the rules or standards of behavior by which societies operate
D)learned behavior rather than those acquired through biological inheritance
E)c and d

Question 12

A study of how people deal with consumer complaints would be a research interest of the _______________.

A)applied anthropologist
B)physical anthropologist
C)medical anthropologist
D)molecular anthropologist
E)ethnolinguist

Question 13

A "culture-bound" theory is _______________.

A)a prediction that is bound to be fulfilled in a particular culture
B)a theory developed by a cultural anthropologist rather than a physical anthropologist
C)a theory developed by a sociologist rather than a cultural anthropologist
D)a theory based on assumptions common to a particular culture rather than deriving from comparisons of many different cultures
E)a theory based on comparison of cultures

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the four branches of anthropology?

A)archaeology
B)linguistics
C)biology
D)cultural anthropology
E)physical anthropology

Question 15

Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings,anthropology has emerged as a tradition of scientific inquiry over the last _______________.

A)10,000 years
B)700 years
C)150 years
D)50 years
E)30 years

Question 16

Which of the following are broad research interests of physical anthropologists?

A)descriptive ethnography and culture-bound theory
B)fingerprinting and study of hair loss
C)biological variation in human populations and evolution of human characteristics
D)primate population variation and the reconstruction of the material remains of culture
E)the study of the origins of language and what causes language change

Question 17

A detailed description of a particular culture based on fieldwork is called _______________.

A)ethnography
B)biography
C)ethnology
D)ethnohistory
E)ethnoarchaeology

Question 18

Which of the following is not a change that has affected ethnography during the 20ᵗʰ century?

A)use of participant observation
B)technological change
C)increasing numbers of non-Western peoples have become anthropologists
D)focus on Western industrialized societies
E)collaboration among anthropologists in varied communities

Question 19

How does the perception of organ transplantation differ between the U.S.and Japan?

A)It is performed more frequently in Japan because they have developed a more efficient harvesting system.
B)It is rarely performed in Japan because they do not believe in a mind-body split.
C)It is performed more frequently in the U.S.
Because there is no belief in a mind-body split.
D)It is rarely performed in the U.S.
Because the cultural system does not endorse the idea of anonymous "gifts."
E)The perception of organ transplantation does not differ significantly between the U.S.
And Japan.

Question 20

W _______________ specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

A)Ethnology
B)Paleoanthropology
C)Forensic anthropology
D)Archaeology
E)Medical anthropology

Question 21

Which of the following research projects would not belong to the province of linguistic anthropology?

A)Learning about a culture by finding out which objects or events are associated with a large vocabulary
B)Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright
C)Comparing languages to see which ones can be traced back to a single unifying language
D)Describing how,in a particular language,sounds are combined to form words,and how words are combined to form sentences
E)all of these (that is,a linguistic anthropologist would not be interested in any of the above research projects)

Question 22

In-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures are called _______________.

A)ethnologies
B)ethnobotanies
C)biologies
D)ethnographies
E)anthropologies

Question 23

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of a "hypothesis"? The light bulb failed to light because _______________.

A)the filament was broken
B)the power to the building was off
C)it was not screwed in tightly
D)it was poorly made
E)all of these

Question 24

The protection of cultural resources as part of archaeology is called _______________.

A)ethnographic resource management
B)cultural resource management
C)cultural resource administration
D)cultural area management
E)cultural resource excavation

Question 25

Besides interest in descriptions of particular cultures,the ethnologist is interested also in _______________.

A)destroying particular cultures to improve them
B)cross-cultural comparisons
C)descriptions of nonhuman societies
D)promoting Western ways
E)teaching food foragers how to use time-saving gadgets

Question 26

Clyde Snow is an anthropologist who _______________.

A)studied the Zapotec of Mexico
B)went to Truk and studied drinking behavior
C)used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina
D)advised the U.S.
Government about how to implement the New Deal
E)found out that a questionnaire administered to rural Peruvians wasn't accurate in what it implied about their behavior

Question 27

Which of the following would not indicate cooking or food processing at archaeological sites?

A)pottery
B)hearths
C)temple ruins
D)animal bone fragments
E)concentrations of charcoal

Question 28

The work of medical anthropologists sheds light on the connections between _______________ both globally and locally.

A)human migration and the maintenance of health
B)culture and personality
C)mental and physical health
D)human health and political and economic forces
E)HMOs and political and economic forces

Question 29

An ethnologist can be described as someone who _______________.

A)studies female behavior
B)studies cultures of the past
C)develops a theory of culture by comparing many specific cultures
D)studies primitive cultures
E)studies urban-industrial societies

Question 30

Humans appear to be unique in having a complex system of symbolic communication,called _______________,that enables humans to preserve and transmit culture from generation to generation.

A)the brain
B)language
C)genes
D)cuneiform
E)Esperanto

Question 31

By comparing housework in different cultures,the ethnologist learns that _______________.

A)food foragers spend less time on household tasks than Westerners do
B)food foragers spend more time on household tasks than Westerners do
C)Westerners spend the least amount of time on household tasks as compared with other societies
D)there are no differences in the amount of time spent on household tasks between food foragers and industrialized Western societies
E)food foragers do not do housework

Question 32

Ethnographic fieldwork _______________.

A)is usually associated with the study of wealthy elites
B)is usually associated with the study of North American society
C)is usually associated with the study of non-Western peoples
D)can also be applied to the study of Western industrialized societies
E)c and d

Question 33

Which of the following is not goal of science?

A)to discover the universal principles that govern the workings of the visible world
B)to develop explanations of the world that are testable and correctable
C)to eliminate the need to use the imagination
D)all of these are goals of science
E)only a and b

Question 34

A(n)_______________ is a closely examined and critically checked out explanation of observed reality.

A)attractive hunch
B)dogma
C)doctrine
D)indisputable opinion
E)theory

Question 35

The branch of anthropology that studies human languages is called _______________.

A)linguistic anthropology
B)ethnology
C)ethnography
D)ethnolinguistics
E)ethnography of speaking

Question 36

Historians,who usually study the past through written sources,are limited chronologically to _______________.

A)the past 500 years
B)the past 1,000 years
C)the past 5,000 years
D)the past 10,000 years
E)the past 500,000 years

Question 37

An archaeologist might attempt to study _______________.

A)material remains to reconstruct past cultures
B)present languages to reconstruct when they diverged from a parent stock
C)garbage to explain contemporary behavior
D)all of these
E)a and c

Question 38

An archaeologist has a research project involving the analysis of an old campsite of a people who relied primarily on foraging for wild foods about 500,000 years ago.This project would be considered _______________.

A)Arctic
B)prehistoric
C)futuristic
D)historical
E)culture-bound

Question 39

Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences.They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as the political system)but how all aspects relate to each other (for example,how the political system fits with economic institutions,religious beliefs,etc. ).This approach is called the _______________ perspective.

A)holistic
B)ethnological
C)sociocultural
D)sociological
E)culture-bound

Question 40

The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically.For instance,investigators found that _______________.

A)no one claimed to use hair coloring but many empty packages of hair dye were found in the trash
B)people claimed to take vitamins daily but the number of empty vitamin bottles did not support this claim
C)women who said they bought no new clothes in the last month in fact had discarded tags and sales slips from clothing stores in their trash
D)no one said they drank Scotch,but several empty Johnny Walker bottles were found in the trash
E)the amount of beer consumed,according to empty cans in the trash,was far higher than people claimed

Question 41

Ideally,theories in anthropology are generated from _______________.

A)intensive fieldwork done in a single society
B)worldwide comparisons so that statements made about culture will be universally applicable
C)worldwide questionnaire surveys
D)intuitive thinking about society and culture based on experiences in your own society
E)the theories about culture formulated by the people you have studied

Question 42

Globalization is driven by _______________.

A)technological innovations
B)higher communication costs
C)faster knowledge transfers
D)all of the above
E)a and c only

Question 43

From skeletal remains,the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?

A)stature
B)race
C)sex
D)marital status
E)age

Question 44

One well-known forensic anthropologist is _______________.

A)Sheilagh Brooks
B)Bernardo Arriaza
C)Jennifer Thompson
D)Clyde C.
Snow
E)none of these

Question 45

Franz Boas did his first ethnographic research among the _______________.

A)Germans
B)Navajo
C)Inuit
D)Zuni
E)Kwakiutl

Question 46

_______________ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the Zuni and founded the Women's Anthropological Society in 1885.

A)Margaret Mead
B)Ruth Benedict
C)Martha Knack
D)Margaret Lyneis
E)Matilda Cox Stevenson

Question 47

Approximately how many individuals worldwide are infected by HIV today?

A)40 million
B)17 million
C)4 million
D)23 percent
E)67 million

Question 48

Zulu healers have addressed the AIDS epidemic by all of the following except _______________.

A)by providing standard health care,regardless of the patient's cultural background
B)by providing mental health care as well as physical care
C)by providing referrals to local clinics and hospitals
D)by providing refuge to those who are ostracized from their families because of the disease
E)by providing their homes to be used as orphanages

Question 49

Anthropology studies the language of a culture,its philosophy,and its forms of art;and in the process of doing research,ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study,trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view.In this sense,anthropology is _______________.

A)scientific
B)humanistic
C)radical
D)conservative
E)systematic

Question 50

The anthropologist has to consider obligations to three sets of people:

A)the anthropologist's family,government,and people studied.
B)the people who funded the study,the anthropologist's government,and the people who were studied.
C)the profession of anthropology,other anthropologists who have studied your community,and the community you studied.
D)the anthropologist's students,parents,and the people studied.
E)the profession of anthropology,the people who funded the study,and the people studied.

Question 51

What is the best way to ensure that a people has the right to maintain their own culture?

A)allow them to collaborate with and contribute to the anthropologist's study
B)make a cross-cultural comparative study
C)determine the most important facts that are relevant to the study
D)only allow the individuals studied to write the ethnography
E)do a sample study of various communities in the area

Question 52

In 1948,anthropologists discovered that aborigines in Arnhem Land were able to sustain themselves well on an average workday of _______________.

A)approximately 8 hours
B)more than 10 hours
C)less than 6 hours
D)less than 2 hours
E)10-12 hours

Question 53

Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala worked with traditional healers in what country in order to promote greater awareness and effectiveness in addressing HIV/AIDS rates?

A)the United States
B)Kenya
C)South Africa
D)Rwanda
E)Liberia

Question 54

Anthropology has been called the most human of the sciences because _______________.

A) it has developed a systemic, cross-cultural approach to understanding human behavior
B) it takes human beings as its subject matter (“the study of humankind”)
C) it develops hypotheses and theories about the organization of language, values, and art in culture
D) it tackles culture as a human experience or system of meaning in which the anthropologist must involve himself/herself in order to develop adequate explanations of what is being observed
E) all of these

Question 55

Which of the following questions would cross-cultural research be suited to answer?

A)What is the relationship between child-rearing practices (e.g. ,whether and for how long a child sleeps with its mother)and the occurrence and intensity of rites of passage?
B)Are attitudes about authority reflected in a society's religious beliefs?
C)What was the rate and process of permanent settlement among Tibetan pastoral nomads after the Chinese invaded Tibet?
D)a and b
E)a,b,and c

Question 56

_______________ was a pioneer in using anthropology as an instrument to combat racism.

A)Franz Boas
B)Matilda Coxe Stevenson
C)William Haviland
D)Stephen Jay Gould

Question 57

Your authors suggest that in order to survive effectively in the modern world,_______________.

A)we must promote American values
B)we must interpret the political actions of other nations in terms of the cultural and political norms of our own culture
C)Americans must give up their powerful economic and political role in the world
D)Americans must trust their political leaders to handle the complex issues which are beyond the understanding of individual citizens
E)none of these

Question 58

Which of the following services is not one that forensic anthropologists routinely are called upon by the police and other authorities to identify?

A)potential archaeological sites
B)the remains of murder victims
C)missing persons
D)people who have died in disasters
E)victims of genocide

Question 59

The anthropologists who focus on humans as biological organisms,tracing their evolutionary development and looking at biological variations within the species,past and present are known as _______________.

A)archaeologists
B)linguistic anthropologists
C)biologists
D)physical anthropologists
E)forensic anthropologists

Question 60

The end product of anthropological research is _______________.

A)culture-bound theories
B)a set of scientific facts
C)a clear understanding of the advantages of adaptation
D)a broad hypothesis about human beliefs,behavior and biology
E)a single case study that tests a theory

Question 61

Anthropology emerged as a scientific discipline less than 100 years ago.

Question 62

In order to frame objective hypotheses that are as free of cultural bias as possible,anthropologists typically develop them through _______________.

A)library research
B)research within the confines of a laboratory
C)fieldwork
D)surveys
E)well-developed questionnaires

Question 63

The term that refers to worldwide interconnectedness,signified by global movements of natural resources,trade goods,human labor,finance capital,information,and infectious diseases is known as _______________.

A)nationalization
B)internationalization
C)pandemonium
D)globalization
E)holism

Question 64

The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve "practical" problems,often for a specific client is known as _______________.

A)ethnohistory
B)applied anthropology
C)linguistic anthropology
D)ethnography
E)physical anthropology

Question 65

One way that culture is preserved and shared is by language.

Question 66

Ethnographic fieldwork is never done in Western societies.

Question 67

Among the skeletal remains studied by forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow are the remains of ______________.

A)Julius Caesar
B)General George A. Custer
C)Adolf Hitler
D)Josef Mengele
E)b and d

Question 68

Anthropology makes an important distinction between the political and social organization of _______________.

A)a continent and a country
B)a nation and a continent
C)a state and a country
D)a nation and a state
E)none of these

Question 69

The authors of your textbook have identified two countries that have made moves toward allowing same sex unions.Identify the two countries.

A)Mexico and Sweden
B)Belgium and the Netherlands
C)Afghanistan and Pakistan
D)Italy and Greece
E)The United States and Canada

Question 70

Recent studies have shown that the unusual degree of separation of mother and infant in Western societies has important consequences.Which of the following are not consequences of the rather long degree of mother/infant separation in Western societies?

A)decreases in the length of infant feeding
B)prevention of early ovulation after childbirth
C)increase in physical abuse of child
D)increases in crying
E)decreases in physical stimulation

Question 71

In _______________,the first organ transplant occurred in _______________ when surgeons removed a kidney from one identical twin to place it inside his sick brother.

A)1954/Boston
B)1975/Las Vegas
C)1964/Los Angeles
D)1983/New York
E)1995/Chicago

Question 72

In their fight against HIV/AIDS,traditional Zulu healers offer all of the following except:

A) a way to ensure mental well-being
B) sensitivity to the needs for balance between the individual and the community
C) culturally appropriate health care
D) the latest technological advances in disease treatment
E) health care tailored to meet the needs of the patient

Question 73

The branch of anthropology that studies past human cultures,some of which have left no written records,is known as _______________.

A)cultural anthropology
B)geologic anthropology
C)archaeology
D)linguistic anthropology
E)ethnography

Question 74

Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be,the concept of race emerged in the _______________ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and their descendants over Africans,Native Americans,and other "people of color."

A)20th
B)19th
C)16th
D)18th
E)7th

Question 75

Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans in its greater attention to detail and its requirement that students master the anatomical details of the human body before they even begin to study diverse cultures.

Question 76

Forensic anthropologists have become increasingly involved in the investigation of human rights abuses in all parts of the world.Which of the following areas represent the most recent investigations of forensic anthropologists into human rights abuses?

A)New York City and Iraq
B)Haiti and the Philippines
C)East Timor and Rwanda
D)Chile and Guatemala
E)Argentina,Cuba,and Nicaragua

Question 77

Ethnographies are _______________.

A)intensive studies of particular plants
B)in-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures
C)comparisons of many specific cultures
D)descriptions of languages
E)intensive studies of ethnic groups

Question 78

What is "transplant tourism"?

A)migration from developing countries to Western societies
B)a study of communities of retired persons living outside of the United States
C)agricultural development in industrialized nations
D)travel connected with the buying and selling of human organs
E)the study of immigrants in long-established communities

Question 79

Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures "co-sleeping" (infant sleeps with mother)is the rule.Which of the following are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping?

A)infants nurse more often
B)infants receive more stimuli
C)infants are less susceptible to infant death syndrome
D)mother gets at least as much sleep as mothers who do not sleep with infants
E)all of these are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping

Question 80

Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to determine at what time humans began to walk would be a research project for which of the following type of anthropologists?

A)Linguistic
B)Physical
C)Forensic
D)Applied
E)Ethnographer