Deck 13: Migration

Question 1

People who participate in programs that offer a temporary right to work but limited long-term rights and privileges are called:

A) guest workers.
B) human traffickers.
C) pro bono workers.
D) labor union workers.
E) indentured servants.

Answer 1

guest workers.

Question 2

The migration of university students trained in Western-style professions who are enticed by high wages and opportunities is often referred to as:

A) prestige economies.
B) recruitment agency.
C) brain drain.
D) internal displacement.
E) head hunting.

Answer 2

brain drain.

Question 3

Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods:

A) governments regulate borders with passports and immigration inspectors.
B) the free movement of people is encouraged by border patrol agencies.
C) hometown associations attempt to block migrants from relocating to their communities.
D) governments place high excise taxes on migrants over the age of fifty-five.
E) international migration costs much less than ever before.

Answer 3

governments regulate borders with passports and immigration inspectors.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about human migration is true?

A) In 2010, the United Nations estimated that three in four people migrated to a new country.
B) Saudi Arabia sends more than two million people abroad to work each year.
C) Only 3 percent of the world's population moves beyond national borders.
D) The last thirty years has had one of the lowest rates of migration in human history.
E) People are pulled to migrate by poverty, famine, and natural disasters.

Question 5

Paul Stoller's argument that Muslim street vendors in New York City extend traditions of trade and family ties that have existed for centuries demonstrates the importance of which of the following factors that shape the experience of migrants?

A) smuggling
B) guest worker programs
C) brain drain
D) social networks
E) speech communities

Question 6

Someone who ________ would be said to be part of the 1.5 generation.

A) is fifteen years old
B) was born in California, but had parents who were born in Cuba
C) was born in Cuba and migrated in his or her fifties
D) was born in Cuba but grew up in the United States
E) was internally displaced

Question 7

Refugees are:

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade.
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill.
C) highly trained individuals who help fill labor shortage for middle-class and skilled occupations.
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence.
E) migrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes how anthropologists conceptualize migration as a "gendered" process?

A) Low-wage informal labor by Mexican women has virtually no effect on their families in Mexico.
B) Migration by women has forced family members to adjust to shifting gender roles and family patterns.
C) Men continue to make up the majority of immigrants in all receiving countries except Canada.
D) Without fail, women migrants are unable to enhance their economic and social status.
E) The second generation of migrants has more women than men due to selective reproductive strategies.

Question 9

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a factor that facilitates or hinders migrants in their journey to new countries?

A) government immigration policies
B) the season of the year when travel takes place
C) geographic proximity
D) communication technology
E) recruitment agencies

Question 10

People who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries are referred to as:

A) labor migrants.
B) internally displaced persons.
C) transnational refugees.
D) guest workers.
E) coyotes.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about immigrants to the United States is false?

A) Very few migrants send remittances to their home countries.
B) Similar to other parts of the world, most migrants have working-class backgrounds.
C) Migration is most often undertaken by those with financial resources and education.
D) Most migrants are undocumented, uneducated, and poor.
E) Because migration barriers are so formidable, the brightest and best are often successful.

Question 12

According to the author, in the 1990s, Soviet Jews left behind their minority status in the former Soviet republics:

A) but refused to move to Israel.
B) and assimilated into the racial majority in the United States.
C) and experienced upward mobility immediately after arriving in New York and Los Angeles.
D) and migrated to Finland through settlement communities.
E) but were not considered refugees by the United States.

Question 13

According to the author, in addition to factories, the primary places where new immigrants find work in Los Angeles include:

A) suburban and urban homes where they work as nannies and housekeepers.
B) industrial farms where apples are being grown.
C) the defense industry in Southern California.
D) city government.
E) police forces.

Question 14

Imagine that in a small city in the northern region of Brazil, students have learned English for a generation with a specific focus on working in Brazilian restaurants in New York City. Two in three inhabitants have already migrated to New York, and several support organizations exist solely to serve migrants from this city. What term might anthropologists use to describe how migration has become a way of life?

A) diffusion model
B) guest worker program
C) social capital
D) cumulative causation
E) multiculturalism

Question 15

The ________ generation of young Dominicans studied by Ana Aparicio in New York have been able to negotiate their identity situationally, often shifting between categories of black, Latino, Dominican, and people of color.

A) second
B) first
C) 1.5
D) "lost"
E) third

Question 16

Economic resources sent back to countries of origin play an important role in:

A) supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local communities.
B) maintaining matriarchal households.
C) specifying who and who cannot migrate.
D) contributing to the tax base of destination countries.
E) finance health insurance exchanges for nonmigrants.

Question 17

Although they are typically highly trained individuals, the author suggests that ________ migrants often face downward mobility in destination countries when they cannot obtain credentials necessary to work in the destination country.

A) cosmonaut
B) labor
C) internally displaced
D) professional
E) refugee

Question 18

Entrepreneurs are:

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade.
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill.
C) highly trained individuals who help fill labor shortage for middle-class and skilled occupations.
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence.
E) migrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges.

Question 19

When people seek to take advantage of emerging economic or investment opportunities, they are said to be ________ to new destinations.

A) assimilated
B) pushed
C) remitted
D) pulled
E) internally displaced

Question 20

Economic resources that are transferred from migrants to their families or institutions in their country of origin are called:

A) brain drain.
B) social capital.
C) transaction costs.
D) duty-free goods.
E) remittances.

Question 21

Yo-yo migrants are:

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) migration that takes place within borders.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about long-term consequences of Japanese migration to Brazil in the twentieth century is accurate?

A) The surplus of workers in Japan increased pressure for migration toward Latin America.
B) The Japanese government embraced them warmly by offering them public services.
C) Many have returned to Japan but continue to embrace Brazilian culture.
D) Nearly 250,000 Japanese Brazilians have moved to Chile since the 1990s.
E) Japanese Brazilians abandoned cultural traditions of Brazil when they returned to Japan.

Question 23

What happened in the United States in 1965 that shifted patterns of immigration?

A) The United States passed the National Origins Act.
B) The immigration from Eastern Europe and Italy reached its peak.
C) The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed.
D) A wall spanning the U.S.-Mexico border was completed.
E) The policy of restricting immigrants with quotas by nationality was ended.

Question 24

People who stay actively connected with social, economic, political, and religious spheres across national borders are called ________ migrants.

A) second-generation
B) guest worker
C) transnational
D) internal
E) undocumented

Question 25

Of the Nikkeijin, or Japanese who live abroad, those who continue to travel back and forth between Japan and Brazil are called:

A) assimilated migrants.
B) yo-yo migrants.
C) refugees.
D) internally displaced.
E) brain drain.

Question 26

Transnationalism is:

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) migration that takes place within borders.

Question 27

Return migration is:

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) migration that takes place within borders.

Question 28

As wages have been creeping upward for Chinese workers, one recent trend has been:

A) an influx of Egyptian workers.
B) decreasing income disparities between rural and urban workers.
C) a decline in foreign investment in China.
D) that factories are now shifting to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos since they have cheaper labor.
E) lower production costs in China.

Question 29

Professional immigrants are:

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade.
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill.
C) highly trained individuals who help fill labor shortage for middle-class and skilled occupations.
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence.
E) migrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges.

Question 30

According to the textbook, an important factor that drives internal migration in China since the 1980s has been:

A) repair of the Great Wall of China.
B) the creation of export processing zones.
C) a state-directed remittance project.
D) new guest worker programs.
E) a decline in infrastructure projects.

Question 31

Social capital is:

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) migration that takes place within borders.

Question 32

All of the following are effects of remittances sent back to countries of origin, EXCEPT:

A) increased social status in local communities for labor immigrants.
B) financial resources for roads, schools, and water systems.
C) economic support for basic needs like food, shelter, and education.
D) increased consumer spending in communities that receive immigrants.
E) infrastructure projects such as senior centers, churches, temples, and mosques.

Question 33

As a result of efforts to regulate international migration, the ________ border has become one of the most heavily guarded in the world.

A) Honduras-El Salvador
B) Switzerland-Italy
C) Brazil-Venezuela
D) Djibouti-Somalia
E) U.S.-Mexico

Question 34

Which of the following was the only immigrant group to be legally excluded on the basis of national origin in the United States?

A) Chinese
B) Mexicans
C) Palestinians
D) Russians
E) Ethiopians

Question 35

The author suggests that with regard to the case of Muslim taxi drivers in Minnesota:

A) religious beliefs about alcohol use affected local transportation services.
B) the refusal to wear appropriate attire led to disciplinary action.
C) it was legal to ban Somalis from taking taxis in Minneapolis.
D) disciplinary action for refusing to take a fare proved to be an effective strategy.
E) the Metropolitan Airports Commission refused to seek input from local Somalis.

Question 36

Guest workers are:

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade.
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill.
C) highly trained individuals who help fill labor shortage for middle-class and skilled occupations.
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence.
E) migrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges.

Question 37

Anthropologist Bruce Whitehouse's research with Malian migrants to Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo suggests that they:

A) are mostly Christian.
B) mostly work in factories.
C) are reshaping globalization from the top down.
D) rarely return back to their home community of Togotala.
E) are treated like outsiders, segregated by religion and language.

Question 38

According to the textbook, one of the key reasons that immigration continues to be a controversial issue in the United States is because:

A) more than 75 percent of migrants settle in towns of less than 100,000 people.
B) immigrants from the Middle East have become the largest single group of migrants.
C) the perception that the diversity of the current generation of migrants raises cultural challenges.
D) a vast majority of Americans agree we need a wall on the U.S.-Canada border.
E) cities in the upper Midwest cannot handle the 400,000 Egyptians that arrive annually.

Question 39

Labor immigrants are:

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade.
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill.
C) highly trained individuals who help fill labor shortage for middle-class and skilled occupations.
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence.
E) migrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges.

Question 40

Internal migration is:

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries.
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home."
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources.
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders.
E) the movement of people within their own national borders.

Question 41

As increasing numbers of women migrate, how does the immigration experience reshape gender roles and gender relations? Drawing from evidence discussed in the textbook, analyze how migration enhances their social or economic status, as well as the personal and familial costs. How are husbands, children, and other kin affected by migration by women, and how do men experience shifts in gender roles?

Question 42

The "melting pot" model of immigration overly simplifies the way that migration actually took place in U.S. history for all the following reasons, EXCEPT:

A) Irish fleeing the potato famine faced severe discrimination when they arrived on U.S. soil.
B) that within two generations, most European immigrants became part of the racial majority.
C) many people came to the United States as slaves.
D) immigration to the United States was highly destructive for indigenous people living in North America.
E) Chinese immigrants were perceived as the Yellow Peril, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Acts.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about immigration to the United States is accurate?

A) Prior to 1950, 90 percent of immigrants to the United States were from Asia.
B) The United States has received just less than one million legal immigrants per year since 2000.
C) The United States has the highest proportion of foreign-born residents in the world.
D) Americans have migrated to Tonga at high rates since 1975.
E) Nearly 40 million residents of the United States were born in foreign countries.

Question 44

Global migrations often involve difficult and dangerous journeys between home and destination. The possibilities for migrating and ways people move are profoundly shaped by the "bridges and barriers" individuals may face. Drawing primarily on the case study of Chen Dawei, the immigrant from Fuzhu, China, discuss some of the bridges and barriers that can shape how and where people migrate. Compare Chen Dawei's story to another migrant who may not have the same bridges and may face more barriers. What are the economic, social, and political factors that may come into play in both home and receiving communities? Once Dawei was in New York, discuss how the decision to migrate still likely shaped his everyday life.

Question 45

According to the textbook, Muslim street vendors in New York City have long-standing ties that cross the Atlantic Ocean. Discuss how these merchants are an example of transnational entrepreneurial migrants. What is the importance of social networks in their experience?

Question 46

The educational level and skills of most people who migrate illegally tend to be:

A) lower than the global average.
B) higher than the global average.
C) higher than their home country's national average.
D) lower than their home country's national average.
E) about at their home country's national average.

Question 47

Entrepreneurial immigrants often rely on ________, where financial resources are borrowed at interest, repaid, and borrowed again.

A) revolving loan funds
B) black market loans
C) government grants
D) charitable donations
E) loan ladders

Question 48

While people are ________to migrate by job opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to health care, they are ________to migrate by poverty, famine, war, disease, and religious oppression, among other factors.

A) pushed; pulled
B) pulled; pushed
C) persuaded; dissuaded
D) dissuaded; persuaded
E) convinced; tricked

Question 49

One reason that refugees are forced to leave their communities is from:

A) high taxes.
B) lack of economic opportunities.
C) ethnic conflict.
D) lack of marriage opportunities.
E) low wages.

Question 50

In the early part of the twenty-first century, the number of people arriving in the United States by region included:

A) 50 percent from Asia and 25 percent from Latin America.
B) 25 percent from Latin America and 50 percent from Africa.
C) 25 percent from Asia and 50 percent from Latin America.
D) one-third from Asia and 50 percent from Oceania.
E) 45 percent from Latin America and 40 percent from Europe.

Question 51

What are the unique challenges and opportunities faced by what the author calls the "1.5 generation"? Define this term, and compare and contrast how the experience of this generation compares to first- and second-generation migrants. Be sure to use concrete examples to explain how these generations become part of U.S. culture.

Question 52

The largest group of people who immigrated to the United States in 2011 by country of origin were from:

A) South Korea.
B) China.
C) India.
D) Dominican Republic.
E) Mexico.

Question 53

In the early twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of ________ migrated to Brazil, Peru, and Argentina to seek new economic opportunities.

A) Indonesians
B) Tongans
C) Chinese
D) Koreans
E) Japanese

Question 54

The ban on ________ was enacted in a Florida town after local residents and officials learned of the religious practices of Cuban and Haitian immigrants in the Santeria Church.

A) cock fighting
B) wearing head scarves
C) homosexuality
D) bestiality
E) animal sacrifices

Question 55

Remittances are often associated with:

A) labor immigrants.
B) professional immigrants.
C) entrepreneurial immigrants.
D) refugees.
E) all types of immigrants.

Question 56

________ include hometown associations, religious communities, and refugee placement groups that help resettle newcomers in their destination communities.

A) Government immigration policies
B) Supportive organizations
C) Recruitment agencies
D) Colonial networks
E) Communication technologies

Question 57

Significant numbers of female migrants, both documented and undocumented, work as domestic workers in the United States. Discuss the vulnerabilities they face in the workplace and how they are integral to economies at home and abroad, such as the role played by remittances. Explain how women who work in domestic labor subsidize middle- and upper-class lifestyles in the United States.

Question 58

Discuss how migration is not often an individual choice, but one that occurs at the household level. How and why do households and families contribute to individual migrations? How do economic processes surrounding remittances influence the migration patterns and possibilities for migrant families?

Question 59

Scholars call the generation of migrants who left their home countries as adults the ________ generation.

A) first
B) second
C) "lost"
D) "1.5"
E) "motivation"

Question 60

A distinguishing feature of contemporary globalization is the high rate of global migration, both between and within nations. Scholars have analyzed how this unprecedented movement is closely linked to uneven development in the global economy. Discuss how uneven development and development policies may influence individual decisions to migrate. Draw on examples from the chapter or your own experience to discuss the diverse range of motivations, destinations, and contexts that shape internal and external migration. How can we understand global migrations in terms of "pushes" and "pulls"?

Question 61

Explain how patterns of migration in recent decades differ from those of past periods. Discuss two examples of immigrant populations, such as people from Spanish-speaking countries or the Middle East. Compare and contrast their motivations for relocating, their strategies for adapting, how they have been received, and the geographic locations to which they have been attracted.

Question 62

What are the effects of migrations on populations left behind? How has transnational migration reshaped the relationship that migrating individuals have with their sending communities? Explain how information technology and the ability to travel internationally have reshaped how people interact with family members in households with migrants, using evidence from the textbook.

Question 63

Discuss what you deem to be the most important contemporary issues with regard to inclusion and social integration of immigrants in the United States. How much multiculturalism is appropriate? Construct an argument that explains what the balance should be between how much immigrants adapt to the dominant culture and how much American communities accommodate newcomers. Illustrate your argument by discussing particular immigrants groups and recent immigration controversies.

Question 64

A significant amount of attention has been given to people in Sudan who have been displaced as a result of ethnic and religious conflict. Do you think that there should be international oversight for people who have been internally displaced? Discuss whether conflicts that take place within national borders but are caused in part by larger global forces should involve international interventions. How does the conflict in the Republic of Congo discussed in the textbook differ from the crisis in Darfur, Sudan?

Question 65

Drawing on Bruce Whitehouse's ethnography of Malian migrants, explain why the textbook describes the experience of people from Togotala as one of "reshaping globalization from the ground up." How have remittances sent back to Togotala by migrants helped local residents? Discuss how the mostly Muslim migrants to the city of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo have been able to establish themselves as merchants. How have these Malian migrants been treated in Brazzaville?