Deck 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience

Question 1

The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that 

A)paralysis and lack of sensation in the body resulted from nervous system damage. 
B)the brain is the source of every documented type of intelligence. 
C)functions can be localized in the brain and the spinal cord, both of which comprise the central nervous system. 
D)the brain is made up of trillions of separate cells.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Biological psychology can be defined as the branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior,emotions,and mental processes.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The process of trepanation 

A)always killed the patient. 
B)may have been done to release demons or relieve feelings of pressure. 
C)appears to have been performed after a person died. 
D)was first used during the sixteenth century in Europe.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the follow provide(s)evidence for early,accurate understanding of the function of the human brain? 

A)phrenology 
B) Egyptian mummification​ 
C) the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus and the writings of Hippocrates​ 
D) trepanation and the writings of Aristotle​

Question 5

Questions about the activity of the brain can be investigated using positron emission tomography (PET)and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Question 6

The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that 

A)the ventricles are not the source of behavior. 
B) epilepsy is a brain disturbance.​ 
C) most nervous system damage is relatively permanent.​ 
D) information about sensation and movement is carried by separate nerves.​

Question 7

The use of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)can be used to help treating those who suffer from auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia.

Question 8

Electroencephalograms (EEG)were first developed and used by Raymond Damadian in Germany in 1924.

Question 9

The pathways of the brain can be studied using either myelin stains or horseradish peroxidase.

Question 10

During the process of mummification,early Egyptians discarded the 

A)heart. 
B) brain.​ 
C)lungs. 
D)stomach.

Question 11

Biological psychology is best defined as the 

A)study of the mind. 
B) science of brain and behavior.​ 
C) study of behavior and mental processes.​ 
D) branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes.​

Question 12

Federal guidelines for using human participants in research apply to all organizations and individuals receiving federal funding.

Question 13

Given what you've learned in this course so far,it is important for you to learn about the brain if you want to be a counselor and not a researcher because you need to 

A)be able to diagnose mental illness when you talk to people. 
B)be able to recognize the possibility of some kind of neurological condition behind what appears to be psychological. 
C)be able to prescribe medications correctly for your clients. 
D)know as much as a neuroscientist.

Question 14

You are a licensed clinical counselor.A 35-year-old woman comes to you who has always been very optimistic and cheerful,but suddenly is extremely depressed.There has been no change in her life circumstances,and she is aware of nothing that could be causing this depression.Given what you have learned so far,what is the first thing you might suggest to her? 

A)She should see her doctor for a complete physical, and perhaps even see a neurologist to rule out any underlying physical problem. 
B) She probably has some deep underlying resentment of her parents that she needs to admit to before she will be able to get better.​ 
C) The whole family should come in for therapy, as there is obviously something going on somewhere that is not obvious.​ 
D) She should see a psychiatrist and get medication for the depression first and foremost, then talk therapy will probably be able to help her.​

Question 15

Santiago Ramón y Cajal is best known for demonstrating that neurons generate electrical signals.

Question 16

Trepanation is a(an) 

A)ancient practice of drilling holes in a person's skull. 
B)type of mummification. 
C)postmortem ritual. 
D)technique involving the analysis of the bumps on the skull.

Question 17

If the concordance rate for a psychological disorder is 60 percent,this means that genetics determine 60 percent of a person's risk and the environment contributes the other 40 percent.

Question 18

Who correctly identified epilepsy as originating in the brain? 

A)Galen 
B)Aristotle 
C)Herophilus 
D)Hippocrates

Question 19

Microdialysis can be used to assess the chemicals present in a very small area of the brain.

Question 20

The only current source of stem cells is embryonic stem cells,which are usually at the blastocyst stage of development.

Question 21

Monism is defined as a philosophical view that considers 

A)mind to be the product of activity in the brain. 
B) mind and body to be separate entities.​ 
C) the senses as the source of knowledge.​ 
D) reality to exist when it enters the thinking of an observer.​

Question 22

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided further evidence for the 

A)Neuron Doctrine. 
B) accuracy phenomenon.​ 
C) localization of some functions in the brain.​ 
D) Bell-Magendie law.​

Question 23

According to Descartes,the mind 

A)is the product of neural activity. 
B)exists in both human and non-human animals. 
C)forms an indivisible whole with the body. 
D)is not a physical entity that can be studied.

Question 24

Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for 

A)the Neuron Doctrine. 
B)establishing the electrical nature of neural communication. 
C)demonstrating that sensory and motor information uses separate pathways. 
D)proposing the "science" of phrenology.

Question 25

The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the 

A)use of electricity by neurons in communication. 
B)localization of language to the left hemisphere. 
C)separate pathways used for processing sensory and motor information 
D)nervous system as a collection of separate cells.

Question 26

Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible? 

A)the light microscope and the use of stains in histology 
B) the ability to apply electricity through wires​ 
C) fewer restrictions on animal research​ 
D) fewer restrictions on human dissection​

Question 27

The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by 

A)Paul Broca. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 
C)Fritsch and Hitzig. 
D)Camillo Golgi.

Question 28

We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true,but what theory competed with the Neuron doctrine as recently as the early 1900s? 

A)the Bell-Magendie law 
B)Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network 
C)Luigi Galvani's proposal that nerves communicate using electricity 
D)phrenology

Question 29

Dr.Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain.It is likely that Dr.Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of 

A)Santiago Ramón y Cajal 
B)John Hughlings Jackson. 
C)Franz Josef Gall. 
D)Luigi Galvani.

Question 30

The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by 

A)Descartes. 
B) Bell and Magendie.​ 
C)Camillo Golgi. 
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Question 31

What mistaken notion about the nervous system persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers? 

A)The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain. 
B)The heart is the organ of intellect. 
C)Damage to the brain is easily repaired. 
D)The muscular tremors that characterize epilepsy do not originate in the brain.

Question 32

Descartes' mind-body dualism is defined as a philosophical view that considers 

A)mind to be the product of neural activity. 
B) mind and body to be separate entities.​ 
C) reality to exist only when perceived by an observer.​ 
D) the senses as the source of knowledge.​

Question 33

Which of the following thinkers believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting information to and from the brain? 

A)Aristotle 
B) Galen​ 
C) Descartes​ 
D) Herophilus​

Question 34

Although phrenology is mostly wrong,what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system? 

A)The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain. 
B) Sensation and movement have separate pathways.​ 
C) Neurons communicate using electrical signals.​ 
D) Some functions can be localized in the brain.​

Question 35

Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of 

A)Descartes. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal.  
C)Broca, Fritsch, and Hitzig. 
D)Hughlings Jackson.

Question 36

Phrenology is a 

A)technique for staining neural tissue. 
B) misguided attempt to correlate personality with bumps in the skull.​ 
C) method for imaging brain activity.​ 
D) method for fixing neural tissue.​

Question 37

________ established electricity as the mode of communication used by the nervous system.

A)Descartes. 
B)Galvani and du Bois-Reymond. 
C)Golgi and Cajal. 
D)van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 38

Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex.This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.

A)phrenologistic 
B) monistic​​ 
C) socialization 
D)dualistic

Question 39

Experiments in which the cortices of rabbits and dogs were stimulated electrically were carried out by 

A)Paul Broca. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 
C)Fritsch and Hitzig. 
D) Camillo Golgi.

Question 40

Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by 

A)demonstrating that neurons communicate via electricity. 
B)demonstrating that sensory and motor information travel along separate pathways. 
C)inventing the light microscope. 
D)proposing the Neuron Doctrine.

Question 41

Particular proteins in cells can be identified using ________ in a process known as immunohistochemistry.

A)the Golgi silver stain.   
B)the Nissl stain 
C)horseradish peroxidase 
D) antibodies

Question 42

Structures at the synapse may be viewed with 

A)light microscope. 
B)an electron microscope. 
C)the naked eye. 
D)a CT scanner.

Question 43

"Fixing" tissue to be viewed refers to 

A)slicing tissue into thin slices. 
B)preserving the tissue by freezing or by the use of formalin. 
C)mounting tissue on slides. 
D)deciding which tissue to observe.

Question 44

A microtome is a 

A)stain. 
B)fixative.  
C)machine used to slice tissue. 
D)type of microscope.

Question 45

If you want to locate a pathway's point of origin,it would be best to use 

A)the Golgi silver stain. 
B)the Nissl stain.  
C)the myelin stain. 
D)horseradish peroxidase.

Question 46

Computerized tomography (CT)scanning is based on 

A)the gamma camera. 
B)histology. 
C)X-ray technology. 
D)magnetism.

Question 47

If you want to observe a small number of cells in detail,it would be best to use the 

A)Golgi silver stain. 
B) Nissl stain.​ 
C)myelin stain. 
D)horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 48

John Hughlings Jackson is best known for 

A)demonstrating the localization of language in the brain. 
B) the Neuron Doctrine.​ 
C) mind-body dualism.​ 
D) viewing the nervous system as a hierarchy.​

Question 49

The existence of chemical signaling at the synapse was first demonstrated by 

A)Charles Sherrington. 
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.​ 
C)John Hughlings-Jackson. 
D)Otto Loewi.

Question 50

A researcher is interested in discovering if one part of the brain,the orbitofrontal cortex,connects directly to another part of the brain,the amygdala.Which of the following experimental methods would be the most appropriate for this purpose? 

A)Inject horseradish peroxidase into a rat's amygdala and then see if cells in the orbitofrontal cortex are stained. 
B) Inject a human volunteer with a radioactive glucose and see what part of his brain is active while viewing an emotionally charged set of pictures using a PET scan.​ 
C) Look at a human brain with fMRI to see if the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are active at the same times.​ 
D) Stimulate the orbitofrontal cortex of a human volunteer during neurosurgery.​

Question 51

If you want to identify clusters of cell bodies in a sample of tissue,it would be best to use the 

A)Golgi silver stain. 
B)Nissl stain. 
C)myelin stain. 
D)horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 52

The term "synapse," meaning the point of communication between two neurons,was first used by 

A)Charles Sherrington. 
B)Santiago Ramón y Cajal. 
C)John Hughlings Jackson. 
D)Otto Loewi.

Question 53

In his study of the biology of sexual orientation,Simon LeVay (1991)used the method of 

A)phrenology. 
B) autopsy.​ 
C)CT scanning. 
D)fMRI.

Question 54

Positron emission tomography (PET)scans 

A)expose the participant to X-rays. 
B) expose the participant to strong magnets.​ 
C) utilize detectors of radioactive tracers.​ 
D) require the participant to wear a helmet containing sensors.​

Question 55

Electron microscopes are capable of magnifications up to _________ times.

A)1000 
B)100,000 
C)1 million 
D)10 million

Question 56

To follow the pathways carrying information from one part of the brain to another,it would be best to use the 

A)Golgi silver stain. 
B)Nissl stain. 
C)myelin stain. 
D)antibody stain.

Question 57

Examination of a body after death is known as 

A)autopsy.   
B)phrenology. 
C)histology. 
D)fixing.

Question 58

The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known ashistology.histology.histology.

A)histology. 
B) phrenology. 
C)staining. 
D)imaging.

Question 59

Modern computerized tomography (CT)images differ from earlier versions in that they 

A)no longer use X-rays. 
B) are safer for the participant as well as the X-ray technician.​ 
C) can be used to construct three-dimensional images.​ 
D) can be used to measure activity in a structure.​

Question 60

Positron emission tomography (PET)scans were made possible by the development of 

A)the gamma camera. 
B)X-rays. 
C)powerful magnets. 
D)histology techniques.

Question 61

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology,the area of the body to be imaged is exposed to 

A)X-rays. 
B)radioactivity. 
C)radio frequency (RF) pulses. 
D)a gamma camera.

Question 62

Functional magnetic resonance imaging takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons,more active neurons require greater amounts of 

A)hydrogen. 
B) oxygen.​ 
C)gamma radiation. 
D)magnetism.

Question 63

Quantitative analysis of modern electroencephalography (EEG)recordings can be used to 

A)construct 3-D maps of brain activity. 
B) generate high resolution images of brain structures.​ 
C) assess learning and memory processes.​ 
D) track the utilization of glucose and oxygen by the brain.​

Question 64

Traditionally,electroencephalography (EEG)is most commonly used to study 

A)emotion. 
B)psychopathology.  
C)states of consciousness and epilepsy. 
D)learning and memory.

Question 65

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology is based on 

A)magnetism. 
B)radioactivity 
C)X-rays. 
D)the gamma camera.

Question 66

A red area in a positron emission tomography (PET)scan typically indicates that the area is showing ________ activity.

A)high 
B) moderate​ 
C)low 
D)no

Question 67

Jeremy's physician suspects that he might have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Which of the following technologies is the physician likely to use to determine a diagnosis? 

A)positron emission tomography 
B) computerized tomography​ 
C) EEG brain tomography​ 
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging​

Question 68

Future law enforcement personnel are most likely to be able to use which of the following technologies in order to assess whether a person is being truthful or not? 

A)positron emission tomography (PET) 
B) magnetoencephalography (MEG)​ 
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)​ 
D) repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)​

Question 69

Which of the following contemporary technologies was previewed by nineteenth century physiologist Angelo Mosso's work with patients who had head injuries? 

A)positron emission tomography (PET) 
B) computerized tomography (CT)​ 
C) electroencephalography​ 
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)​

Question 70

The first electroencephalogram (EEG)recordings were made by 

A)Phelps and Hoffman. 
B)Wilhelm Röntgen. 
C)Hans Berger. 
D)Hounsfield and Cormack.

Question 71

Although his ability to speak is otherwise normal,a patient suffering from a stroke is having difficulty naming common everyday objects,such as tools.In order to determine which part of the brain is functioning abnormally,his doctor may use which of the following techniques? 

A)Inject the patient with horseradish peroxidase and look at his brain during an autopsy. 
B) Do a CT scan on the brain to see what area is not functioning.​ 
C) Use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the activity of the brains of the patient and normal volunteers when they are presented with pictures of various tools.​ 
D) During neurosurgery on the patient, stimulate his brain to see what part is not functioning.​

Question 72

Following a serious car accident,Joan fell into a coma.Her doctors are most likely to assess her progress using which of the following technologies? 

A)positron emission tomography (PET) 
B) computerized tomography (CT)​ 
C) electroencephalography (EEG)​ 
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)​

Question 73

Compared with positron emission tomography (PET)scans,functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)provides 

A)more information about brain activity. 
B) better structural resolution.​ 
C) fewer side effects.​ 
D) more economical imaging.​

Question 74

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology,powerful magnets are used to align 

A)oxygen atoms. 
B)hydrogen atoms.  
C)glucose molecules. 
D)water molecules.

Question 75

In magnetic resonance imaging technologies,we use the term "voxel" to refer to 

A)the rate at which atoms spin. 
B) the strength of the magnets being used.​ 
C) a small area of tissue to be assigned a pixel of appropriate color or darkness.​ 
D) a gamma ray released during the breakdown of a radioactive tracer.​

Question 76

Hemoglobin's magnetic properties change when it is 

A)combined with oxygen. 
B)combined with glucose. 
C)bombarded with gamma rays. 
D)exposed to X-rays.

Question 77

Naomi Eisenberger and her colleagues are interested in whether or not brain activity correlates with feelings of social rejection.If you were advising Dr.Eisenberger,which technology would you recommend for her study? 

A)positron emission tomography (PET) 
B) computerized tomography (CT)​ 
C) electroencephalography (EEG)​ 
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)​

Question 78

In positron emission tomography (PET)scans,colors are assigned that reflect the 

A)density of tissue in a particular area. 
B)response of the cells in a particular area to magnetism. 
C)magnetic output of an area of the brain. 
D)amount of activity in a particular area of the brain.

Question 79

The BOLD effect is important in which of the following technologies? 

A)positron emission tomography (PET) 
B) computerized tomography (CT)​ 
C) electroencephalography (EEG)​ 
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)​

Question 80

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)requires 

A)stronger magnets than those used in MRI. 
B)the injection of radioactive substances into the participant. 
C)larger numbers of gamma cameras than in MRI. 
D)multiple images taken in a short period of time.