Deck 13: Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

Jennifer offers to give Charlie a ride to the airport because she knows he is tight on cash and can't afford to take a taxi. Jennifer's motivation for helping can best be described as:

A) altruistic.
B) reliable.
C) egoistic.
D) consistent.

Answer 1

altruistic.

Question 2

Two social norms that can affect when people decide to help are:

A) reciprocity and social engagement.
B) reciprocity and social responsibility.
C) social responsibility and social conscientiousness.
D) social responsibility and descriptive empathy.

Answer 2

reciprocity and social responsibility.

Question 3

Researchers investigating volunteers' motives for helping people with AIDS, tracking how long they continued to work, found that:

A) people with selfless motives continued to volunteer the longest.
B) people with selfless motives were only slightly more likely to volunteer for a longer length of time compared to people with selfish motives.
C) people with more selfish motives volunteered the longest.
D) there were no differences in the volunteer length between people with selfless and selfish motives.

Answer 3

people with more selfish motives volunteered the longest.

Question 4

The opposite of altruistic is:

A) egoistic.
B) impassive.
C) apathetic.
D) extrinsic.

Question 5

Joe is trying to decide if he wants to put in a good word to help an acquaintance get a job at his company. He considers how it might affect his reputation if his acquaintance does a poor job. At the same time, he also considers how helping someone get a job would make him feel good and that he would likely be perceived in the eyes of others as a 'good' guy. Joe's internal dialogue is most consistent with which of the following models of helping?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behaviour
D) The egoistic relief model

Question 6

Making charitable donations activates the same brain regions that are:

A) activated in response to attractive others.
B) central to person perception and morals.
C) responsible for substance abuse and addiction.
D) activated upon receipt of monetary rewards.

Question 7

If Andrea is in a good mood, you would predict what about her helping behaviour?

A) Andrea will help others in an effort to maintain her good mood.
B) Andrea will help others less because she wants to maintain her good mood.
C) Andrea will help others when she is in a good mood only if she receives a tangible reward.
D) Andrea's mood would be unrelated to her helping behaviour

Question 8

The ________ states that an individual will feel more compelled to help others if she feels a sense of responsibility towards her society and its members.

A) reciprocity norm
B) social responsibility norm
C) social empathy norm
D) social relationship norm

Question 9

When Serena's friend loses her job, Serena feels concern for her and can understand from her friend's perspective the hardships she's experiencing. Serena is demonstrating which of the following?

A) Empathy
B) Sympathy
C) Respect
D) Kindness

Question 10

Research has shown that people will help under which of the following circumstances?

A) If helping will increase recognition from others
B) If helping will bring them rewards like money
C) If helping will improve their mood
D) If helping will bring them increased recognition, rewards, and improved mood

Question 11

Empathy involves both a ________ and a ________ component.

A) costly; rewarding
B) cognitive; emotional
C) intrinsic; extrinsic
D) negative; positive

Question 12

The ________ norm refers to the expectation that if we help others, they will in turn help us.

A) social empathy
B) social responsibility
C) reciprocity
D) social relationship

Question 13

The saying "you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" most aptly characterizes the:

A) social consciousness norm.
B) social responsibility norm.
C) reciprocity norm.
D) social relationship norm.

Question 14

The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behaviour emphasizes that:

A) people only help when they receive rewards.
B) people can help for selfless and altruistic reasons.
C) people will help to improve their mood.
D) people only help for selfish reasons.

Question 15

Which of the following is considered a model which postulates that selfish motivations drive helping behaviour?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behaviour
D) Both the negative state relief model and cost-benefit analysis model

Question 16

Tara decides to watch her neighbour's child with the expectation that in the future she may need her neighbour to return the favour and watch her son. Tara is helping based on the:

A) reciprocity norm.
B) social responsibility norm.
C) social empathy norm.
D) social relations norm.

Question 17

________ is behaviour intended to benefit others.

A) Prosocial behaviour
B) Self-centred behaviour
C) Prejudiced behaviour
D) Chauvinistic behaviour

Question 18

Jane has a crush on Ben's roommate. She volunteers to help Ben set up for a party so that she can spend more time around his roommate. Jane's motivation for helping can best be described as:

A) altruistic.
B) philanthropic.
C) egoistic.
D) deceptive.

Question 19

Which model posits that the reason people help others is to improve their own negative mood?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behaviour
D) The egoistic relief model

Question 20

Selfishness is to ________ as selflessness is to ________.

A) philanthropic; egoistic
B) altruistic; egoistic
C) egoistic; altruistic
D) implicit; explicit

Question 21

_______ and _______ developed a major theory called the decision model of bystander intervention.

A) Bibb Latane; Dan Batson
B) Robert Cialdini; Bibb Latane
C) Robert Cialdini; John Darley
D) Bibb Latane; John Darley

Question 22

Researchers have found that people from ________are more likely than people from ________ to offer their bone marrow to strangers.

A) the United States; Canada
B) the United States; China
C) China; India
D) India; the United States

Question 23

Based on information presented in your textbook, which of the following people would be most likely to receive help from others?

A) Rosemarie, a woman in her 30s who was diagnosed with breast cancer
B) Dawn, a teen mother of two young children
C) Paul, a heavy smoker who contracted lung cancer
D) Everyone would be equally likely to receive help from others.

Question 24

Which of the following is considered the fourth step in the decision model of bystander intervention?

A) Notice the emergency
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency
C) Decide how to help
D) Feel personal responsibility to help

Question 25

Which of the following is considered the third step in the decision model of bystander intervention?

A) Notice the emergency
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency
C) Decide how to help
D) Feel personal responsibility to help

Question 26

_________ refers to the phenomenon in which the greater number of people that are present, the less likely an individual is to help in an emergency.

A) The diffusion of responsibility
B) The bystander effect
C) Pluralistic ignorance
D) Kin selection

Question 27

Which of the following is considered the second step in the decision model of bystander intervention?

A) Notice the emergency
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency
C) Decide how to help
D) Feel personal responsibility to help

Question 28

Research suggests that learning about the bystander effect will have what effect on people's willingness to help?

A) People's helping behaviour is not impacted by learning about the bystander effect.
B) People show decreased helping in group situations.
C) People show psychological reactance and, therefore, decreased helping in group situations.
D) People show increased helping in group situations.

Question 29

The notion that we help others to promote the survival of our species is a ________ explanation for helping behaviour.

A) cultural
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) bio-chemical

Question 30

Joan often donates food and clothing to a local homeless shelter because she feels it's her duty to help others in need. Joan is helping based on the ________ norm.

A) reciprocity
B) social responsibility
C) social empathy
D) social relationship

Question 31

You think you hear cries for help in a nearby by office in your building. You think that you should go and see if anyone is in need of help but your coworkers do not appear to be concerned. You decide it must be nothing and do not end up investigating the cause of the noise. This best illustrates an example of:

A) pluralistic ignorance.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) bystander intervention.
D) kin selection.

Question 32

In 1968, Darley and Latane conducted a study where they exposed participants to a clear emergency in which they heard the sounds of another student having an epileptic seizure. They found that participants who were alone were faster to report the emergency than those who believed others were present. The failure to help in this situation can be attributed to:

A) the ambiguity of the situation.
B) the fact that people were in a hurry.
C) reduced feelings of personal responsibility.
D) the distance of the participant to the 'victim.'

Question 33

As the number of people present in a situation ________, responsibility to help ________.

A) is constant; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 34

When an individual feels less personal responsibility to help this is known as________.

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) reciprocity
C) pluralistic ignorance
D) kin selection

Question 35

Based on the notion of kin selection, you could most easily explain which of the following helping scenarios?

A) Sarah, vacationing in another state, rescues a child from a burning building.
B) Paul dives into the freezing ocean to save a stranger.
C) Marc pays for an expensive medical treatment for his son.
D) Doug assists his neighbour in building a new shed.

Question 36

Erin provides her niece with money and a place to live until she can find a job. Evolutionary psychologists might argue that Erin is helping her niece based on the concept of:

A) kin selection.
B) altruism.
C) social responsibility.
D) empathy.

Question 37

What difference in helping behaviour has been identified between conservatives and liberals?

A) Conservatives are more likely to help others with hardships perceived to have controllable causes than are liberals.
B) Conservatives are much more likely to help others than liberals.
C) Conservatives are only slightly more likely to help others than liberals.
D) Liberals are more likely to help others with hardships perceived to have controllable causes than are conservatives.

Question 38

In the fourth step of the decision model of bystander intervention, people must decide how to help. What will make it easier for people to choose to help at this stage of the model?

A) If there is a solution that is readily apparent to the bystander
B) If there are a lot of other people around to consult with
C) If the situation is ambiguous
D) If they are pressed for time

Question 39

If you were being attacked by someone trying to steal your purse or wallet, a passerby will be most likely to help you when:

A) two other people are nearby.
B) three other people are nearby.
C) no one else is nearby.
D) six other people are nearby.

Question 40

There is a fire in your apartment building and smoke begins to fill the hallways. According to the decision model of bystander intervention, what is the first thing that will need to occur for you to assist others during this emergency?

A) You must decide how you will assist in the situation.
B) You must interpret the situation as requiring your help.
C) You must notice the smoke.
D) You will have to feel a personal responsibility to help.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the relationship between mimicry and helping?

A) Mimicry decreases helping because those who are mimicked feel offended.
B) Mimicry decreases helping due to the just-world hypothesis.
C) Mimicry increases helping because it increases perceived similarity.
D) Mimicry increases helping due to the just-world hypothesis.

Question 42

Which of the following factors has NOT been found to increase helping behaviour?

A) Perceived similarity
B) Increased self-awareness
C) A negative mood
D) Increased attractiveness

Question 43

Research suggests that men and women differ in helping behaviour in which of the following ways?

A) Men are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.
B) Women are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.
C) Men are more likely to help in more nurturing ways.
D) Men and women are equally likely to help in nurturing ways, but men are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.

Question 44

Laura is affiliated with the Conservative Party and identifies herself as Catholic. Based on this information, who would Laura be most likely to help?

A) John, a Catholic man who contracted AIDS from unsafe sex
B) Dawn, a Catholic mother who is homeless
C) Paul, a Jewish man and heavy smoker who contracted lung cancer
D) Laura would be equally likely to help everyone

Question 45

Which of the following is true regarding helping and attractiveness?

A) Men are more likely to help attractive women than unattractive women.
B) Women are more likely to help attractive women than unattractive women.
C) Women are more likely to help unattractive women than attractive women.
D) Men are more likely to help unattractive women than attractive women.

Question 46

In an emergency situation, what would be a good strategy to reduce the problem of diffusion of responsibility?

A) Try not to alarm anyone and calmly try to indicate that you need help
B) Publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help
C) Screaming out loud
D) It would be equally effective to scream out loud or to publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help

Question 47

According to information presented in your text, which of the following would be considered a more effective way to increase helping behaviour?

A) Remind people of how good they will feel if they help others
B) Require people to help
C) Provide monetary rewards for helping
D) Provide models of prosocial behaviour

Question 48

You have just experienced the death of a loved one and are in need of encouragement, empathy, and support. You might be more likely to receive help from:

A) your dad.
B) your mom.
C) your brother.
D) your neighbour, Jim.

Question 49

You are more likely to help someone who:

A) shares your birthday.
B) likes different activities than you do.
C) does not share your birthday.
D) who lives in a different state.

Question 50

What is the relationship between viewing prosocial media content and prosocial behaviour in children?

A) Curvilinear
B) Negative
C) Quadratic
D) Positive

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits associated with an altruistic personality?

A) Empathy
B) Internal locus of control
C) Low egocentrism
D) High self-esteem

Question 52

_______ describes the five steps that must be met before a bystander will intervene to help in an emergency.

A) The decision model of bystander intervention
B) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behaviour
C) The cost-benefit analysis model
D) The egoistic relief model

Question 53

Researchers have found that mimicry leads to:

A) decreased helping.
B) more charitable donations.
C) a negative mood.
D) less prosocial behaviour.

Question 54

The philosophy behind the Good Samaritan law in Europe is to:

A) protect people from being prosecuted if they hurt someone who they are trying to help.
B) persuade people to help only if they feel it is necessary.
C) punish people for not helping when they are capable of doing so.
D) In Europe there are no Good Samaritan laws.

Question 55

If you want to teach your children to engage in helping behaviour throughout their lives, you could do which of the following?

A) Provide them with a reward every time they help someone else
B) Model helping behaviour
C) Punish them every time they do not help someone
D) Punish them for not helping others or reward them for helping others

Question 56

________ are more likely to receive help than are _________.

A) Heterosexuals; homosexuals
B) Homosexuals; heterosexuals
C) Liberals; conservatives
D) Conservatives; liberals

Question 57

People who are self-aware are _______ to help others.

A) more likely
B) less likely
C) unlikely
D) not able

Question 58

Based on information presented in your textbook, if you were trapped in a burning building, who might be most likely to come to your aid?

A) A man
B) An elderly person
C) A woman
D) A low self-monitor

Question 59

If you have fallen and hurt your ankle, which of the following tactics would lead someone to help you in this situation?

A) Yelling that you have fallen and making it clear that you need help
B) Trying not to panic anyone and calmly attempting to get someone's attention
C) Publicly identify a person, and specifically requesting his or her help
D) Either yelling that you have fallen and making it clear that you need help or publicly identifing a person, and specifically requesting his or her help

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT a specific step described in the decision model of bystander intervention?

A) Notice the emergency
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency
C) Weigh the pros and cons of helping
D) Feel personal responsibility to help

Question 61

You are finalizing plans for your friend's big birthday bash. Another friend offers to help pay for the party because, as she tells you, she is 'much more financially sound and has access to fun party venues that you cannot possibly afford.' In this circumstance you would likely:

A) welcome the help because you know that money is needed to throw a good birthday bash.
B) view your friend's help as humiliating and patronizing.
C) let your friend plan the party instead.
D) feel happy that your friend is helping.

Question 62

When Ilene weighs the personal costs of donating time at a charity event (e.g., giving up her weekend) to personal benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself), she is engaging in decision-making process known as cost-benefit analysis.

Question 63

Distinguish between egoistic and altruistic motivations for engaging in helping behaviour.

Question 64

If a neighbour's child misses the school bus and you offer to drive him to school because you feel a sense of duty to make sure he reaches school safely, then you are likely helping based on the
norm of reciprocity.

Question 65

We are more likely to seek help from people of the opposite sex.

Question 66

Based on the concept of kin selection, you would be more likely to help your sister than a close friend.

Question 67

Research suggests that we are more likely to offer assistance to people when we view their circumstances as something out of their control as opposed to something they might have 'caused' themselves. In other words, helping behaviour is related to the:

A) reciprocity norm.
B) attributions we make for behaviour.
C) social responsibility norm.
D) empathy we feel.

Question 68

A good way for Sarah to increase her son's prosocial behaviour is to engage in lots of volunteer opportunities to act as a model for how one should behave towards others.

Question 69

In an emergency situation, you would want less people to be present because you would be more likely to receive help from any one individual.

Question 70

Noticing a need for help is the first step in Darley and Latane's decision model of bystander intervention.

Question 71

Learning about how humans fall prey to obstacles to helping can aid us in overcoming those obstacles in the future. This is referred to as:

A) modelling.
B) the just-world hypothesis.
C) the knowledge-is-power effect.
D) the enlightenment effect.

Question 72

People always welcome help from others.

Question 73

Behaviour that is driven by selfish motives is known as egoistic.

Question 74

Research suggests that you will be more likely to receive help if you are considered attractive.

Question 75

Define prosocial behaviour. Provide an example.

Question 76

________ children benefit more from prosocial media content than do ________ children.

A) Male; female
B) Female; male
C) Younger; older
D) Older; younger

Question 77

If Peter decides to lend his friend Todd money so that in the future Todd will be more likely to return the favour, then Peter is relying on the social responsibility norm.

Question 78

If Chris was in a good mood and came across an elderly women who needed assistance, you would predict that he would be less likely to help so that he could maintain his good mood.

Question 79

Learning about the bystander effect is one way to increase helping behaviour in group situations.

Question 80

The negative state relief model argues that true altruism is a product of empathy and empathy then creates nurturing feelings towards a target.