Deck 10: Work and Achievement

Question 1

The pervasive phenomenon of women being blocked in career advancement by invisible barriers has been called the

A) top-down barrier.
B) occupational advancement bias.
C) glass ceiling.
D) old-boy network.

Answer 1

glass ceiling.

Question 2

When women and men are in equivalent jobs, women are

A) expected to be more caring and supportive than men.
B) expected to act exactly like men.
C) valued for their caring.
D) expected to be more caring and supportive than men and are valued for their caring.

Answer 2

expected to be more caring and supportive than men.

Question 3

Which of the following defines the tendency for women to be clustered at the bottom of the hierarchy within occupations?

A) the glass ceiling
B) vertical segregation
C) the two-person career
D) horizontal segregation

Answer 3

vertical segregation

Question 4

Which of the following terms defines the different distribution of women and men in employment?

A) role conflict
B) occupational segregation
C) gender pay gap
D) glass escalator

Question 5

Based only on the following information, which of the following individuals is an example of a woman who participates in a two-person career?

A) Laura Bush (a former U.S. President's spouse)
B) Golda Meier (a former prime minister of Israel)
C) Madonna (a rock singer)
D) Angelina Jolie (actress/activist)

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of tokenism?

A) a solo woman in an otherwise all-male group
B) a lone man in an otherwise all-female group
C) a single Black in an otherwise all-White group
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 7

Carl is in medical school. His wife, Hannah, is a full-time retailer and manages all the household responsibilities so that Carl can study. This is an example of a(n)

A) egalitarian marriage.
B) two-person career.
C) two-person marriage.
D) cooperative marriage.

Question 8

Sarah has aided her husband's advancement in a leading pharmaceutical company. When asked about her husband's career, she is likely to report that she

A) feels a sense of vicarious achievement.
B) feels used and exploited.
C) had little to do with his success.
D) either feels a sense of vicarious achievement or feels used and exploited.

Question 9

Which of the following exemplifies a "two-person career"?

A) A family business allows parents to alternate work and child care.
B) A couple recognizes homemaking as an important job and share the work.
C) A wife is an unofficial contributor to her husband's work.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 10

Research shows, regardless of whether individuals succeed or fail, men are assumed to be ________ and women are assumed to be ________.

A) basically competent; basically incompetent
B) hard workers; lucky
C) hard workers; indolent workers
D) in control; out of control

Question 11

Recent research investigating the influence ethnicity and gender have on earnings suggests that

A) no significant changes have occurred in the past 20 years.
B) women of color are catching up to the earnings of White women.
C) the gender gap has slightly decreased over the past 40 years.
D) women of color are catching up to the earnings of White women and the gender gap has slightly decreased over the past 40 years.

Question 12

Which of the following is a difference that appears between women and men in the paid workforce?

A) kinds of work done by each
B) obstacles to satisfaction faced and achievements by each
C) rewards received by each
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 13

Gender as an influence on evaluation was studied, finding that

A) papers written by women were evaluated more positively than those written by men when the occupation was traditionally feminine.
B) papers written by men were evaluated more positively than those written by women when the occupation was traditionally masculine.
C) regardless of the occupation, men's articles were evaluated more positively.
D) papers written by women were evaluated more positively than those written by men when the occupation was traditionally feminine and papers written by men were evaluated more positively than those written by women when the occupation was traditionally masculine.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a "responsibility" of a wife in a two-person career?

A) working outside the home to bring in extra income
B) entertaining her husband's clients or customers in her home
C) being available at any time for complete care of her and her husband's children
D) taking part in volunteer or community service related to her husband's position

Question 15

The statement "I am just a housewife" illustrates that

A) working at home is not as difficult as working outside the home.
B) women who are full-time homemakers have given up career plans.
C) much of the work women do is often not formally defined as work.
D) working in the home is not as difficult as working outside the home, and much of the work women do is often not formally defined as work.

Question 16

Which of the following is a role of a woman in a two-person career?

A) sending birthday cards to extended family members
B) responding to invitations to the company's Fourth-of-July picnic
C) sending holiday cards to friends
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 17

________ occurs when men tend to hold positions that have higher status and better pay than the jobs women hold within an organization or occupation.

A) Horizontal occupational segregation
B) Age stratification
C) Vertical occupational segregation
D) Class stratification

Question 18

Overall, women earn ________ cents to each dollar earned by men.

A) 80
B) 85
C) 62
D) 49

Question 19

Which of the following is true of a token woman?

A) She is unlikely to be seen as a representative of her whole sex.
B) She tends to be stereotyped and isolated.
C) She is likely to be seen as the interest of the group as a whole rather than women's issues.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 20

Fictitious sets of credentials for psychologists, identical except for the gender of the applicant, were sent to department chairpersons. The "female" applicant was

A) rated less favorably than the "male."
B) rated more favorably than the "male."
C) considered qualified for a lower-level position than the "male."
D) rated less favorably than the "male" and considered qualified for a lower-level position than the "male."

Question 21

High-achieving women

A) derive their sense of self from high-achieving fathers.
B) are more likely than less-achieving women to have brothers.
C) tend to have an enriched view of women's capabilities.
D) tend to be rebels against all forms of authority.

Question 22

In the context of hostile environment harassment, which of the following qualifies as a hostile climate?

A) an occasional sexist remark
B) a supervisor asking an employee to go out on a date
C) a casual sexist joke over coffee
D) sexist behavior interfering with work

Question 23

Which of the following is defined as the desire to accomplish something valuable and important and to meet high standards of excellence?

A) the old-boy network
B) adaptive performance
C) learned industriousness
D) achievement motivation

Question 24

A criticism of achievement motivation research is that

A) it focuses on women and men having different definitions of achievement.
B) achievement for women has been equated with motherhood.
C) scores predicted the achievement behavior of men but not women.
D) it focuses on women and men having different definitions of achievement, and achievement for women has been equated with motherhood.

Question 25

In the context of sexual harassment, men who score high on a scale indicating the likelihood of sexually harassing tend to

A) be non-believers of rape myths.
B) have low authoritarianism and hostile sexism.
C) find interpersonal violence intolerable.
D) hold adversarial beliefs about sexual relationships.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of sexual harassment?

A) It is an expression of men's formal power in the workplace.
B) It is a reflection of the high status of women.
C) It is an abuse of power.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

Evidence of a double standard for "tokens" includes the following EXCEPT

A) men are more likely than women to experience "token" status.
B) white male "tokens" do not encounter negative treatment.
C) male nursing students feel social isolation and performance pressure.
D) male "tokens" advanced more quickly in work groups than women "tokens."

Question 28

A national study of over 3,000 women found that harassment can result in

A) conversion disorders.
B) psychotic disorders.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 29

Which of the following is a cause of confusion about what constitutes sexual harassment?

A) The victim is often unsure whether she is being harassed.
B) The legal definition remains somewhat ambiguous.
C) The definitions used by the legal system and by researchers don't always agree.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following terms refers to men faring better, being more satisfied with their jobs, getting better evaluations, and advancing faster than women in female-dominated occupations?

A) the glass escalator
B) the glass ceiling
C) role conflict
D) role overload

Question 31

In the context of workplaces, which of the following statements is true of mentoring?

A) Having a mentor increases job satisfaction and career advancement for both women and men.
B) Mentors are uncomfortable with people that they perceive as more similar to themselves.
C) High-status men are always willing to mentor women.
D) Women find it easier to find mentors than men do.

Question 32

In the context of workplaces, which of the following statements is true of "tokens"?

A) They are much more likely to be men than women and ethnic minorities.
B) They are a majority in workplaces where the environment is highly masculine.
C) They are socially acceptable and unconventional.
D) They feel a lot of performance pressure.

Question 33

Ashley is a token woman in her law firm. Her performance has been more impressive than many of her coworkers' performances. It is likely that

A) her token status will diminish as her coworkers recognize her competence.
B) she will be perceived as "a workaholic" or "too aggressive."
C) she will be perceived as too demure.
D) she will be honored and celebrated.

Question 34

Kenisha is the only woman in her office. It is likely that she

A) feels less performance pressure than her coworkers.
B) feels more performance pressure than her coworkers.
C) worries about being too successful.
D) feels more performance pressure than her coworkers and worries about being too successful.

Question 35

Which of the following is a theory that suggests that harassment occurs when a woman's gender is more salient than her role as a worker, so that men see her first and foremost as a sex object?

A) psychosexual theory
B) sex-role spillover theory
C) role conflict theory
D) two-sex theory

Question 36

In the context of sexual harassment, which of the following refers to unwanted sexual advances or behavior?

A) hostile environment harassment
B) sex-role spillover
C) occupational segregation
D) quid pro quo harassment

Question 37

Which of the following results in less severe cases and lower rates of sexual harassment?

A) when workplaces have clear, well-publicized policies on sexual harassment
B) when supervisors support sexual harassment policies
C) when supervisors punish harassers
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 38

Maria holds a top position in a major architectural firm based in Boston. In her upbringing, she is likely to have

A) parents who encouraged her achievements.
B) a mother who was a full-time homemaker.
C) attended a fundamental or magnet high school.
D) parents who encouraged her achievements and attended a fundamental high school.

Question 39

Which of the following constitutes hostile environment harassment?

A) putting up sexual signs or posters in a work environment
B) making sexist comments
C) making negative remarks to a person because of his or her gender
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following is a reason for "tokens" to feel a lot of performance pressure?

A) Others tend to go out of their way to help them feel at home.
B) Everyone wants to talk to them.
C) Mistakes are taken as evidence that "those people" should not have been hired.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 41

What are the effects of being a low-wage worker? Why are women more likely than men to be low-wage workers? Discuss the effects of the glass ceiling and the wage gap on women and their families.

Question 42

Many women workers have suspected that their work has been judged less positively simply because it was done by a woman. Is there any psychological research that would justify that suspicion? Discuss.

Question 43

Discuss the costs and benefits of a two-person career for women.

Question 44

Describe the qualities of high-achieving, successful women. How are these women different from women who do not achieve in the workplace and/or who do not feel able to pursue a true "career"?

Question 45

Women are expected to be more caring and supportive than men, yet their caring is simultaneously devalued. Discuss this statement, providing evidence to support it.

Question 46

Which of the following is a limitation of research on multiple roles and psychological well-being discussed in the text?

A) Most of the research investigates blue-collar workers.
B) Research samples are self-selected.
C) Most of the research investigates pink-collar workers.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 47

Sexism in the workplace is usually not direct or obvious. Discuss how "doing gender" in the workplace results in sex discrimination and disadvantages for women.

Question 48

Why is it frequently difficult to see patterns of discrimination?

Question 49

The director of an automobile manufacturer's assembly lines believes that only men should be promoted from assembly line worker to shift supervisor. The director says that research shows that many men do not like being supervised by women and, in addition, women are, on average, more concerned with workers' emotional well-being than with production. Criticize the director's policy.

Question 50

What is sexual harassment? Why is it problematic?

Question 51

Describe the effects of mentors and role models on women. Which would you rather have-a mentor or a role model? Explain your answer.

Question 52

Which of the following is a reason multiple roles usually benefit psychological well-being?

A) Paid work is generally a source of increased self-esteem.
B) Paid work is generally a source of more social involvement.
C) Paid work is generally a source of an independent identity.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 53

After reading the chapter on work and achievement, how might you respond to the phrase "She's just a housewife"?

Question 54

What are the differences between horizontal and vertical occupational segregation?

Question 55

Which of the following is a quality of successful, high-achieving women?

A) being persistent despite setbacks
B) setting high standards for themselves
C) a desire to be financially independent
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 56

Discuss some of the ways in which sexism affects women's job satisfaction and achievement.

Question 57

Which of the following was revealed from a study of over 200 successful African American women attorneys?

A) Their families and teachers had encouraged them to work hard.
B) They had benefited from having access to Black women role models.
C) They had benefited from having access to equal opportunity programs.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 58

Elisa has just been hired as a secretary in a large corporation. Describe what she may face as a female in the workforce, why these problems exist, and what she can do about it. Include information from the text to support your answer.

Question 59

Has housework become easier in the last 50 years? Why or why not?

Question 60

________ refers to the psychological effects of being faced with two or more sets of incompatible expectations or demands, while ________ describes the difficulties of meeting these expectations.

A) Role conflict; role overload
B) Split-role conflict; performance pressure
C) Role neurosis; role regulation
D) Script-role conflict; role-script conflict

Question 61

Describe the typical experience of a female token in the workplace. How does this seem to differ from that of a male token?

Question 62

What is retrospective research? Explain with examples.

Question 63

Define achievement motivation. Discuss women's career development in the context of expectancies, values, and career paths.

Question 64

Describe some of the added strains on women of color in the workplace.

Question 65

In the context of achievement in workplaces, discuss the importance of mentoring.

Question 66

What are the characteristics of high-achieving women? What are the factors that affect women's career development?

Question 67

Summarize the benefits of women balancing multiple roles, such as being a spouse, a parent, and a worker.

Question 68

Discuss some of the possible reasons women often do not feel entitled to equality and have low expectations for their career options.

Question 69

Discuss the causes of sexual harassment in the workplace.

Question 70

How do you define a "successful" woman?

Question 71

What are the consequences resulting from sexual harassment in the workplace?