Deck 3: Images of Women

Question 1

According to a study of African-American college students conducted by Watson et al. (2013), who among the following were most able to resist the negative effects of the portrayals of women in media on their body image?

A) those who belonged to relatively gender-equal cultures
B) those with a multiculturally inclusive outlook
C) women of color
D) White college students

Answer 1

those with a multiculturally inclusive outlook

Question 2

Identify a true statement about images of women athletes.

A) They usually underplay women's femininity and heterosexual appeal.
B) They often deemphasize women's abilities.
C) They frequently depict women engaged in their sports.
D) They generally present women athletes as housekeepers and maids.

Answer 2

They often deemphasize women's abilities.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about slang referring to women?

A) They are likely to have sexual meaning.
B) They are likely to be analogous to art objects.
C) They are likely to be similar to parts of plants.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 3

They are likely to have sexual meaning.

Question 4

An example of linguistic sexism in English is the

A) use of the term "suffragist."
B) description of a woman versus a man as a professor.
C) use of terms such as "poet" or "actor" for both sexes.
D) use of the term "man" to refer to humans in general.

Question 5

Research on masculine generics has shown that

A) the masculine terms are unbiased shortcuts under most conditions.
B) the masculine terms are not truly generic.
C) the masculine terms conjure male images for many, but awareness dissolves negative effects.
D) no simple conclusions can be drawn from the research.

Question 6

Which of the following best exemplifies television sexism?

A) showing more male than female characters
B) showing older female characters as compared to younger male characters
C) portraying more female characters than male characters disguised as demons
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about the latest version of the ideal woman who is size 4 in the hips, 2 in the waist, and 10 in the bust?

A) It rarely occurs in nature and must be created through surgical intervention.
B) It occurs naturally in only 10 percent of women.
C) It is called the "Barbie Ideal."
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 8

The word pair "lord and lady" is an example of

A) the definition of women.
B) the masculine generic.
C) terms of endearment.
D) terms that devalue women.

Question 9

According to Fredrickson and Roberts (1997), when a woman is objectified, she is being

A) treated as a body or a collection of body parts.
B) considered as a person with thoughts and feelings of her own.
C) valued only if she is knowledgeable about linguistic sexism.
D) treated at par with her male counterpart.

Question 10

Identify a true statement about body image.

A) The concerns associated with body image begin in adulthood for men.
B) Women are more strongly invested in their physical appearance than men are.
C) Men are more dissatisfied with their bodies than women are.
D) The levels of body dissatisfaction vary significantly for White, Asian American, and Hispanic women.

Question 11

When girls and women learn to "internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves," they are most likely ________.

A) engaging in self-gratification
B) engaging in self-objectification
C) to have a high level of self-appreciation
D) to have a high face-ism index

Question 12

Feelings that women have about the size, shape, and attractiveness of their bodies are part of their

A) appearance schematics.
B) embodiments.
C) body images.
D) frailty myths.

Question 13

In the largest study of face-ism to date, Konrath et al. (2012) used 6610 politicians' official website photographs from 25 countries to explore the relationship between face-ism and the level of gender equality in each country. They found that there was more face-ism

A) in cultures where there were more educated men than women.
B) in the more gender-equal cultures.
C) in female-dominant societies.
D) in evoked cultures.

Question 14

Who among the following had the lowest face-ism index of all?

A) European women
B) Black men
C) Black women
D) Italian men

Question 15

Numerous experiments that have exposed women to images of attractive models and then measured their self-esteem, perceptions of their own attractiveness, and mood have found significant negative effects. Which of the following factors is most likely to cause these effects?

A) the effect of the male gaze
B) the social comparison process
C) the embodiment of beauty
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following is measured as the proportion of the overall image devoted to the face when the media represent men and women?

A) face-ism
B) body-ism
C) man-ism
D) woman-ism

Question 17

Which of the following terms refers both to the mental picture one has of one's appearance and the associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness of one's body?

A) body image
B) objectification
C) appearance schematics
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

The devaluation of the female gender can be seen in

A) the word pair "master and mistress."
B) the generic "he."
C) the word pair Mr. and Mrs.
D) the terms "male professional" and "female professional."

Question 19

Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) explain that women perceive themselves as objects that exist to be evaluated by others; they call it

A) the male gaze.
B) gender schematics.
C) beauty maintenance.
D) objectification theory.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about articles on female politicians, athletes, and authors that prioritize women's appearances?

A) The articles objectify these females.
B) The articles gender mark these females.
C) The articles embody these females.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 21

According to the most recent studies conducted by Andreoletti et al. (2015) and Haines et al. (2016), which of the following personality traits is considered characteristic of men rather than women?

A) self-effacing
B) self-objectifying
C) affective and communal
D) instrumental and agentic

Question 22

In the print media, newspapers and magazines feature poor women (particularly women of color) in stories about

A) racism.
B) welfare reform.
C) the need for education.
D) illiteracy.

Question 23

Women who are particularly strong, either in personality or physical skills, are likely to be stereotyped as

A) lesbians.
B) politicians.
C) conservatives.
D) being married.

Question 24

In an analysis of sitcoms, the behavior of male characters toward heavy women showed that it is socially acceptable to ________ overweight women.

A) ignore
B) yell at
C) ridicule
D) slap

Question 25

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a schema?

A) It refers to people who are weak during birth and are underdeveloped until the age of 15.
B) It refers to innate prejudices mediating cognitive and perceptual experiences.
C) It is a mental framework that guides people as they experience the world around them.
D) It is an irrational image mostly found in very neurotic people.

Question 26

In media, which of the following is true of women of color?

A) They are highly likely to be given leading roles in movies.
B) They are less likely than White women to be featured in women's magazines.
C) They are highly likely to be featured in TV shows and ads.
D) They are less likely than White women to be depicted as maids or housekeepers in TV shows.

Question 27

Which of the following negative stereotypes is related to archetypes of Black women?

A) Mammy
B) Jezebel
C) Sapphire
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 28

Identify the important features of stereotype threat.

A) Stereotypes influence one's behavior only if one believes in the stereotype.
B) Stereotype threat affects the members of any group for whom there are positive or negative stereotypes.
C) Stereotype threat mostly affects individuals who care about their performance in the threatened domain.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 29

The contemporary ideal is characterized by extreme ________ many current models meet the weight criteria for ________.

A) curviness; a Barbie-doll body
B) fleshiness; normal body weight
C) thinness; anorexia
D) curviness; normal body weight

Question 30

On afternoon talk shows, which of the following best describes working-class women?

A) out of control
B) belligerent
C) victims of dysfunctional families
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 31

According to media critics, which of the following statements is true of TV shows?

A) Working-class and poor women in particular are singled out for disdain or, at best, pity in the media.
B) People on TV actually work for a living instead of hanging out with friends.
C) Women are called upon to comment on issues of poverty on talk shows.
D) The characters bear a close resemblance to the working-class characters and sitcoms of the past.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the representation of the Jezebel stereotype in music videos, hip-hop music, advertising, and pornography today?

A) The Jezebel stereotype is represented as the hoochie or the "ho."
B) The Jezebel stereotype is represented in characters like Aunt Jemima.
C) The Jezebel stereotype is represented as the warm, smiling nurturer.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 33

According to Puhl et al. (2013), which of the following has increased by 66 percent in the past decade for women and is now on par with rates of racial discrimination?

A) economic inequality
B) discrimination in career opportunities
C) the possibility of mental health issues
D) the prevalence of weight discrimination

Question 34

Even when women have the authority to be heard, their

A) children's names are part of their introduction.
B) appearance is paramount.
C) parents' occupations take precedence.
D) occupation is of utmost importance.

Question 35

Idealized images of feminine beauty have changed with the fashions, but what hasn't changed is the fact that

A) all require substantial modification of women's natural appearance.
B) all are initiated by men.
C) all include women with long hair.
D) all include women wearing high heels.

Question 36

Which of the following is a limitation of stereotyping?

A) People do not think that women and men differ on average, and they also do not allow for overlap.
B) Although most people know the stereotypes, not everyone believes them.
C) Stereotypes tend to have the least influence when one registers a first impression of a stranger.
D) The activation of stereotypes in people's minds is under their conscious control, and it cannot happen if people don't believe the stereotypes.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the Jezebel, a stereotypical subtype of Black women?

A) It is the prototype of a happy slave whose huge breasts and perpetual smile symbolize her role as nurturer.
B) It is the prototype of a domineering, aggressive, strong, and unfeminine woman.
C) It is a stereotype of a highly sexed Black woman who is portrayed as immoral, seductive, and promiscuous.
D) It is a stereotype of a woman with dark complexion, bandana-covered hair, broad features, and a fat body, marking her as asexual.

Question 38

Often, media commentary focuses on women athletes' ________.

A) mental abilities
B) physical appearance and sex appeal
C) privilege and power
D) strength and training

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main subtypes of the female role?

A) housewife
B) athletic woman
C) sexy woman
D) friendly woman

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a gender stereotype?

A) Women are more graceful than men.
B) Women are innately more qualified to take care of children than are men.
C) Men tend to be inherently bigger than women physically.
D) Men are better managers than women.

Question 41

Discuss the media's over reliance on the expertise of men and the effects of this bias on women.

Question 42

Discuss the meanings and implications of face-ism.

Question 43

Which of the following best describes stereotype threat in terms of math performance?

A) Women stereotype their own math abilities.
B) The fear of confirming the stereotype that women are bad at math is likely to have a negative effect on women's math performances.
C) Boys and men stereotyping girls' and women's math abilities more than girls and women do.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 44

Trace the racist and sexist images of African American women back to slavery, and provide modern examples of these stereotypes.

Question 45

Describe briefly how the representation of women in language, advertising, and popular romance novels contributes to stereotypes of femininity.

Question 46

How do our society's norms about appearances and social roles for women and men relate to stereotypes about gays and lesbians?

Question 47

What characteristics are most important in eliciting stereotypic judgments about women and men? What relationships do these characteristics have with the resistance of stereotypes to change?

Question 48

Which of the following situations would most likely lead to a stereotype threat?

A) Tell women who are taking a flower-arranging test that there are no gender differences in test performances.
B) Show TV ads of women in nontraditional roles to a group of women before they take a word quiz.
C) Tell White male college students that Asian males tend to do better than Whites in math before a difficult math test.
D) Conduct math tests for women in an all-female group rather than a mixed-sex group.

Question 49

Stereotypic traits of males are said to comprise an instrumental dimension, whereas those of females are defined as affective. Explain what this means.

Question 50

Are attitudes toward women and men changing? Support your answer with evidence.

Question 51

Provide examples of terms that were originally intended to pay respect to women, and explain how they have taken on new meanings and have become lower in status.

Question 52

It has been suggested that media messages about sexuality combine sexist and social class biases. Describe what this statement means.

Question 53

Provide evidence of the animal = male bias.

Question 54

Explain what face-ism is and provide examples.

Question 55

Stereotypes about women have common features from one culture to another. What are some of these features? What might account for some of the similarities?

Question 56

Citing relevant research, respond to the statement "Those feminists shouldn't make such a big deal about sexism on TV. After all, it's only entertainment!"

Question 57

Give examples of negative or trivializing views of women encoded in language.

Question 58

Male generic terms such as "he" and "mankind" have been shown not to be truly generic. Discuss the research evidence.

Question 59

During a family discussion, 12-year-old Brian mentions that all ugly girls are stupid. Explain Brian's statement in relation to stereotypes. What factors (familial, societal, cultural, etc.) may have encouraged Brian's statement?

Question 60

Which of the following is a less prejudiced person most likely to do when stereotypes are activated by our culture?

A) stop and think about the stereotypes
B) replace the stereotypes with more accurate information
C) make conscious choices not to stereotype
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 61

Explain why women are traditionally expected to take their husbands' names, and why the word Ms. has created such controversy.