Deck 3: Foundations of Individual Behavior

Question 1

The extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by the organization is referred to as

A)a complementary contract.
B)employment alignment.
C)person-job fit.
D)workplace balance.
E)job security.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Mike has the ability to balance anxiety, fear, and anger and still get the job done. Mike possesses which component of emotional intelligence?

A)Social skill
B)Locus of control
C)Managing emotions
D)Empathy
E)Motivating oneself

Answer 2

C

Question 3

If you accept a position with an organization that promises advancement opportunities, the organization is providing

A)inducements.
B)tangibles.
C)competencies.
D)contributions.
E)psychological contracts.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding assessing employees' "Big Five" personality traits is true?

A)The "Big Five" personality traits are based primarily on research conducted in the United States.
B)Managers are basically uninterested in the "Big Five" personality traits.
C)Rigorous and valid measures of personality allow for their accurate assessment.
D)Managers should be very confident about their assessment of employees' personality traits.
E)Personality traits are poor predictors of virtually all employee behaviors.

Question 5

Yashmi is relatively calm, poised, and secure. Yashmi's boss is more excitable, insecure, and reactive. Yashmi and her boss differ in their level of which personality trait described in the Big Five personality framework?

A)Self-efficacy
B)Agreeableness
C)Locus of control
D)Neuroticism
E)Openness

Question 6

Which of these is true about a psychological contract? It is usually

A)written down on a piece of paper.
B)clear about what the organization will provide employees.
C)explicitly negotiated.
D)a formal document.
E)very well-defined.

Question 7

The ____ is among the most popular personality selection instruments used today in business.

A)MBO
B)MBTI
C)TQMI
D)JDI
E)PAQ

Question 8

Individual who score high in ____ tend to take their jobs seriously and act responsibly at work.

A)agreeableness
B)conscientiousness
C)openness
D)extraversion
E)negative emotionality

Question 9

The extent to which personality attributes are inherited from our parents or shaped by our environment is called ____ by psychologists.

A)individual differences
B)psychological contributions
C)nature versus nurture
D)psychological contract
E)psychological inducements

Question 10

A psychological contract is

A)a description of the intellectual work the employee will be required to complete on the job.
B)a legally binding agreement between the employer and the worker.
C)a person's overall expectations regarding the employment arrangement.
D)a written document outlining what the employee will be paid.
E)an ideal employment contract developed by industrial psychologists.

Question 11

Because _______, a precise person-job fit is seldom achieved.

A)it is easy to measure employee skill levels
B)organizations tend to remain the same over time
C)each person is unique
D)hiring procedures, if implemented correctly, generate near perfect results
E)employees rarely make true contributions to organizations

Question 12

Emotional intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)self-aware
B)manage emotions
C)locus of control
D)self-motivation
E)social skills

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of circumstances in assessing individual differences?

A)Circumstances are more important in judging newer employees than they are in judging older employees.
B)Individual differences may shape circumstances, but circumstances cannot shape individual differences.
C)Managers can assess circumstances, but they cannot assess individual differences.
D)Whether specific differences that characterize a person are good or bad depends on circumstances.
E)Circumstances becomes more important the more unique the employee.

Question 14

If you have the ability to understand how others feel, even without being told, you have the ability to

A)manage your emotions.
B)show empathy.
C)motivate yourself.
D)get along with others.
E)be promoted at your job.

Question 15

Expatriate managers may have a difficult time returning from an international assignment because

A)the organization that they are coming back to may be different than the one they left.
B)their company is required by law to wait 30 days before rehiring them.
C)their personality has changed in the course of their absence.
D)former coworkers attempt to draw them away to different organizations.
E)they lose their citizenship if they stay away longer than five years.

Question 16

People with a high level of ____ are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas, beliefs, and attitudes in response to new information.

A)agreeableness
B)conscientiousness
C)openness
D)extraversion
E)negative emotionality

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of a contribution made to an organization as part of the psychological contract?

A)Effort
B)Skills
C)Ability
D)Time
E)Status

Question 18

Agreeableness includes being all of these EXCEPT:

A)gentle.
B)cooperative.
C)understanding.
D)forgiving.
E)responsible.

Question 19

According to research, ____ people tend to be higher performers in a variety of jobs.

A)extroverted
B)introverted
C)conscientious
D)open
E)neurotic

Question 20

The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a(n)

A)measure of employees' "Big Five" personality traits.
B)questionnaire used to assess employees' willingness to accept international assignments.
C)instrument created to measure employees' productivity.
D)survey to help managers understand employees' psychological contracts.
E)useful method for determining employees' communication styles and interaction preferences.

Question 21

Individual behavior that makes a positive overall contribution to an organization is called

A)positive inducement.
B)organizational citizenship.
C)motivational behavior.
D)performance behavior.
E)perceptive contribution.

Question 22

Andrew believes that he was promoted and given a raise based upon his hard work on the job. Andrew has

A)self-efficacy.
B)an internal locus of control.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)high self-esteem.
E)an external locus of control.

Question 23

Categorizing or labeling people on the basis of a single attribute is called

A)attribution.
B)selective perception.
C)racism.
D)stereotyping.
E)prejudice.

Question 24

One of the primary differences between attitudes and personality is that

A)attitudes are more difficult to assess than personality attributes.
B)attitudes are stronger than personality attributes.
C)attitudes are more deeply rooted than personality attributes.
D)attitudes are less important than personality attributes in predicting behavior.
E)attitudes are not as stable as personality attributes.

Question 25

The ____ component of an attitude guides a person's behavior.

A)cognition
B)intellect
C)expectation
D)affect
E)intention

Question 26

Demario truly believes that he can achieve his goal of selling 10 cars each month. This belief reflects Demario's

A)self-efficacy.
B)risk propensity.
C)attitude.
D)self-esteem.
E)Machiavellianism.

Question 27

If you like your job because you are given good benefits, this is a(n) ____ component of your attitude.

A)affect
B)intention
C)intellect
D)behavior
E)cognition

Question 28

When a large-scale layoff is announced in Bill's company, all the workers including Bill begin to complain. According to attribution theory, we would evaluate Bill's behavior as exhibiting

A)high consistency.
B)high distinctiveness.
C)low consistency.
D)low consensus.
E)high consensus.

Question 29

Raj is proud of his accomplishments yet looks forward to achieving higher levels of performance and is confident in his abilities. Raj has high

A)risk propensity.
B)locus of control.
C)conformity.
D)self-esteem.
E)self-monitoring.

Question 30

As a supervisor, Darnita experiments with new ideas, takes a chance with new products, and leads her department in new directions. Darnita has high

A)locus of control.
B)risk propensity.
C)self-monitoring.
D)self-esteem.
E)competencies.

Question 31

George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member of the company. George is demonstrating

A)organizational citizenship.
B)organizational commitment.
C)job identification.
D)job satisfaction.
E)job involvement.

Question 32

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and worker productivity?

A)Job satisfaction does not necessarily lead to higher levels of productivity.
B)More satisfied men, but not women, are more productive.
C)Less satisfied workers are more productive.
D)More satisfied older workers, but not younger workers, are more productive.
E)More satisfied workers are more productive.

Question 33

____ usually requires an organization to hire a substitute to perform work for an employee.

A)Absenteeism
B)Perceptual attitude
C)Turnover
D)Performance behavior
E)Workplace behavior

Question 34

____ is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs.

A)Perceived reality
B)Person-job fit
C)Selective perception
D)Complementary congruence
E)Objective reality

Question 35

Which component of attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has toward another person or situation?

A)Cognition
B)Intention
C)Perception
D)Affect
E)Intellect

Question 36

If you accept orders from your supervisor solely because he or she is "the boss," you are highly

A)authoritarian.
B)self-monitoring.
C)perceptual.
D)motivational.
E)dogmatic.

Question 37

Gloria generally is pessimistic and usually sees things in a negative light. Gloria has a relatively high degree of

A)self-criticism.
B)negative affectivity.
C)locus of control.
D)Machiavellianism.
E)self-efficacy.

Question 38

Which of these is behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others?

A)Authoritarianism
B)Positive affectivity
C)Machiavellianism
D)Selective perception
E)Neuroticism

Question 39

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for your college tuition, you vowed never to work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer you receive is a managerial job at a local restaurant. Your acceptance of this job may result in ____ dissonance.

A)attitudinal
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)affective
E)intentional

Question 40

A person who generally sees things in a positive light and seems to be in a good mood most of the time has a high level of

A)locus of control.
B)self-efficacy.
C)conscientiousness.
D)positive affectivity.
E)Machiavellianism.

Question 41

A person's locus of control is the extent to which a person believes circumstances are a function of either his/her own actions or of external factors beyond his/her control.

Question 42

Which of these is characterized by a person's tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger and depression?

A)Neuroticism
B)Self-efficacy
C)Extraversion
D)Openness
E)Conscientiousness

Question 43

Person-job fit is the extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization.

Question 44

Managers with high emotional intelligence are expected to perform well in jobs that require a high degree of interpersonal interaction.

Question 45

A psychological contract is a person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to that individual.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of an inducement from the organization as part of the psychological contract?

A)Competencies
B)Skills
C)Loyalty
D)Time
E)Status

Question 47

Which of these is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes or traits that distinguish one person from another?

A)Personality
B)Self-efficacy
C)Attitude
D)Self-esteem
E)Perception

Question 48

Inducements include such things as effort, skills, ability, time, and loyalty.

Question 49

The big five personality traits are a set of fundamental traits that help individuals in personal interactions, however, they are not relevant to organizations and work settings.

Question 50

Which of these refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses?

A)Agreeableness
B)Conscientiousness
C)Openness
D)Extraversion
E)Negative emotionality

Question 51

_____ is the quality of being comfortable with relationships.

A)Neuroticism
B)Self-efficacy
C)Extraversion
D)Openness
E)Conscientiousness

Question 52

Empathy, managing emotions, and social skill are components of emotional intelligence.

Question 53

An organization will provide employees inducements so that individuals will be motivated to contribute skills and effort on the job.

Question 54

Unfortunately, personality attributes are usually considered to be unstable and fluctuating.

Question 55

Openness involves the ability to get along with others on the job.

Question 56

Individual differences are personal attributes that vary from one person to another person.

Question 57

Research finds that more conscientious people tend to be highly neurotic and therefore tend to be poor performers in organizations.

Question 58

Ramona believes in her capabilities to perform tasks assigned to her at work. This refers to her self-efficacy.

Question 59

A person who tries to gain power and control over others in the workplace scores high in Machiavellianism.

Question 60

People with low neuroticism often experience difficulties when dealing with stress.

Question 61

Basic perceptual processes include selective perception and stereotyping.

Question 62

The extent to which people are self-aware, can manage their emotions, motivate themselves, and express empathy for others is called their ________.

Question 63

__________ is the degree to which a person believes that he or she can perform a specific task effectively.

Question 64

Because Mike is overqualified for his current job, his _______ fit is not ideal.

Question 65

Richard has a(n) ________ locus of control because he believes that luck has led to his personal success.

Question 66

________ is a personality trait that refers to a person's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests.

Question 67

A(n) ________ is the overall set of expectations held by an individual about what he or she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide to the individual.

Question 68

Authoritarianism is the belief that power and status differences are not appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations.

Question 69

The total set of work-related behaviors that the organization does not want individuals to display such as absenteeism and turnover are called dysfunctional behaviors.

Question 70

_________ is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes or traits that distinguish one person from another.

Question 71

A person who screens out information because he or she is uncomfortable with the information or the information contradicts his or her belief is affected by stereotyping.

Question 72

Pay, career opportunities, and tangible rewards are all _______ that organizations give to workers.

Question 73

Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is congruence among attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors.

Question 74

Jose, one of your coworkers, performs acceptable work in terms of quantity and quality and is always willing to work late. He is probably considered a good organizational citizen.

Question 75

People who possess the personality trait of Machiavellianism support delegation of authority, power, and control to subordinates.

Question 76

Workplace behavior is a pattern of action by the members of the organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness.

Question 77

Abbey's ________ is her feelings toward people who come to work late.

Question 78

A person who is upbeat and optimistic and has an overall sense of well-being, and can see things in a positive light is said to possess positive Machiavellianism.

Question 79

_________ is a personality trait that refers to a person's belief that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual.

Question 80

Jeff, a human resources manager, bases hiring decisions on racial and sexual stereotypes. Jeff is costing his organization talent, violating federal law, and is behaving unethically.