Deck 36: Plant Form and Function

Question 1

Which of these is not an example of a parenchyma cell?

A)stem cells that form a callus in the making of cuttings
B)cells that can form clones in tissue culture of plants
C)support cells near the outside of nonwoody stems
D)edible cells in fruits and vegetables
E)tissue in leaves that photosynthesizes

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following cannot grow indeterminately?

A)shoots
B)adventitious roots
C)stems
D)leaves
E)none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Canada thistle is a dicot that spreads via growth from lateral roots.You want to use a root miner insect for weed control.What would you need to observe to verify that this weed spreads via lateral roots and not by underground stems?

A)an epidermis at the periphery
B)vascular bundles in a ring around the outside of a cross section
C)a vascular bundle in the center surrounded by parenchyma tissue
D)meristematic tissue at the tips of the branches

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Plant leaf epidermal cells have an amazing array of trichomes.What is not a function of trichomes?

A)impale insects that try to lay eggs on the leaves
B)reflect sunlight in sunny locations
C)open and close for gas exchange
D)repel or trap insects with toxic compounds
E)decrease water loss from leaves

Question 5

The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system.Which hypothesis best explains the extensive surface area of roots?

A)needed for contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption
B)provides structure for vascular tissue in the roots
C)provides good anchoring ability of the root system
D)needed to store sugars for overwintering capability

Question 6

Which of these statements is not true about plant sclerenchyma cells?

A)Unlike collenchyma cells,their secondary cell walls do not expand.
B)They can be classified as sclereids or fibers.
C)Their cell walls contain lignin in addition to cellulose.
D)They are the main support and water-transport cells in woody plants.
E)Like parenchyma and collenchyma,they all contain cytoplasm at maturity.

Question 7

What is present in a shoot apical meristem region?

A)the region of cell division
B)immature buds and leaves
C)give rise to the protoderm,ground meristem,and procambium
D)all of the above

Question 8

Root hairs on a root develop _____.

A)on the entire root surface
B)before the cells elongate
C)after the cells elongate
D)on the root cap

Question 9

Imagine that you bought three identical young tomato plants.One you put to grow in the sunny location in a tranquil part of your garden,one on the windy and sunny hill nearby,and one in the shady part of the garden.How will these plants look in two months' time?

A)The first one will be a medium size,the second one will be short with small leaves,and the third one will be spindly with big leaves.
B)The first one will be short with small leaves,the second one will be a medium size,and the third one will be spindly with big leaves.
C)The first one will be spindly with big leaves,the second one will be short with small leaves,and the third one will be a medium size.
D)The first one will be a medium size,the second one will be spindly with big leaves,and the third one will be short with small leaves.
E)All plants will have a variety of small,medium,and large leaf shapes and be indistinguishable from each other.

Question 10

When comparing root systems of plants growing on a square foot in a cornfield and on a meadow,what result do you expect to receive?

A)The overall mass of roots will be identical in a cornfield and on a meadow.
B)The mass and length of roots in a cornfield will be higher because soil is fertilized.
C)The mass and length of roots on a meadow will be higher because soil is poorer and there is higher diversity of plants.
D)The overall mass of roots on a meadow will be lower,but the length will be higher since roots need to grow deeper to reach nutrients.

Question 11

The center of many stems contains only parenchyma cells;it is therefore best called a _____.

A)simple tissue
B)complex tissue
C)dermal tissue
D)vascular tissue
E)meristematic tissue

Question 12

Which of these structure-function pairs is incorrect?

A)stomata-regulate gas exchange
B)trichomes-reflect light to reduce surface temperature
C)cuticle-layer of cells where light reactions occur
D)guard cells-control stomatal pore size

Question 13

What is not a function of modified leaves?

A)trapping and digesting insects for an additional nutrient source
B)wrapping around structures for support
C)attracting pollinating insects with their bright colors
D)absorbing oxygen for photosynthesis
E)storing nutrients and water

Question 14

Which type of modified stems are typical of plants that historically have needed to protect themselves from mammalian herbivores?

A)blades
B)tubers
C)stolons
D)thorns
E)rhizomes

Question 15

What is true about plant meristematic cells?

A)They are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant.
B)They are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells.
C)They increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs.
D)They subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma,ground meristem,and procambium.
E)They give rise to protoderm,which is involved in photosynthesis.

Question 16

Which of these statements is true about xylem and/or phloem?

A)Xylem and phloem cells are derived from the ground meristem cells.
B)Xylem is made of companion cells and vessel elements.
C)Xylem and phloem cells are derived from procambium cells.
D)Phloem cells do not contain cytoplasm.
E)All of these statements are correct.

Question 17

What part of the root is responsible for water and nutrient absorption?

A)root cap
B)mucigel
C)zone of cellular division
D)trichomes
E)zone of cellular maturation

Question 18

The main source of water necessary for photosynthesis to occur in the leaf mesophyll is _____.

A)soil via the xylem
B)soil via the phloem
C)the atmosphere through the cuticle and stomata
D)all of the above

Question 19

What is the advantage of having small,needlelike leaves?

A)increase in transpiration rate
B)decrease in transpiration rate
C)increased efficiency of light capture
D)decreased efficiency of light capture
E)better protection against insects and herbivores

Question 20

Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems.Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below,concealed by the leaves.The leaves also have an intercalary meristem at their bases.What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?

A)If you mow right at ground level,the leaves can keep growing with no problem.
B)Grass mowed 2 inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed 3 inches above the ground level.
C)If you mow 2 inches above ground level,most apical meristems will be cut down.
D)If you mow 2 inches above ground level,both the apical and intercalary meristems can keep producing new cells.

Question 21

Growth and development of plant parts involves _____.

A)cell division to produce new cells
B)enlargement and elongation of cells
C)specialization of cells into tissues
D)all of the above

Question 22

Which of these actions describes secondary growth?

A)growth in height
B)development of leaves and flowers
C)growth of herbaceous tissue
D)development of wood and bark
E)development of fruit

Question 23

In a meristematic region,the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem.In what direction will the stem grow?

A)laterally in width
B)vertically in height

Question 24

Wood is an accumulation of _____.

A)primary xylem
B)secondary xylem
C)vascular bundles
D)primary phloem
E)secondary phloem

Question 25

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section.What do you conclude about the plant?

A)It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.
B)It will probably get annual rings of wood.
C)It is probably a monocot.
D)It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

Question 26

In an annual ring,the first-formed cells in the spring are large;the ring looks light because you are seeing open cavities of the tracheids (and vessel elements).The darker part of the annual ring is wood formed in the summer,and the diameter of the cells formed is smaller.Which kind of wood is probably stronger? Why? Where is the fall and winter wood?

Question 27

Girdling is a procedure to kill unwanted tress by cutting a groove into the bark of the tree.The groove must completely encircle the trunk and should penetrate into the wood to a depth of at least 1/2 inch on small trees,and 1 to 1-1/2 inches on larger trees.Why does this procedure cause tree death?

A)No water can be transported from the roots to the leaves.
B)No water can be transported from the leaves to the roots.
C)No sugars can be transported from the leaves to the roots.
D)Both water and sugars are prevented from being transported.

Question 28

Where are the youngest wood and the youngest bark in a tree trunk?

A)Youngest wood is in the center of a tree;youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
B)Youngest wood is in the center of a tree;youngest bark is the inner part,next to the vascular cambium.
C)Youngest wood is toward the outside,near the vascular cambium;youngest bark is the outside of the bark.
D)Youngest wood is toward the outside,near the vascular cambium;youngest bark is the inner part,next to the vascular cambium.

Question 29

Two lateral meristems in plants are _____.

A)vascular cambium,producing cork;cork cambium,producing secondary phloem
B)vascular cambium,producing secondary xylem;cork cambium,producing secondary phloem
C)vascular cambium,producing secondary xylem;cork cambium,producing cork
D)vascular cambium,producing secondary phloem;cork cambium,producing secondary xylem

Question 30

Why are definite and distinct root and shoot systems uncommon in aquatic algae,but present in most land plants?

A)The earliest plants had a sprawling growth form.
B)Aquatic algae cannot grow more than a couple of centimeters in height.
C)Land plants need to be anchored to the ground,whereas aquatic algae do not.
D)Land plants cannot exchange gases with their environment as easily as aquatic algae.
E)Aquatic algae obtain most inputs for photosynthesis directly from the water that surrounds them.

Question 31

Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem.This means that _____.

A)monocots are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars
B)monocots have very thin stems
C)monocots do not produce wood in annual rings
D)all of the above answers apply

Question 32

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants in dense tropical rain forests.Which of the following is an input of one of the sets of photosynthetic reactions that is most likely limited in the habitat of these plants with large leaves?

A)O₂
B)CO₂
C)water
D)carbohydrate (e.g. ,glucose)
E)light

Question 33

For each of the structures indicated on the diagram of a cross section of a plant leaf (below),indicate the function from the following list,for which it is most likely an adaptation to life on land.

A)absorption of CO₂
B)retention of water
C)evaporation of water
D)collection of light
E)release of CO₂
1)Structure X
2)Structure Y
3)Structure Z

Question 34

Explain why it is possible for big old hollow trees to live and grow for many years,still producing green leaves.

Question 35

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between _____.

A)light collection and CO₂ absorption
B)water retention and CO₂ absorption
C)water retention and O₂ absorption

Question 36

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

A)nowhere;trees have only secondary growth
B)closest to ground level at the base of the tree
C)in young branches where leaves are forming
D)where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are

Question 37

In 2005,a spot 1 centimeter from the center of a woody stem is in the bark.In what tissue will the same spot (1 cm from the center)be in 2050?

A)bark
B)secondary phloem
C)vascular cambium
D)secondary xylem
E)impossible to tell

Question 38

The veins of leaves are _____.

A)composed of xylem and phloem
B)continuous with vascular bundles in the stem and roots
C)finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells
D)all of the above

Question 39

What best describes the shape of the entire vascular cambium system in trees? Visualizing a pine tree helps with this question.

A)hollow cylinder with a smaller diameter at the base of the tree
B)hollow cylinder with a smaller diameter at the top of the tree
C)solid column of cells with a smaller diameter at the base of the tree
D)solid column of cells with a smaller diameter at the top of the tree