Deck 41: Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Your professor announces he has discovered a new species of bird that feeds mostly on worms and soft-bodied insects picked up from the ground and off of leaves.Based on this information,what shape of beak would you predict for this bird?

A)wide and curved like a scoop
B)long and narrow like tweezers
C)short and pointy like a needle
D)broad and flat like a shovel

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Blood is a type of connective tissue because _____.

A)blood has multiple cell types
B)blood has a liquid extracellular matrix
C)blood functions in transportation
D)blood can be both liquid and solid

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea.Near the end of their lives,they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn.In freshwater,water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body.In salt water,body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water.A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis.In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water,some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed.These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?

A)evolution
B)trade-off
C)acclimatization
D)adaptation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth.For example,certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers,and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers.The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations)are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors.Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers.What type of tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely associated with?

A)connective
B)muscle
C)epithelial
D)nervous
E)all of the above

Question 5

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extracellular matrix surrounding the tissue,which tissue type would you conclude you were looking at?

A)connective
B)cardiac muscle
C)epithelial
D)nervous
E)striated muscle

Question 6

If you are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of closely packed cells,you are likely looking at a sample taken from which of the following?

A)the cardiac muscle of the heart
B)a long bone
C)a tendon
D)the inside of the cheek
E)a biceps during contraction

Question 7

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent).Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?

A)House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress;conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed.
B)House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress;conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
C)House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement;conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed,and exercise the voles.
D)House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement;conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

Question 8

One function of the intestines is absorption.Water and nutrients pass from the inside of the intestines to the surrounding circulatory system.Which of the following represents the correct path that water and nutrients travel during absorption?

A)lumen → apical membrane → cytoplasm → basolateral membrane → circulatory system
B)apical membrane → lumen → cytoplasm → basolateral membrane → circulatory system
C)basolateral membrane → lumen → cytoplasm → apical membrane → circulatory system
D)lumen → basolateral membrane → cytoplasm → apical membrane → circulatory system

Question 9

Some animals have no gills when young,but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger.What is the reason for this increase in gill size?

A)The young of these animals are much more active than the adult,which leads to a higher BMR and therefore a higher need for oxygen.
B)Relative to their volume,the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
C)The young have a higher basal metabolic rate.
D)Relative to their surface area,the young have more volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

Question 10

A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH.In a trial a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured.The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream.Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for deciding if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?

A)effector
B)sensor
C)integrator
D)assimilator

Question 11

If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues,it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas?

A)The organism would require adaptations in its skeleton for structure.
B)The organism would require adaptation in its circulatory system for transport of blood.
C)The organism would require adaptations in its nervous system for sensing external stimuli.
D)The organism would require adaptations that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment.
E)The organism would required adaptations in its muscular system for movement.

Question 12

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?

A)The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass.
B)The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume.
C)Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.
D)The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles,and triple as its surface area triples.

Question 13

Which of the following structural features of epithelial tissues are related to the function of these cells?

A)They have polarity.
B)They have a long life span.
C)low rates of mitosis and cytokinesis
D)The cells are loosely packed.

Question 14

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight,and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures.When they move into the shade and rest,which animal will cool down faster?

A)The elephant will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio.
B)The elephant will because it has the lower surface area/volume ratio.
C)The mouse will because it has the higher surface area/volume ratio.
D)They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

Question 15

A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool,calm night will lose most of her body heat by which mechanism?

A)radiation
B)convection
C)conduction
D)evaporation
E)radiation and convection only

Question 16

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations.Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at a disadvantage in which of the following environments?

A)very cold environments
B)very hot environments
C)environments with a constant food source
D)environments with variable and limited food sources

Question 17

In house sparrows (Passer domesticus)it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young.However,some male house sparrows do not provide parental care.In addition,it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest).Which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring?

A)attacking the nests of neighboring males
B)mating with additional females and fathering more eggs
C)eating to build up energy stores for migration
D)grooming to eliminate parasites from their feathers

Question 18

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels.While studying these bacteria,you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings.You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes.The new species can tolerate small changes in this way,but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels.What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

A)conformation
B)regulation
C)integration
D)assimilation
E)all of the above

Question 19

When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body,which general component is being used?

A)sensor
B)effector
C)integrator
D)stimulating sweat glands to increase evaporation
E)both constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease heat loss and stimulation of sweat glands to increase evaporation

Question 20

Which one of the following is not a good strategy for increasing the surface area of an object relative to the volume?

A)increase the amount of branching
B)increase the amount of folding
C)enlarge and make more spherical
D)make flatter
E)None of these are good strategies.

Question 21

What is the main reason that a person sitting on the beach with an air temperature of 15°C loses heat less rapidly than when immersed in lake water at 15°C?

A)Water conducts heat more efficiently than air does.
B)Water evaporates,and heat is lost to evaporation.
C)Metabolic heat production is greater in air than in water.
D)Air is a poor insulator.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

A)During contractions,oxytocin (a hormone)is released and acts to stimulate further contractions.
B)When a baby is nursing,suckling leads to the production of more milk and a following increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates lactation).
C)After a blood vessel is damaged,signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood.These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.
D)When the level of glucose in the blood increases,the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin.Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose.As blood glucose decreases,the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

Question 23

Which of the following explanations for brown adipose tissue explains why infant humans and some small mammals have this tissue type?

A)This tissue allows for the conversion of fats directly into heat without the production of ATP.
B)This tissue can convert ATP into heat energy instead of using it for muscle contraction and other energy-requiring processes.
C)This tissue stores more heat than other types of fat because of its darker color.
D)This tissue type has less water than other adipose tissues and thus has less evaporative cooling.

Question 24

Use the following information when answering the question below.
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius)is a Northern European freshwater fish often inhabiting ponds that become hypoxic (have reduced oxygen levels)and even anoxic (have no oxygen)when the surface freezes during the winter.Surprisingly,when oxygen levels are normal,these fish lack the lamellae that provide a large surface area for gas exchange between water and blood: their gills are smooth.Yet when the level of oxygen in the water falls,the gill morphology undergoes a change: packing cells stop dividing and programmed cell death is induced,exposing gill lamellae that were buried in other tissue.With lamellae exposed,the gills have increased surface area for gas exchange.These changes in gill lamellar profile are reversible: investigators observed that the gills return to their normal structure within 7 days after returning the fish to well-oxygenated water.(Jørund Sollid,Paula De Angelis,Kristian Gundersen,and Göran E.Nilsson.2003.Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills.Journal of Experimental Biology 206:3667-73. )
Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp.Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange.Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae,what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal?

A)to prevent loss of heat to the surrounding water
B)to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water
C)to prevent protein loss to the surrounding water
D)to prevent loss of oxygen to the surrounding water

Question 25

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

A)Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by radiation since feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do.
B)Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environment.
C)Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.
D)Fluffing decreases the surface area/volume ratio,thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to the environment.

Question 26

You observe a lizard sitting on a rock on a sunny day.If the lizard is attempting to raise its body temperature,what mechanism of heat transfer is being employed?

A)conduction
B)convection
C)radiation
D)evaporation

Question 27

Which of the following statements comparing endotherms and ectotherms is false?

A)Mitochondrial density and enzyme activity are 3-4 times higher in the cells of endotherms than in the cells of ectotherms of similar size.
B)Ectotherms can use more of their energy intake for reproduction than endotherms can.
C)Endotherms and ectotherms have about the same mass-specific metabolic rate.
D)Both endotherms and ectotherms exchange heat with the environment through convection,conduction,radiation,and evaporation.
E)The food requirements for ectotherms and endotherms are similar for organisms with similar body mass.

Question 28

Which term best describes an animal that,although generating a significant amount of heat through metabolism,nonetheless does not maintain a constant body temperature?

A)homeothermic endotherm
B)heterothermic ectotherm
C)homeothermic ectotherm
D)heterothermic endotherm

Question 29

Hummingbirds are small birds that require constant food supply.When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply,such as a storm,which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive an unpredictable and shorter term absence of food resources?

A)shivering
B)torpor
C)hibernation
D)basking