Deck 7: Neurons: the Matter of the Mind

Question 1

In saltatory conduction,nerve impulses jump from one exposed region of the axon to another.This exposed region is called the ________.

A)motor end plate
B)node of Ranvier
C)Schwann cell gap
D)interneurons

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Using the information from the text,a deficiency of what ion outside the neuron would make it very difficult for a depolarization to occur?

A)K+
B)Na+
C)Cl-
D)Mn+

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Inhaling or "huffing" is a way to achieve a high usually by breathing in a fat-soluble substance.Which of the following structures would be most likely attacked first?

A)myelin sheath
B)axon
C)neuron
D)dendrite

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A new drug interferes with the function of the dendrites of a neuron.What will happen to this neuron?

A)The neuron will continuously send signals.
B)The neuron cannot be stimulated to send a signal along its axon.
C)The neuron will die off.
D)The neuron will sometimes send signals and will sometimes not send signals.

Question 5

A neuron's membrane that maintains a charge difference across its surface in which the inside is more negative than the outside is called ________.

A)graded potential
B)resting potential
C)action potential
D)summation

Question 6

Ahmad might have been accidentally exposed to an insecticide while he worked in a citrus grove.What symptoms of poisoning would you watch for?

A)depression
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)muscle tremors
D)excessive urination

Question 7

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that triggers a contraction of a voluntary muscle?

A)synapse
B)action potential
C)sodium
D)acetylcholine

Question 8

Where are neurotransmitters stored in a neuron?

A)axon
B)synaptic knob
C)dendrites
D)cell body

Question 9

An action potential would most commonly arrive from which of the following structures before arriving at the axon?

A)glia
B)dendrite
C)synapse
D)cell body

Question 10

Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed.What will happen to nerve conduction speed in affected neurons?

A)It will slow down dramatically.
B)It will speed up dramatically.
C)It will speed up just a little bit.
D)There will be no effect.

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter may function to regulate emotions and is involved in pathways that control complex movements?

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)norepinephrine
D)synapse

Question 12

Sodium and potassium ions cross the neuron's membrane to cause which of the following physiological processes?

A)action potential
B)passive transport
C)refractory period
D)transmission

Question 13

What are specialized membrane proteins that actively transport sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane?

A)Na/Cl pump
B)Na/Mn pump
C)Na/K pump
D)Na pump

Question 14

A nerve impulse does not vary in intensity with regard to the strength of the stimulus.This is known as what principle?

A)resting membrane potential
B)refractory period
C)all or nothing
D)graded response

Question 15

Which of the following is a chemical signal that diffuses across the gap between adjacent neurons to convey a message to the next cell?

A)neurotransmitter
B)synapse
C)dendrite
D)action potential

Question 16

Which of these diseases involves the destruction of the myelin sheath on certain neurons within the brain and spinal cord?

A)depression
B)Alzheimer's
C)Parkinson's
D)multiple sclerosis

Question 17

Which of the following parts of the nervous system is closest to a muscle?

A)neuron
B)interneuron
C)motor neuron
D)neuroglial cell

Question 18

Your sister Henriette has little muscle strength.Her doctor says she has an autoimmune disease but you didn't quite catch the name the physician gave for the illness.Looking at this chapter,what do you think the diagnosis is?

A)Alzheimer's
B)schizophrenia
C)senility
D)myasthenia gravis

Question 19

The combined effects of inhibitory and excitatory effects on a postsynaptic cell will decide whether that cell generates an action potential.This principle is called ________.

A)threshold
B)internalization
C)summation
D)potentiation

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter appears to be associated with an energizing "good" feeling and is essential in hunger,thirst,and sex drive?

A)dopamine
B)serotonin
C)norepinephrine
D)synapse

Question 21

Motor neurons that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord are known as ________ neurons.

Question 22

The ________ can be defined as the specific value a membrane depolarization reaches to begin an action potential.

Question 23

________ refers to the jumping of a nerve impulse from one node of Ranvier to the next.

Question 24

During an action potential,the ________ ions rush into the axon.

Question 25

Ouabain is a chemical used on poison arrows in Africa.It works by inhibiting the Na+/K+ pump.What effect would this have on an action potential?

A)It would prevent the stimulation of an action potential by removing Na+ from the cell.
B)It would immediately cause an action potential to be generated.
C)There would be no direct effect because the pump is used to maintain ion distributions, not to cause an action potential.
D)It would cause the release of a neurotransmitter that would cause an action potential.

Question 26

________ is a progressive disorder in which the dopamine-producing neurons in the movement control center of the brain die.

Question 27

Immediately after an action potential occurs,the sodium channels close and cannot be reopened.What is this period called?

Question 28

A(n)________,or sensory neuron,conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord.

Question 29

________ are numerous short,branching projections from the neuron that create a huge surface for receiving signals from other cells.

Question 30

Axons and dendrites,or both,arranged in bundles and covered by connective tissue are ________.

Question 31

A(n)________ synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that act on the ________ synaptic neuron to start an action potential.

Question 32

The enzyme ________ removes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from synapses after it has been released.

Question 33

Infants require many nutrients early in life,including lipids such as fats.A low-fat diet for infants is not recommended because,among other things,it can impact the development of the nervous system.What could be affected?

A)Lipids are needed by glial cells to produce the myelin sheath.
B)Fats are needed for energy because infants are often on a low carbohydrate diet.
C)Lipids are needed to produce the polypeptide neurotransmitters used by neurons.
D)Fats are required to generate action potentials on nerve cells.

Question 34

Prescription drugs like Prozac help maintain higher levels of serotonin in the brain.What effect will this have on an individual?

A)It will act as an antidepressant since a lack of serotonin is considered a cause of depression symptoms.
B)It will act to suppress impulsive behavior since too much serotonin causes children to act out.
C)It will cause a patient to be sleepy since serotonin is essential to a good night's sleep.
D)It will cause tetany due to an overproduction of acetylcholine.

Question 35

Leprosy destroys nerve tissue,so an afflicted person is likely to hurt his or her foot without even knowing it.What types of neurons are likely to be affected?

A)neuroglial cells
B)motor neurons
C)sensory neurons
D)interneurons

Question 36

Muscle cells that are not exercised will atrophy or shrink in size.Lou Gehrig's disease affects nervous tissue but also causes muscle atrophy.What type of nerve cell must be affected to cause this muscle-wasting condition?

A)interneurons
B)sensory neurons
C)neuroglial cells
D)motor neurons

Question 37

The synaptic ________ is the narrow space between two neurons.

Question 38

________ form the myelin sheath,which wraps around the axon,to insulate against short-circuiting between neurons.

Question 39

________ involves an insufficient amount of several neurotransmitters,such as serotonin,dopamine,and norepinephrine,for extended periods of time.

Question 40

Some drugs modulate the activity of ion channels.For example,Novocain somewhat inhibits the opening of sodium channels.What happens to the threshold of a sensory neuron if this drug is used?

A)It will take less stimulation to reach threshold.
B)It will take more stimulation to reach threshold.
C)Threshold will not change.
D)The nerve will not function and will die off.

Question 41

In the disease myasthenia gravis,the immune system attacks the receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.A drug is used to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,which normally removes the neurotransmitter.This improves the condition of the patient.How does this work?

Question 42

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
The junction between a neuron and another cell.

Question 43

Compare and contrast the sensory,motor,and interneurons.

Question 44

Explain the anatomy of a typical neuron.

Question 45

What is the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Question 46

If a drug had the side effect of destroying dopamine-producing neurons,what effect would this have on a person?

Question 47

Potassium ions are important in the resting membrane potential and the action potential of both nerve and muscle cells.The concentration gradient of potassium ions is critical to both.An excess of potassium outside a neuron or muscle cell would negate the concentration gradient.What would happen if the heart was injected with massive amounts of potassium? Explain your answer.

Question 48

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Synapse in which neurotransmitters decrease the chance of an action potential on the postsynaptic cell.

Question 49

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Synapse in which neurotransmitters allow sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell.

Question 50

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
A single,long extension of a neuron's cell body that functions to transmit an incoming message or impulse.

Question 51

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Membrane proteins that allow specific charged molecules to pass through from one side of the membrane to the other.

Question 52

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Part of the neuron where neurotransmitters are released.

Question 53

Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder in which fat deposits build up in nerve cells,leading to a slow loss of function.Because this usually strikes children under 1 year of age,the symptoms are not immediately apparent.Think about what this condition would cause in terms of symptoms.List some that you think are possible.What would be the inevitable end result as the disease progresses?

Question 54

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
The short branching projections of a neuron,which provide surface area for sending and receiving signals from other cells.

Question 55

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Association neurons that are located between the sensory and motor neurons,where they integrate or interpret the sensory signals.

Question 56

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
Specific neurons that carry information away from the brain and spinal cord to an effector such as a muscle or a gland.

Question 57

What are some of the dangers associated with the use of pesticides that might be of concern for humans? What are some ethical concerns related to their use?

Question 58

Match each definition in the first column to the correct term in the second column.

A)Synaptic knobs
B)Interneurons
C)Dendrite
D)Excitatory synapse
E)Motor neuron
F)Axon
G)Inhibitory synapse
H)Synapse
I)Sensory neuron
J)Ion channels
A specific type of neuron that conducts information toward the brain and spinal cord from a sensory receptor.

Question 59

Some nerves are myelinated,others are not.Myelinated nerves send signals faster than unmyelinated neurons.Draw two neurons of equal length and wrap segments of myelin along one.Be careful to leave spaces for the nodes of Ranvier.Now,measure the exposed axons of each and total up the distance.Describe why the myelinated neurons send signals faster.