Deck 3: The Macromolecules of the Cell

Question 1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of DNA?

A)complementarity
B)composed of nucleotides
C)contains ribose
D)antiparallel strands
E)double-stranded

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following has the greatest number of glycosidic bonds?

A)glucose
B)triacylglycerol
C)amylose
D)DNA
E)vitamin A

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Hydrogen bonding is most important in stabilizing the ________ structure of many proteins.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)all of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a defensive protein?

A)cell surface receptor
B)antibody
C)hormone
D)myosin
E)keratin

Question 5

Small RNA molecules (20-30 nucleotides in length)that have recently been found to have biological function include

A)microRNAs (miRNA).
B)silencing RNAs (siRNA).
C)messaging RNAs (mRNA).
D)both choices A and C
E)all of the above

Question 6

The primary structure of a protein

A)is important for determining the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein.
B)is simply the order of amino acids from one end of the protein to another.
C)is important both genetically and structurally.
D)is the linear sequence of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds.
E)all of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is a nonpolar (hydrophobic)amino acid?

A)valine
B)serine
C)tyrosine
D)lysine
E)aspartate

Question 8

To which of the following classes of sugars does glucose belong?

A)pentose
B)hexose
C)tetrose
D)heptose
E)triose

Question 9

Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?

A)extensin
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)starch
E)chitin

Question 10

The amino acid referred to as the "helix breaker" (because it lacks the hydrogen atom needed for hydrogen bonding)is

A)leucine.
B)proline.
C)methionine.
D)valine.
E)phenylalanine.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a major functional class of proteins?

A)trifunctional proteins
B)enzymes
C)motility proteins
D)regulatory proteins
E)structural proteins

Question 12

Which of the following is not correctly matched?

A)defense protein - antibody
B)enzymatic protein - collagen
C)hormonal protein - insulin
D)motility proteins - actin and myosin
E)storage protein - seed proteins

Question 13

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A)galactose
B)lactose
C)fructose
D)glucose
E)amylose

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true of the amino acids?

A)There are more than 60 different kinds of amino acids present in cells.
B)The R group of amino acids differs from one amino acid to another.
C)Only around 20 amino acids are used in protein synthesis.
D)All amino acids exist in two stereoisomeric forms.
E)Amino acids have an N-terminus, C-terminus, and R groups.

Question 15

Which of the following three-letter symbols represents an amino acid that is polar and uncharged?

A)pro
B)gln
C)ala
D)asp
E)his

Question 16

Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure?

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 17

Which of the following does not represent the correct pairing of the three-letter abbreviation with the one-letter abbreviation of an amino acid?

A)pro-P
B)met-M
C)glu-E
D)phe-F
E)arg-A

Question 18

Based on the following amino acid sequence,which region(s)is/are hydrophobic?
1[K-K-N-Q] - 2[A-G-G-V] - 3[Y-C-S-R] - 4[H-E-C-Y]

A)region 1
B)region 2
C)region 3
D)region 4
E)both regions 1 and 3

Question 19

Cellulose belongs to which of the following groups of macromolecules?

A)lipids
B)carbohydrates
C)proteins
D)nucleic acids
E)none of the above

Question 20

The level of protein structure that is even higher than quaternary structure is

A)R-group interactions.
B)subunit interactions and assembly.
C)enzyme complex formation.
D)the linear sequence of amino acids.
E)hydrogen bond formation.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a polymer of numerous monomer units?

A)lipids
B)proteins
C)nucleic acids
D)carbohydrates
E)starch

Question 22

Which of the following is true of fatty acids?

A)Fatty acids are synthesized by the stepwise addition of three carbon units.
B)Unsaturated fatty acids are usually branched.
C)Fatty acids with 24 carbons are most common.
D)Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbons.
E)Laurate is an unsaturated fatty acid.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a base used in DNA replication?

A)thymine
B)guanine
C)uracil
D)adenine
E)cytosine

Question 24

Which of the following is true of transfer RNA?

A)It serves as the site of protein synthesis.
B)It is an important component of ribosomes.
C)It is responsible for the correct positioning of amino acids in a polypeptide.
D)It functions in replication only.
E)It is responsible for the correct positioning of amino acids in a nascent polypeptide.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of purines?

A)Cytosine is a purine.
B)Adenine's bonding to thymine is stronger than is guanine's to cytosine.
C)Purines have a double-ringed structure.
D)Both adenine and thymine are purines.
E)Purines bind readily to deoxyribose but not to ribose.

Question 26

Which of the following is not true of phospholipids?

A)Phospholipids are important in membrane structure.
B)Serine is a molecule that may be part of a phosphoglyceride.
C)Phosphatidic acid contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
D)Sphingolipids are the predominant phospholipid in membranes.
E)Phospholipids are amphipathic.

Question 27

Small RNA molecules that specifically down-regulate expression by binding to the appropriate mRNA molecule and inhibit translation are

A)mRNAs.
B)siRNAs.
C)tRNAs.
D)rRNAs.
E)miRNAs.

Question 28

The chemical nature of each amino acid is determined by which of the following groups?

A)amino
B)carboxyl
C)hydroxil
D)R
E)hydrogen

Question 29

The nucleoside triphosphate molecules in DNA are linked together in the 5'→3' by a(n)________ bridge.

A)phosphate
B)covalent
C)phosphodiester
D)peptide
E)phosphatidyl

Question 30

Which of the following is a terpene?

A)testosterone
B)vitamin A
C)glycerol
D)phenanthrene
E)dolichol

Question 31

Which of the following is not one of the six classes of lipids?

A)steroids
B)terpenes
C)fatty acids
D)triacylglycerols
E)pectins

Question 32

Fibrous proteins have extensive ________ structure,which allows them to be highly ordered and repetitive.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary
E)multiprotein complex

Question 33

Which of the following is most similar to the Watson-Crick helix?

A)B-DNA
B)C-DNA
C)A-DNA
D)mRNA
E)Z-DNA

Question 34

Which of the following is a purine?

A)guanine
B)cytosine
C)thymine
D)uracil
E)cysteine

Question 35

Which of the following is true of glycolipids?

A)Glycolipids are usually found on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane.
B)Laurate is a glycolipid.
C)Fructose and sucrose are often part of glycolipids.
D)Glycolipids contain phosphatidic acid.
E)Usually more than 10 sugar units are attached to the glycolipid.

Question 36

Lipid rafts are

A)regions of the membrane that are high in sphingolipids, which facilitate communication with the external environment of the cell.
B)important regions of membrane structure and are comprised of phospholipids.
C)regions not typically associated with signal transduction.
D)regions where greater concentrations of sphingolipids are on the inner side of the membrane.
E)great for white-water rafting.

Question 37

Trans fats

A)are unsaturated fatty acids.
B)resemble saturated fatty acids in shape.
C)are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
D)are present in small amounts in meat and dairy products.
E)all of the above

Question 38

Small RNA molecules that specifically bind complementary mRNA sequences and facilitate the destruction of the message by nucleases are

A)mRNAs.
B)siRNAs.
C)tRNAs.
D)rRNAs.
E)miRNAs.

Question 39

The term amphipathic describes the characteristic of some molecules that have ________.

A)two polar regions
B)only a single polar region
C)both a polar and a nonpolar region
D)no polar regions
E)two nonpolar regions

Question 40

Which of the following is not a steroid?

A)testosterone
B)estradiol
C)cortisol
D)aldosterone
E)epinephrine

Question 41

________ are small oligonucleotides,20-30 nucleotides in length,that bind specifically to mRNA and stop translation.

Question 42

________ RNA is a component of the ribosomes that serve as the site of protein synthesis.

Question 43

Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to ________.

Question 44

________ is the major storage polysaccharide for animals,while ________ is the major storage polysaccharide for plants.

Question 45

Cellulose is a polymer of ________,a common monosaccharide.

Question 46

A ________,a ________,and a ________ are the major parts of a nucleotide,whereas a ________ and a ________ are the major parts of a nucleoside.

Question 47

________ fatty acids are liquid at room temperature,while ________ fatty acids are solid.

Question 48

The ________ projection illustrates saccharides as linear,whereas the ________ projection suggests the spatial relationships of saccharides.

Question 49

Structurally,starch exists as both unbranched polysaccharide chains called ________ and branched polysaccharide chains called ________.

Question 50

As a protein is being synthesized,the correct folding of the protein is aided by the movement of nonpolar amino acids toward the inner areas of the protein.How can this phenomenon be explained? How will this influence other levels of protein structure?

Question 51

Because of their structure,trans fats resemble ________ fatty acids in shape and are produced artificially during the manufacture of shortening and margarine.

Question 52

________ are small oligonucleotides,20-30 nucleotides in length,that bind specifically to mRNA and facilitate the destruction of the mRNA.

Question 53

For the amino acid glutamine,the three-letter abbreviation is ________ and the one-letter is ________.

Question 54

________ and ________ are the two kinds of sugars found in bacterial cell walls.

Question 55

A transmembrane protein has 1000 amino acids.The fifth amino acid is found on the external surface of the cell membrane.It interacts with the aqueous environment outside the cell.Amino acids 25 and 205 are covalently bonded to each other and are required to give the protein its three-dimensional shape.Amino acid 554 is found on the outer surface of the protein,but it is deep in the interior of the membrane.Amino acid 979 is found on the external surface of the protein,where it forms a weak ionic bond with a chloride ion.Can you identify each of the numbered amino acids by structural group and name? Please note that there may be more than one specific amino acid in some cases.
Amino acids:
5
25
205
554
979

Question 56

Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of ________.

Question 57

5'-ATAGGGCTT-3' is a short sequence of a strand of DNA.What will be the complementary sequence of the other strand? What will be the complementary mRNA sequence derived from the second strand of DNA? Be sure to indicate the 5' or 3' ends of each sequence.

Question 58

________ and ________ are the scientists responsible for the concept of the DNA double helix.

Question 59

Starch,cellulose,and glycogen are all polysaccharides composed of glucose.What makes each of these polysaccharides unique in spite of the fact that all are composed solely of glucose?

Question 60

How would you utilize silencing and microRNAs in a gene therapy treatment for a single-gene genetic disorder?