Deck 10: Raising Children in a Diverse Society

Question 1

Single mothers by choice tend to be all of the following EXCEPT

A) in their thirties and forties.
B) middle- or upper-middle class.
C) highly educated.
D) ethnically diverse.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to historian Phillipe Ariès, the concept of childhood as different from adulthood did not emerge until about the __________ century.

A) 16th
B) 17th
C) 18th
D) 20th

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Racial/ethnic stereotyping often gives us an exaggerated, negative image of __________ as parents.

A) non-Hispanic whites
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans and Latinos
D) Native Americans

Answer 3

C

Question 4

For the majority of women, the decision to be a single mother is less than deliberate. The textbook refers to these women as ____________

A) unattached, lonely women.
B) single mothers by circumstance.
C) poverty-stricken mothers
D) unsupported matriarchs.

Question 5

Which of these does your text NOT list as a factor influencing how new parents view their babies?

A) the parents' attitudes and overall mood
B) the temperament of the baby
C) whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned
D) self-esteem of the parents

Question 6

Alice Rossi has observed that the transition to parenthood is more difficult than the transition to other adult roles for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) Parents are more likely than in the past to be geographically distant from relatives.
B) Most first parents approach parenting with little or no previous experience in child care.
C) Unlike other adult roles, the transition to parenthood is extremely gradual.
D) Adjusting to parenthood necessitates changes in the couple's emotional and sexual relationship.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the "facts" discussed in the text concerning fathers as primary parents?

A) About 20 percent of all U.S. children under age fifteen are living with single fathers.
B) About 5 percent of black and of non-Hispanic white children live with single fathers.
C) Whether married or single, fathers as primary parents report facing isolation and stereotypes.
D) Primary-parent fathers have begun to organize support groups.

Question 8

What percentage of new mothers experience postpartum depression?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25 %
D) 50%

Question 9

___________ are biological or, much less often, adoptive fathers who do not live with their children.

A) Deadbeat dads
B) Nonresident fathers
C) Widowers
D) Disinterested fathers

Question 10

The new image of a "good" father in today's society says that fathers __________.

A) are mainly providers or breadwinners
B) should be the primary nurturer of the child
C) can make less money, if they stay at home more
D) not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care

Question 11

When new parents first bring their babies home from the hospital, they report the transition being difficult especially due to several things. Which of these is NOT one of the things they report being bothered by?

A) relatives and friends visiting for hours on end
B) the baby's interruption of their sleeping
C) how difficult it is to go places
D) hard to express themselves sexually

Question 12

What percentage of American parents said that they worry about juggling the demands of work and family, and wish they could spend more time with their children?

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) a majority

Question 13

The current emphasis on how parents influence their children can lead us __________.

A) to give up on parenting as soon as it gets hard
B) to spend all our time trying to make up for our mistakes
C) to feel anxious about our performance as parents
D) to keep a record of our children's choices

Question 14

Although about 20-25% of mothers are single mothers, only _____of fathers are single fathers.

A) 4-5%
B) 7-8%
C) 10-11%
D) 12-13%

Question 15

According to the text's discussion, which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of today's parents?

A) Parents are confronted with more questions about how to rear their children.
B) Technology has vastly improved our quality of life.
C) Parents are likely to have had some exposure to formal knowledge about child development and child-rearing techniques.
D) Many fathers are more emotionally involved with their children than they were several decades ago.

Question 16

Given work and other demands, more than ____ percent of mothers tell pollsters that they wish they had more time with their children.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 17

In accordance with the stress model of parental effectiveness, single mothers have several stressors which can lead to less effective parenting behaviors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) time constraints
B) poorer economic resources
C) less education
D) higher depression levels

Question 18

Single mothers often have a ___________, or social support from family and friends.

A) public nest
B) private army
C) private safety net
D) public hammock

Question 19

In the United States, the mother is expected to be the child's primary __________ parent, assuming the major emotional responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children.

A) pseudo emotional
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) economic

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as among the features of the social context of child rearing that can make modern parenting difficult?

A) Today's parents rear their children in a pluralistic society, characterized by diverse and conflicting values.
B) The emphasis on the malleability of children tends to make parents feel anxious and guilty about their performance.
C) Divergent family forms may cause parents special difficulties just because these forms are different from the idealized norm of the intact, nuclear family.
D) Most parents today do not have to worry about caring for their own aging parents.

Question 21

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring but high parental warmth?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-emotional neglect

Question 22

Working-class parents tend to use which model of parenting?

A) permissive-indulgent
B) hyperparenting
C) concerted cultivation
D) the facilitation of natural growth

Question 23

The __________ parent's style is indulgent, and often leads to the classic "spoiled child."

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) egalitarian

Question 24

Forms of parental control encouraged by your textbook include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) explicitly stating expectations
B) psychological control
C) giving time outs
D) denying privileges

Question 25

The text points out that parenting is probably more satisfying for parents and effective for children when both parents use which parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) egalitarian

Question 26

According to the text, spanking refers to

A) hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury.
B) striking a child with a blunt object such as a paddle.
C) repeatedly striking a child with a non-injurious object, such as a folded newspaper.
D) hitting a child with a small object.

Question 27

What was formerly known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is now a federal aid program called

A) Federal Interagency Forum for Children and Families.
B) Temporary Assistance for Needed Families.
C) Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity.
D) Partial Assistance for Families.

Question 28

Which parenting style is preferred by child psychologists?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) egalitarian

Question 29

Family violence researcher Murray Straus argues that spanking teaches children that it is all right to hit someone and that those who love you hit you. Straus calls this a(n)

A) "hidden agenda."
B) "emotional burden."
C) "blanket injunction."
D) "passive aggressive feature."

Question 30

Research by Straus and his colleagues show that children who have been frequently spanked by their parents, are

A) less likely later to cheat or tell lies.
B) less likely to bully or be cruel or mean to others.
C) more likely to have behavior problems later in life, as well as depression.
D) less likely to misbehave in various ways.

Question 31

John plays a parentlike role for his girlfriend's son, even though he is unrelated to the child. The text refers to this role as

A) mentoring.
B) social fathering.
C) counseling.
D) supplemental parenting.

Question 32

As adolescents search for identity and begin to define who they are and will be as adults, they need help from their parents. Which one of these is NOT a need listed by the text?

A) firm guidance
B) plenty of cash
C) parental accessibility
D) emotional support

Question 33

The __________ parent's attitude is "I am in charge and set/enforce the rules, no matter what."

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) egalitarian

Question 34

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring and low parental warmth?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-emotional neglect

Question 35

According to a survey of over 13,000 parents, between ________ had spanked their children during the prior week.

A) 15-30%
B) 30-45%
C) 60-75%
D) 80-95%

Question 36

The text points out that being frequently spanked in childhood is NOT linked to

A) depression.
B) suicide.
C) abusing one's own children.
D) the responsible use of alcohol and other drugs.

Question 37

The text points out that some scholars view the authoritarian/permissive/authoritative parenting model as

A) accurate and applicable to minority groups.
B) inaccurate.
C) biased and ethnocentric or Eurocentric.
D) statistically correct.

Question 38

The hope that research in child development offers to parents who make mistakes is that children can be surprisingly __________.

A) forgetful
B) malleable
C) resilient
D) easy to raise

Question 39

Upper-class, highly-educated parents are more likely to emphasize concerted cultivation, which is

A) unified parenting.
B) musical learning.
C) a form of gardening and nutrition.
D) the overall development of their child's talents and potential.

Question 40

A quote in your textbook states, "If the hearth was the center of the home in the 19ᵗʰ century, the __________ is really the center of many middle class homes."

A) calendar
B) computer
C) refrigerator
D) television

Question 41

Ethnicity is often associated with __________.

A) gender
B) social attitudes
C) religious belief
D) negativity

Question 42

Children make up __________ of the homeless population.

A) one-tenth
B) one-quarter
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 43

More __________ mothers than European American mothers spank their children.

A) Hispanic
B) Native American
C) Asian American
D) African American

Question 44

The text points out that children today face demands for achievement from schools, church, recreational organizations, peers and, of course, parents. This "scheduled hyperactivity can produce the "__________ child," who is forced to assume too many challenges and responsibilities too soon.

A) hurried
B) emotionally repressed
C) restricted
D) passive

Question 45

The __________ census was the first to offer citizens the option of identifying themselves as more than one race.

A) 1970
B) 1980
C) 1990
D) 2000

Question 46

Some Muslims children who wear headscarves, called __________, may be subject to ridicule and discrimination.

A) banai
B) hadith
C) Ramadan
D) hijab

Question 47

Children living in poverty are more often __________ than other children.

A) introverted
B) rebellious
C) resourceful and intelligent
D) disabled or chronically ill

Question 48

About __________ percent of children who are raised in poverty have emotional or behavioral difficulties.

A) 5
B) 8
C) 11
D) 15

Question 49

__________ parenting combines warm emotional support for children with a demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures, including older extended family members.

A) Authoritative
B) Authoritarian
C) Hierarchical
D) Laissez-faire

Question 50

In terms of research concerning the parenting styles of different racial and ethnic groups, some studies have made comparisons within particular groups. This reflects which of the following approaches?

A) cultural equivalent
B) cultural variant
C) family ecology
D) developmental

Question 51

Most families of color engage in _________, developing children's pride in their cultural heritage while preparing them for the possibility of discrimination.

A) stereotyping
B) race socialization
C) damage control
D) ethnic establishment process

Question 52

Compared to the average 29% for all Americans over 24 years old, 52% of which racial/ethnic group has completed four years of college or more?

A) Hispanic
B) Asian American
C) non-Hispanic white
D) African American

Question 53

In explaining Asian American children's superior high school performance, a few Asian American social scientists have offered alternative concepts that emphasize indigenous __________, which blends parental love, concern, involvement, and physical closeness with strict and firm control.

A) Confucian training doctrine
B) authoritarian parenting
C) laissez-faire parenting
D) Yin/Yang doctrine

Question 54

In 2000, there were nearly __________ Americans of mixed race.

A) 500,000
B) 2 million
C) 5 million
D) 7 million

Question 55

The text observes that the cultural equivalent approach that compares African American parents with other ethnic groups can be seen as

A) oligarchical.
B) bureaucratic.
C) Eurocentric.
D) methodologically unsound.

Question 56

Asian American parents often used the Confucian training doctrine, which stresses all EXCEPT which of the following qualities?

A) corporal punishment
B) familial loyalty
C) sacrifice
D) respect for parents and elders

Question 57

Native American parents have been described as exhibiting a(n) __________ parenting style.

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) hierarchical
D) authoritative

Question 58

Partly as a result of changes to the welfare laws, approximately __________ percent of the homeless today are mothers and children.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 59

The __________ middle class remains vulnerable to discrimination.

A) African American
B) Native American
C) Hispanic
D) Asian American

Question 60

WUpper-middle-class parents tend to use which parenting style?

A) egalitarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 61

The goal of __________ is to provide planned, time-limited, substitute care for children who cannot be adequately cared for at home.

A) open adoption
B) closed adoption
C) foster care
D) formal kinship care

Question 62

WAbout _____ percent of grandparents in the United States are raising grandchildren.

A) five
B) nine
C) eleven
D) fifteen

Question 63

It is estimated that __________ children under age 18 are living in a grandparent's household.

A) 600,000
B) 1.6 million
C) 2.6 million
D) more than 3.6 million

Question 64

The traditional image of motherhood disappears when Mom is employed.

Question 65

__________ is out-of-home placement with biological relatives of children who are in the custody of the state.

A) Foster care
B) Formal kinship care
C) Closed adoption
D) Open adoption

Question 66

Mothers typically engage in more hands-on parenting and take primary responsibility for children.

Question 67

It is estimated that __________ U.S. children are in foster care.

A) 125,000
B) 250,000
C) 300,000
D) over 450,000

Question 68

Boys, especially under the age of two, are spanked most often.

Question 69

Studies show that good parenting involves at least four factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) having siblings who are experienced with parenting
B) being involved in a child's life and school
C) using supportive, rather than negative, family communication
D) adequate economic resources

Question 70

Jack is a grandparent and acts as the primary parent for his two grandchildren. Jack's situation is referred to in the text as a __________ family.

A) non-traditional
B) grandparent
C) pseudo
D) quasi-nuclear

Question 71

WAs wards of the court, foster children are financially supported by

A) private enterprise.
B) the state.
C) charitable donations.
D) property taxes.

Question 72

Social fathers (nonbiological fathers in the role of father) seem to improve adolescents' outcomes when compared with living in a single-mother household.

Question 73

The rate of child poverty in the U.S. now exceeds that of the nation as a whole.

Question 74

Children's needs differ according to age.

Question 75

The average age of children in foster care is __________years.

A) 4.5
B) 6.9
C) 7.1
D) 9.7

Question 76

Hyperparenting is being an incredibly positive and almost perfect role model for your child.

Question 77

Authoritative parenting combines emotional nurturing and support with parental direction.

Question 78

Many single mothers intended to raise their children without a partner.

Question 79

Mothers spank less often than fathers.

Question 80

Several alternate parenting arrangements are discussed in the text. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) social fathers
B) grandparent parents
C) assisted reproductive technology parents
D) foster parents