Deck 10: Sexuality and Gender

Question 1

Brooke is a girl. Her genetic sex is:

A)X
B)Y
C)XY
D)XX

Answer 1

XX

Question 2

What percentage of sperm carries the X chromosome?

A)0%
B)35%
C)50%
D)100%

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

In the moment of conception, the father's sperm unites with the mother's egg to produce a(n):

A)zygote.
B)gonad.
C)embryo.
D)ovum.

Answer 3

zygote.

Question 4

Human primary and secondary sex characteristics develop:

A)immediately after conception.
B)during the embryonic period of prenatal development.
C)by the end of the second trimester.
D)during puberty.

Question 5

About _____% of _____ carries the Y chromosome.

A)50; eggs
B)50; sperm
C)100; eggs
D)100; sperm

Question 6

The sex glands of the fetus are also called:

A)sex determinants.
B)androgens.
C)gonads.
D)zygotes.

Question 7

Alec is a boy. His genetic sex is:

A)X
B)Y
C)XY
D)XX

Question 8

Sex hormones are secreted not only by the gonads, but also by the:

A)adrenal glands.
B)thyroid.
C)pancreas.
D)liver.

Question 9

Fetal genital anatomy can be detected by ultrasound at about:

A)7 weeks after conception.
B)the end of the embryonic period.
C)the end of the first trimester.
D)the end of the second trimester.

Question 10

It is possible to determine an embryo's sex _____ weeks after conception through a blood test.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9

Question 11

A zygote contains _____ chromosomes.

A)2
B)2 pairs of
C)23
D)23 pairs of

Question 12

The textbook states that "our knowledge of sexual behavior is often limited to self-reporting." Self-report techniques are most commonly associated with _____ research.

A)case study
B)survey
C)experimental
D)naturalistic observation

Question 13

The textbook notes that "MRI and fMRI can be used to study sexual arousal during intercourse . . . " In such research, fMRI would use _____ to reveal _____.

A)radioactive tracers; the brain's activity during sex
B)strong magnets; brain areas active during sex
C)X-rays; brain structures involved in sex
D)electrodes; the brain's electrical activity during sex

Question 14

Menarche is to spermarche as _____ is to ______.

A)ejaculation; menstruation
B)female; male
C)male; female
D)testes; ovaries

Question 15

Which statement is True?

A)Both sex and gender are biological concepts.
B)Both sex and gender are sociocultural concepts.
C)Sex is a biological concept, and gender is a sociocultural concept.
D)Sex is a sociocultural concept, and gender is a biological concept.

Question 16

Biology is to culture as _____ is to ______.

A)sexuality; gender
B)gender; sexuality
C)sexuality; sex
D)sex; gender

Question 17

Androgen is to estrogen as _____ is to ______.

A)ovaries; testes
B)female; male
C)gonad; adrenal gland
D)testes; ovaries

Question 18

Rieger and Savin-Williams (2012) measured participants' pupil dilation when they were shown neutral images and sexually explicit images. In this study, pupil dilation is a(n) _____ variable.

A)control
B)dependent
C)independent
D)experimental

Question 19

The mother's egg carries a(n) _____ chromosome, and the father's sperm carries a(n) _____ chromosome.

A)X; Y
B)X; X or Y
C)X or Y; X
D)X or Y; X or Y

Question 20

The pupils dilate during sexual arousal. This response reflects activation of the _____ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)primary
D)somatic

Question 21

Boys are to girls as _____ is to _____.

A)Klinefelter's syndrome; androgen insensitivity syndrome
B)Turner's syndrome; androgen insensitivity syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome; Klinefelter's syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome; Turner's syndrome

Question 22

Based on the information provided in the textbook, the most reasonable position to take with respect to the source of gender differences in cognition is probably:

A)a "nature" view.
B)a "nurture" view.
C)an interactionist position.
D)to declare the issue void, as the differences are minute.

Question 23

Cherney's (2008) participants practiced mentally rotating objects while playing computer games. Cherney found that:

A)neither male nor female participants benefited from the practice.
B)only female participants benefited from the practice.
C)female participants benefited more from the practice than did male participants.
D)male participants benefited more from the practice than did female participants.

Question 24

Of the differences of sexual development mentioned in the text, the rarest is _____, whereas the MOST common is _____.

A)5-alpha reductase deficiency; Turner's syndrome
B)5-alpha reductase deficiency; Klinefelter's syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome; Klinefelter's syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome; androgen-insensitivity syndrome

Question 25

Approximately _____% of infants have differences of sex development at birth.

A)0)1
B)0)5
C)1
D)2

Question 26

Compared to the brains of adult females, the brains of adult males are:

A)about 20% smaller.
B)around 10% smaller.
C)about the same size.
D)approximately 10% larger.

Question 27

Which statement is most accurate with respect to potential differences in verbal ability between boys and girls?

A)There is no difference between boys and girls in verbal ability.
B)There is a large difference favoring girls.
C)There is a small difference favoring boys.
D)There is a small difference favoring girls.

Question 28

According to the gender similarities hypothesis, researchers are LEAST likely to find gender differences in:

A)personality characteristics.
B)aggression.
C)sexual behavior.
D)motor skills.

Question 29

Male superiority is to female superiority as _____ is to _____.

A)spatial ability; verbal ability
B)spatial ability; mathematical ability
C)mathematical ability; spatial ability
D)verbal ability; spatial ability

Question 30

Mohammed is male; Sonya is female. The textbook's discussion suggests that all else being equal:

A)Mohammed should outperform Sonya on both verbal and mental rotation tasks.
B)Sonya should outperform Mohammed on both verbal and mental rotation tasks.
C)Mohammed should outperform Sonya on mental rotation tasks, but not verbal tasks.
D)Mohammed should outperform Sonya on verbal tasks, but not mental rotation tasks.

Question 31

Which is the MOST common difference of sexual development?

A)5-alpha reductase deficiency
B)androgen-insensitivity syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 32

A(n) _____ individual has ambiguous or inconsistent indicators of male or female in the sexual structures or organs.

A)intersexual
B)homosexual
C)transsexual
D)transgender

Question 33

Researchers have NOT found male-female differences in:

A)verbal ability.
B)brain size.
C)general intelligence.
D)mental rotation.

Question 34

_____ someone is NOT an example of relational aggression.

A)Gossiping about
B)Excluding
C)Slapping
D)Ignoring

Question 35

The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:

A)homosexual.
B)intersexual.
C)transgender.
D)transsexual.

Question 36

Which is the poorest predictor of mathematics performance among children?

A)gender
B)mother's education
C)school effectiveness
D)home learning environment

Question 37

Gender differences in cognition have _____ over the past several decades.

A)remained constant
B)increased slightly
C)decreased
D)increased significantly

Question 38

Suppose that on a 1-10 scale, 1 is "nature" and 10 is "nurture." Based on the textbook's discussion, aggression should be placed at about:

A)1)
B)3)
C)5)
D)9)

Question 39

About _____% of individual differences in aggressive behavior can be attributed to genetic factors.

A)20
B)35
C)50
D)65

Question 40

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the terms "hermaphrodite" and "intersex"?

A)"Intersex" is a newer term replacing the older term "hermaphrodite."
B)"Hermaphrodite" is a newer term replacing the older term "intersex."
C)"Intersexuality" is one type of "hermaphroditism."
D)"Hermaphroditism" is one variety of "intersexuality."

Question 41

Which alternative correctly specifies the sex-chromosome pattern for either Klinefelter's syndrome or Turner's syndrome?

A)Klinefelter's syndrome - X
B)Turner's syndrome - XY
C)Klinefelter's syndrome - XXY
D)Turner's syndrome - XXY

Question 42

The term "gender _____" refers to the feeling or sense of being either male or female.

A)role
B)identity
C)schema
D)type

Question 43

Gender _____ is the process by which gender roles are acquired.

A)development
B)learning
C)typing
D)assimilation

Question 44

The term "gender _____" refers to the collection of actions, beliefs, and characteristics that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity.

A)role
B)identity
C)schema
D)type

Question 45

Young children show gender-specific toy preferences when they are as young as:

A)1 to 2 months.
B)3 to 8 months.
C)9 to 12 months.
D)1 to 2 years.

Question 46

Children demonstrate an understanding of gender role by the age of:

A)1 year.
B)18 months.
C)2 or 3 years.
D)4 or 5 years.

Question 47

The textbook states that " . . . infants as young as 6 months can learn to discriminate between male and female faces and voices." This finding:

A)rules out biological explanations of gender typing.
B)is consistent with biological explanations of gender typing.
C)suggests that biological explanations of gender typing may be incomplete.
D)rules out cultural explanations of gender typing.

Question 48

X is to XXY as _____ syndrome is to _____ syndrome.

A)androgen insensitivity; Klinefelter's
B)Turner's; androgen insensitivity
C)Klinefelter's; Turner's
D)Turner's; Klinefelter's

Question 49

The development of traits, interests, skills, attitudes, and behaviors that correspond to stereotypical masculine and feminine roles in called gender:

A)identification.
B)learning.
C)norming.
D)typing.

Question 50

A mental framework for organizing information about gender is called a gender:

A)schema.
B)type.
C)norm.
D)role.

Question 51

The textbook states that, "Research using eye-tracking technology reveals that baby girls spend more time looking at dolls . . . ." Looking time is a(n) _____ variable in this research.

A)control
B)dependent
C)independent
D)experimental

Question 52

Tessa is short. She is infertile and suffers from hypothyroidism. In addition, her cognitive and socioemotional functioning is somewhat impaired. Tessa's case exemplifies:

A)androgen insensitivity syndrome.
B)Turner's syndrome.
C)Klinefelter's syndrome.
D)5-alpha reductase deficiency.

Question 53

The mental guidelines that dictate how to be masculine or feminine are called gender:

A)identities.
B)types.
C)roles.
D)schemas.

Question 54

An androgynous individual:

A)is romantically attracted to individuals of the same sex.
B)seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender.
C)has a gender identity that does not match their birth gender.
D)exhibits behaviors associated with both genders.

Question 55

According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:

A)associating stimuli.
B)watching others.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)habituation and adaptation.

Question 56

Russell scolds his young son when he plays with his sister's dolls. In this example, Russell's young son may acquire a masculine gender role through:

A)operant conditioning.
B)latent learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)observational learning,

Question 57

During puberty, a boy with _____ may develop breasts. As an adult, he will be infertile and may have underdeveloped sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.

A)androgen insensitivity syndrome
B)Turner's syndrome
C)Klinefelter's syndrome
D)5-alpha reductase deficiency

Question 58

Gender schemas support children's ability to process information about gender. The concept of a schema reflects the legacy of the pioneering developmentalist:

A)Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Lev Vygotsky.
D)Erik Erikson.

Question 59

Gender-role stereotypes become apparent around the age of _____ years.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 60

Research has linked specific play behaviors to prenatal exposure to the hormone:

A)progesterone.
B)leptin.
C)testosterone.
D)estrogen.

Question 61

Which sequence correctly orders the phases of the human sexual response cycle, from first to last?

A)excitement > plateau > orgasm > resolution
B)excitement > plateau > resolution > orgasm
C)plateau > excitement > orgasm > resolution
D)plateau > resolution > excitement > orgasm

Question 62

People whose gender expression and identity do not typically match their natal gender are called:

A)transsexual.
B)transgender.
C)homosexual.
D)intersex.

Question 63

Derek has had an orgasm and is unable to have another one just yet. Emma, however, has not had an orgasm yet. Her heart rate and blood pressure are rising, but at a slowing rate. In addition, the muscles in her vagina are tightening. With respect to the human sexual response cycle, Derek is in the _____, while Emma is in the _____.

A)refractory period; excitement phase
B)refractory period; plateau phase
C)plateau phase; excitement phase
D)resolution phase; plateau phase

Question 64

The initial studies of the human sexual response cycle were conducted by:

A)Alfred Kinsey.
B)William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
C)Alfred Kinsey and William Masters.
D)Alfred Kinsey and Virginia Johnson.

Question 65

In the United States, the proportion of individuals who identify as transgender is:

A)around 0.2%.
B)about 1%.
C)between 1% and 2%.
D)almost 5%.

Question 66

Casey has always believed that he is a woman trapped in a man's body. He is undergoing hormone treatment and is considering sex reassignment surgery. Casey is BEST described as:

A)intersex.
B)transsexual.
C)homosexual.
D)transgender.

Question 67

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between transsexualism and transgenderism?

A)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
B)A transgender individual is generally also transsexual.
C)They are basically opposites.
D)A transsexual individual is generally also transgender.

Question 68

During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, men are unable to develop an erection for a while; this is the _____ period.

A)plateau
B)habituation
C)refractory
D)conversation

Question 69

Masters and Johnson began their human sexual response research in the:

A)1940s.
B)1950s.
C)1960s.
D)1970s.

Question 70

During which phase of the sexual response are males unable to have another orgasm?

A)plateau
B)excitement
C)orgasm
D)resolution

Question 71

In a study described in the textbook, male participants sniffed either women's tears or a saline solution. The men then rated the attractiveness of female faces and their own sexual excitement. Researchers also measured the men's testosterone levels and brain activity in regions associated with sexual arousal. Which is NOT a dependent variable in this study?

A)the men's testosterone levels
B)the self-ratings of sexual excitement
C)the facial attractiveness ratings
D)whether the men sniffed tears or a saline solution

Question 72

Which choice BEST describes the method used in Masters and Johnson's pioneering sexual response cycle research?

A)case study
B)survey research
C)naturalistic observation
D)laboratory research

Question 73

To study the sexual response of men and women in general, Masters and Johnson studied 312 men and 382 women. These participants are called a(n):

A)population.
B)experimental group.
C)control group.
D)sample.

Question 74

At times, Ezra is fiercely assertive; at other times, he can be extremely nurturing. Ezra exhibits:

A)homosexuality.
B)transgenderism.
C)androgyny.
D)transsexualism.

Question 75

Which phase of the sexual response cycle is correctly described?

A)plateau - a gratifying series of rapid muscular contractions
B)excitement - physical changes start becoming evident
C)orgasm - the body returns to a relaxed state
D)resolution - a short phase in which muscles continue to tense, breathing and heart rate increase, and blood fills in the genitals

Question 76

An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:

A)transsexual.
B)transgender.
C)homosexual.
D)intersex.

Question 77

In the first stage of the sexual response cycle, the penis becomes erect and the clitoris swells. This is the _____ phase.

A)plateau
B)resolution
C)excitement
D)orgasm

Question 78

Research using _____ reveals that during orgasm, men's brain activity is very _____ that among women.

A)EEG; different from
B)EEG; similar to
C)PET; different from
D)PET; similar to

Question 79

Researchers suggest that the adaptive value of crying may be to lower aggression. Recall the schools of thought dominating psychology in the discipline's early days. This explanation of crying would most likely have been offered by a psychologist representing:

A)structuralism.
B)functionalism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)behaviorism.

Question 80

An individual who displays behaviors associated with both genders is:

A)androgynous.
B)transgender.
C)homosexual.
D)transsexual.