Deck 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Question 1

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land.
protection from predators

A)tracheids and phloem
B)secondary compounds
C)cuticle
D)alternation of generations

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The following are all adaptations to life on land except

A)rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes.
B)cuticles.
C)tracheids.
D)reduced gametophyte generation.
E)seeds.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A number of characteristics are very similar between charophytes and members of the kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups?

A)alternation of generations
B)chloroplast structure
C)cell plate formation during cytokinesis
D)sperm cell structure
E)ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land.
transport of water, minerals, and nutrients

A)tracheids and phloem
B)secondary compounds
C)cuticle
D)alternation of generations

Question 5

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to

A)lignin.
B)cellulose.
C)secondary compounds.
D)sporopollenin.

Question 6

The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group?

A)green algae
B)red algae
C)charophytes
D)brown algae
E)angiosperms

Question 7

Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants?

A)sources of water
B)sperm transfer
C)desiccation
D)animal predation
E)absorbing enough light

Question 8

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

A)increase of the above-ground stem.
B)decreased absorption of mineral nutrients.
C)increased absorption of CO₂.
D)increased number of chloroplasts in roots.
E)effective lateral growth of the stem.

Question 9

Which of the following is a secondary compound of embryophytes?

A)adenosine triphosphate
B)alkaloids
C)GDP
D)chlorophyll a
E)chlorophyll b

Question 10

Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land.
protection from desiccation

A)tracheids and phloem
B)secondary compounds
C)cuticle
D)alternation of generations

Question 11

Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial?

A)the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period
B)the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period
C)the association of the roots of land plants with fungi
D)the rise of herbivory
E)the rise of wind pollination

Question 12

Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts?

A)bryophyte tissues
B)diploid tissues of charophytes
C)spore-producing tissues of all land plants
D)tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses
E)the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes

Question 13

The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except

A)sporopollenin.
B)lignin.
C)chlorophyll a.
D)cellulose.
E)chlorophyll b.

Question 14

A researcher wants to develop a test that will distinguish charophytes and land plants from green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay?

A)chlorophyll a photosynthetic pigment
B)carotenoids a class of accessory photosynthetic pigments
C)starch a food storage material
D)glycolate oxidase an peroxisomal enzyme that is associated with photorespiration
E)flavonoids a class of phenolic compounds that is often associated with chemical signaling

Question 15

Whereas the zygotes of charophytes may remain within maternal tissues during their initial development, one should not expect to observe

A)any nutrients from maternal tissues being used by the zygotes.
B)specialized placental transfer cells surrounding the zygotes.
C)the zygotes undergoing nuclear division.
D)mitochondria in the maternal tissues, or in the tissues of the zygotes.
E)the zygotes digested by enzymes from maternal lysosomes.

Question 16

Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green organism, would make it unlikely to be a charophyte?

A)phragmoplast
B)peroxisome
C)apical meristem
D)chlorophylls a and b
E)rosette cellulose-synthesizing complex

Question 17

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that

A)charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
B)plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
C)alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
D)land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations.
E)scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.

Question 18

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?

A)alternation of generations
B)sporopollenin
C)rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
D)flagellated sperm
E)embryos

Question 19

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

A)Viridiplantae
B)Plantae
C)Pterophyta
D)Bryophyta
E)Charophycea

Question 20

In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants?

A)unicellular green algae
B)cyanobacteria
C)charophytes
D)red algae
E)multicellular green algae

Question 21

Refer to the information below to answer the following questions. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Polytrichum mosses grew to a height of 2 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. Figure 29.2 below presents four graphs, which depict potential results of this experiment.
(A)


(C)


(B)


(D)


Figure 29.2

-Which of these potential results of applying a metabolic poison to the rhizoids of Polytrichum should interfere the least with the ability to draw valid conclusions from this experiment?

A)If, upon dying, the rhizoids leak nitrogenous compounds into the soil before final nitrogen content is measured.
B)If, upon dying, decomposition of the rhizoids introduces nitrogenous compounds to the soil before final nitrogen content is measured.
C)If the metabolic poison is hydrogen cyanide (HCN)or sodium azide (NaN3), and much of the poison remains in the soil.
D)If the metabolic poison acts against the mitochondria of the rhizoid cells.
E)If the metabolic poison absorbs nitrogen and strongly adheres to soil particles, acting as a sort of glue.

Question 22

Which of the following is a True statement about plant reproduction?

A)"Embryophytes" are small because they are in an early developmental stage.
B)Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.
C)Gametangia protect gametes from excess water.
D)Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another.
E)Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

Question 23

Plant spores are produced directly by

A)sporophytes.
B)gametes.
C)gametophytes.
D)gametangia.
E)seeds.

Question 24

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from smallest to largest. 1. antheridia
2) gametes
3) gametophytes
4 )gametangia

A)1, 4, 3, 2
B)3, 1, 2, 4
C)3, 4, 2, 1
D)3, 4, 1, 2
E)4, 3, 1, 2

Question 25

Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except

A)multicellularity.
B)specialized cells and tissues.
C)lignified vascular tissue.
D)walled spores in sporangia.
E)a reduced, dependent sporophyte.

Question 26

Why should one expect the soil's nitrogen not to be contained solely within the rhizoids of the Polytrichum mosses?

A)Rhizoids are associated with fungi that inhibit mineral transfer from soil to rhizoids.
B)Rhizoids are not absorptive structures.
C)Rhizoids consist of single, tubular cells or of filaments of cells.
D)Rhizoids lack direct attachment to the moss sporophytes.

Question 27

A fungal infection damages all peristomes, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result?

A)growth of the sporophyte
B)ability of sperm to locate eggs
C)growth of the protonema
D)lengthening of rhizoids
E)broadcast of spores

Question 28

Each of the following is a general characteristic of bryophytes except

A)a cellulose cell wall.
B)vascular tissue.
C)chlorophylls a and b.
D)being photosynthetic autotrophs.
E)being eukaryotic.

Question 29

Which of the following taxa includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plantlike organisms?

A)Embryophyta
B)Viridiplantae
C)Plantae
D)Charophyceae
E)Tracheophyta

Question 30

The following are all True about the life cycle of mosses except

A)external water is required for fertilization.
B)flagellated sperm are produced.
C)antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.
D)the gametophyte generation is dominant.
E)the growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

Question 31

Refer to the information below to answer the following questions. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Polytrichum mosses grew to a height of 2 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. Figure 29.2 below presents four graphs, which depict potential results of this experiment.

Figure 29.2
Which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time in Figure 29.2 most strongly supports the hypothesis that if rhizoids had helped stabilize the soil, then less erosion and less loss of nitrogen would occur?

Question 32

The 2-m height attainable by Polytrichum moss is at the upper end of the size range reached by mosses. What accounts for the relative tallness of Polytrichum?

A)the cuticle that is found along the ridges of "leaves"
B)"leaves" that are more than one-cell-layer thick
C)high humidity of surrounding air provides support against gravity
D)reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes allows gametophores to grow taller
E)the presence of conducting tissues in "stem"

Question 33

Which of the following statements is True of archegonia?

A)They are the sites where male gametes are produced.
B)They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.
C)They are the same as sporangia.
D)They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads.
E)They are asexual reproductive structures.

Question 34

Refer to the information below to answer the following questions. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Polytrichum mosses grew to a height of 2 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. Figure 29.2 below presents four graphs, which depict potential results of this experiment.

Figure 29.2
Which graph of soil nitrogen loss over time in Figure 29.2 most strongly supports the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen?

Question 35

Bryophytes may feature all of the following at some time during their existence except

A)microphylls.
B)rhizoids.
C)archegonia.
D)sporangia.
E)placental transfer cells.

Question 36

The following questions are based on the description and Figure 29.1 below, which is the same as Fig. 29.10 in the textbook.
Researchers tested nitrogen loss from soil where the moss Polytrichum was growing, to soil from which Polytrichum had been removed. The data are presented below.

Figure 29.1
A potential source of nitrogen in a sandy soil environment might be the bacterium, Rhizobium, which inhabits the root nodules of leguminous plants. Which of these statements is True, and should prevent Rhizobium or other root-inhabiting nitrogen-fixers from contributing nitrogen to the soil in this experiment?

A)Mosses have no roots.
B)Moss gametophytes lack stomata.
C)Mosses evolved before there were substantial amounts of nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere.
D)Among land plants, only legumes are known to establish symbiotic relationships with members of other kingdoms.

Question 37

The following questions are based on the description and Figure 29.1 below, which is the same as Fig. 29.10 in the textbook.
Researchers tested nitrogen loss from soil where the moss Polytrichum was growing, to soil from which Polytrichum had been removed. The data are presented below.

Figure 29.1
Loss of soil nitrogen via "gaseous emission" was found to be negligible. Rather, most loss of soil nitrogen was due to water erosion of the soil. Which of these hypotheses is least likely to account for the observed results?

A)If rhizoids had helped stabilize the soil, then less erosion and less loss of nitrogen would occur.
B)If protonemata had absorbed, and stored, nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion.
C)If the overlying mat of gametophores had slowed the entry of water into the soil, then it would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen.
D)If sporophyte stomata had absorbed nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion.

Question 38

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one- to two-cell-layers thick. Consequently, which of these is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?

A)cuticle
B)rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
C)stomata
D)peroxisomes
E)phenolics

Question 39

Refer to the information below to answer the following questions. Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Polytrichum mosses grew to a height of 2 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. Figure 29.2 below presents four graphs, which depict potential results of this experiment.
(A)


(C)


(B)


(D)


Figure 29.2

-If the actual results most closely resembled those in Figure 29.2(A), then a further question arising from these data is: "Do the Polytrichum rhizoids have to be alive in order to reduce soil nitrogen loss, or do dead rhizoids have the same effect? " Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to test this hypothesis:
1) Add metabolic poison to the soil of the experimental plot of mosses.
2) Apply water equally to the experimental and control plots.
3) Measure initial soil nitrogen contents of control and experimental plots.
4) Determine nitrogen loss from soil of control and experimental plots.
5) Establish two identical plots of Polytrichum mosses; one as a control, the other as the experimental treatment.

A)5 ? 1 ? 3 ? 2 ? 4
B)5 ? 2 ? 3 ? 1 ? 4
C)5 ? 3 ? 1 ? 2 ? 4
D)4 ? 5 ? 1 ? 3 ? 2
E)5 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 ? 4

Question 40

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?
1) embryo
2) gametes
3) sporophyte
4) protonema
5) gametophore

A)4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2
B)4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1
C)4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3
D)3 → 4 → 5 → 2 → 1
E)3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2

Question 41

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they weren't), which plant type(s)would have been suitable sources of logs?

A)whisk ferns and epiphytes
B)horsetails and bryophytes
C)lycophytes and bryophytes
D)ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
E)charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms

Question 42

Which of the following types of plants would not yet have been evolved in the forests that became coal deposits?

A)horsetails
B)lycophytes
C)pine trees
D)tree ferns
E)whisk ferns

Question 43

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

A)mosses.
B)charophytes.
C)ferns.
D)gymnosperms.
E)flowering plants.

Question 44

A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal

A)lignified vascular tissues.
B)cuticle.
C)gametangia.
D)that it is composed of only a single, long cell.
E)a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.

Question 45

If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it

A)belongs to a species that is homosporous.
B)must be diploid.
C)has lost the need for a sporophyte generation.
D)has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ.
E)is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.

Question 46

If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?

A)spores
B)seta
C)foot
D)sporangium
E)peristome

Question 47

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores
2) sporophylls
3) sporophytes
4) sporangia

A)2, 4, 3, 1
B)2, 3, 4, 1
C)3, 1, 4, 2
D)3, 4, 2, 1
E)3, 2, 4, 1

Question 48

Closer observation reveals that these small spheres are produced on tiny extensions of the stem, each of which helps compose the strobilus. These small, spore-producing extensions of the stem are called

A)scales
B)sporangia
C)sporophylls
D)gametangia

Question 49

In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?

A)fern
B)bryophyte
C)horsetail (Equisetum)
D)A and C
E)A, B, and C

Question 50

Bryophytes never formed forests (mats, yes, but not forests)because

A)they possess flagellated sperms.
B)not all are heterosporous.
C)they lack lignified vascular tissue.
D)they have no adaptations to prevent desiccation.
E)the sporophyte is too weak.

Question 51

This student has probably found a(n)

A)immature pine tree.
B)bryophyte sporophyte.
C)fern sporophyte.
D)horsetail gametophyte.
E)lycophyte sporophyte.

Question 52

This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the

A)ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
B)club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses.
C)mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
D)conifers.
E)charophytes.

Question 53

You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of these would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a True moss, or a club moss?

A)its color
B)its height
C)if seeds are present
D)if conducting tissues are present
E)the appearance of its spore-producing structures

Question 54

The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better adapted to land except

A)a dominant gametophyte.
B)vascular tissue.
C)a waxy cuticle.
D)stomata on leaves.
E)a branched sporophyte.

Question 55

Two, small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have

A)lower numbers of bacteria.
B)reduced rates of decomposition.
C)reduced oxygen content.
D)less-acidic water.

Question 56

A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle?

A)increased gamete production
B)increased spore production
C)increased potential for independence of the diploid stage from the haploid stage
D)increased fertilization rate
E)increased size of the diploid stage

Question 57

Among bryophytes, only the sporophytes of mosses and hornworts have stomata, whereas stomata are missing from liverwort sporophytes. If the common ancestor of all bryophytes had sporophytes that bore stomata, then which of these might account for their absence from liverwort sporophytes? If, in contrast to early mosses and hornworts, early liverwort sporophytes had

A)more-effective transport of glucose from gametophyte to sporophyte.
B)increased robustness (i.e., thicker, more massive tissues).
C)increased nutritional independence from the gametophyte.
D)decreased need to broadcast spores long distances.

Question 58

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following?

A)mosses
B)liverworts
C)hornworts
D)pterophytes
E)charophytes

Question 59

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in helping you correctly classify the plant?

A)whether it has True leaves or not
B)whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
C)whether or not it has seeds
D)its height
E)whether it has chlorophyll a or not

Question 60

Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres?

A)sporopollenins
B)phenolics
C)waxes
D)lignins
E)terpenes

Question 61

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

A)haploid sporophyte
B)haploid gametes
C)diploid gametes
D)haploid spores
E)diploid spores

Question 62

Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants?

A)mosses
B)liverworts
C)lycophytes
D)ferns
E)hornworts

Question 63

Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants?

A)the development of seeds
B)alternation of generations
C)dominance of the diploid generation
D)xylem and phloem
E)the addition of lignin to cell walls

Question 64

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

A)chlorophyll b
B)cellulose in cell walls
C)formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis
D)sexual reproduction
E)alternation of multicellular generations

Question 65

If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period?
1) a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sprophytes
2) a trend from sporangia borne on modified leaves (sporophylls)to sporangia borne on stalks (seta)
3) a trend from no True leaves, to microphylls, to megaphylls
4) a trend from soil-surface-hugging plants to "overtopping" plants
5) a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems

A)1 and 3
B)3, 4, and 5
C)1, 2, 4, and 5
D)1, 3, 4, and 5
E)2, 3, 4, and 5

Question 66

Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance?
1) charophytes
2) single-celled green algae
3) hornworts
4) plants with a dominant sporophyte

A)1 → 3 → 2 → 4
B)3 → 1 → 2 → 4
C)2 → 1 → 3 → 4
D)3 → 2 → 4 → 1
E)2 → 4 → 1 → 3

Question 67

Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-dominated life cycle?

A)moss
B)fern
C)liverwort
D)charophyte
E)hornwort

Question 68

Suppose a moss evolved an efficient conducting system that could transport water and other materials as far as a tree is tall. Four of the following five statements about "trees" of such a species are correct. Select the exception.

A)Fertilization would probably be more difficult.
B)Spore dispersal distances might increase but probably would not decrease.
C)Females could only produce one archegonium.
D)Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" might flop over.
E)Individuals could compete more effectively for access to light.

Question 69

Which of the following is True of seedless vascular plants?

A)Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties.
B)Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.
C)They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds.
D)The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
E)Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

Question 70

During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of these is a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it?

A)increased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of increasing levels of atmospheric CO₂
B)increased numbers of stomata, to maximize ability to absorb ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO₂
C)decreased numbers of stomata, to retain CO₂ produced by the chloroplasts
D)decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO₂

Question 71

Of the following list, flagellated (swimming)sperm are generally present in which groups?
1) Lycophyta
2) Bryophyta
3) Angiosperms
4) Chlorophyta
5) Pterophyta

A)1, 2, 3
B)1, 2, 4, 5
C)1, 3, 4, 5
D)2, 3, 5
E)2, 3, 4, 5

Question 72

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?

A)similar sperm structure
B)similarities in chloroplast shape
C)similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
D)genetic similarities in chloroplasts
E)similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose

Question 73

Identify each of the following structures as haploid or diploid:

A)sporophyte
B)spore
C)gametophyte
D)zygote
E)sperm

Question 74

Which of these should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants?

A)early angiosperms
B)early bryophytes
C)early gymnosperms
D)early lycophytes
E)early pterophytes