Deck 41: Animal Nutrition

Question 1

To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place?

A)ingestion
B)digestion
C)hydrolysis
D)absorption
E)elimination

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An animal that migrates great distances would obtain the greatest benefit from storing its energy as

A)proteins.
B)minerals.
C)carbohydrates.
D)amino acids.
E)fats.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources?

A)fat in adipose tissue
B)glucose in the blood
C)protein in muscle cells
D)glycogen in muscle cells
E)calcium phosphate in bone

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following minerals is associated with its use in animals?

A)calcium-construction and maintenance of bone
B)magnesium-cofactor in enzymes that make ATP
C)iron-necessary for thyroid function
D)sulfur-ingredient of nucleic acids
E)iodine-important in nerve function

Question 5

Animals require certain amino acids in their diet. An amino acid that is referred to as nonessential would be best described as one that

A)can be made by the animal's body from other substances.
B)is not used by the animal in biosynthesis.
C)must be ingested in the diet.
D)is less important than an essential amino acid.
E)is not found in many proteins.

Question 6

Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.
Dietary Supplement % DV

$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Dietary Supplement } & \% \text { DV } \\\text { Vitamin A } & 70 \\\text { Vitamin C } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin D } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin E } & 150 \\\text { Vitamin K } & 13 \\\text { Vitamin B1 } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B2 } & 100 \\\text { Folic acid } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B12 } & 417 \\\text { Calcium } & 20 \\\text { Phosphorus } & 5 \\\text { Iodine } & 100 \\\text { Magnesium } & 25 \\\text { Zinc } & 100 \\\text { Copper } & 100 \\\text { Chromium } & 125 \\\text { Molybdenum } & 100 \\\text { Iron } & 0 \\\text { Etc. } &\end{array}$

-With which of the following is excessive iron absorption most likely to be associated?

A)blood loss due to severe injury
B)liver abnormality that results in decreased number of red blood cells
C)various forms of inherited or acquired anemia
D)genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis
E)menstruation and menopause

Question 7

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because

A)only those animals use the nutrients.
B)they are subunits of important polymers.
C)they cannot be manufactured by the organism.
D)they are necessary coenzymes.
E)only some foods contain them.

Question 8

If the digestive systems of animals are to provide the energy needed for ATP and biosynthesis, which of the following diets would be most suitable?

A)a high protein, low carbohydrate diet
B)a diet low in lipids and high in protein
C)a low-calorie diet with large intake of fluids, especially water
D)a diet that matches the "food pyramid" for the species
E)a diet that maximizes vitamins and minerals

Question 9

Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.
Dietary Supplement % DV

$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Dietary Supplement } & \% \text { DV } \\\text { Vitamin A } & 70 \\\text { Vitamin C } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin D } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin E } & 150 \\\text { Vitamin K } & 13 \\\text { Vitamin B1 } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B2 } & 100 \\\text { Folic acid } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B12 } & 417 \\\text { Calcium } & 20 \\\text { Phosphorus } & 5 \\\text { Iodine } & 100 \\\text { Magnesium } & 25 \\\text { Zinc } & 100 \\\text { Copper } & 100 \\\text { Chromium } & 125 \\\text { Molybdenum } & 100 \\\text { Iron } & 0 \\\text { Etc. } &\end{array}$

-Some of the vitamins and minerals in this supplement are found at less than 100%. Which is the most likely explanation?

A)It would be too expensive to add more.
B)These vitamins and minerals are easily obtained in other food sources.
C)It is too easy to overdose on minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and calcium.
D)It is dangerous to overdose on vitamins such as A and K.
E)These supplements are meant for those who have been deprived of healthy foods.

Question 10

Foods eaten by animals are most often composed largely of macromolecules. This requires the animals to have methods for which of the following?

A)elimination
B)dehydration synthesis
C)enzymatic hydrolysis
D)regurgitation
E)demineralization

Question 11

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin B12
C)vitamin C
D)iodine
E)calcium

Question 12

During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do these two processes have in common?

A)They are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B)Both occur intracellularly in most organisms.
C)They involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis).
D)Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower the pH.
E)Each requires ATP as an energy source.

Question 13

Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.
Dietary Supplement % DV

$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Dietary Supplement } & \% \text { DV } \\\text { Vitamin A } & 70 \\\text { Vitamin C } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin D } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin E } & 150 \\\text { Vitamin K } & 13 \\\text { Vitamin B1 } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B2 } & 100 \\\text { Folic acid } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B12 } & 417 \\\text { Calcium } & 20 \\\text { Phosphorus } & 5 \\\text { Iodine } & 100 \\\text { Magnesium } & 25 \\\text { Zinc } & 100 \\\text { Copper } & 100 \\\text { Chromium } & 125 \\\text { Molybdenum } & 100 \\\text { Iron } & 0 \\\text { Etc. } &\end{array}$

-After careful examination of the table, which of the following groups would you expect to benefit most from this supplement?

A)pregnant women
B)senior citizens
C)infants
D)the immunosuppressed
E)women of menstruating ages

Question 14

Which of the following describes peristalsis in the digestive system?

A)a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine
B)voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
C)the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel
D)a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration
E)smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Question 15

Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity?

A)Extracellular digestion is not needed.
B)Specialized regions are possible.
C)Digestive enzymes can be more specific.
D)Extensive branching is possible.
E)Intracellular digestion is easier.

Question 16

Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated with its use?

A)vitamin C curing rickets
B)vitamin A incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye
C)vitamin D calcium removal from bone
D)vitamin E protection of skin from cancer
E)vitamin K production of white blood cells

Question 17

Use the following table of the contents of a multivitamin supplement and its % of recommended daily values (DV) to answer the following questions.
Dietary Supplement % DV

$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Dietary Supplement } & \% \text { DV } \\\text { Vitamin A } & 70 \\\text { Vitamin C } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin D } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin E } & 150 \\\text { Vitamin K } & 13 \\\text { Vitamin B1 } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B2 } & 100 \\\text { Folic acid } & 100 \\\text { Vitamin B12 } & 417 \\\text { Calcium } & 20 \\\text { Phosphorus } & 5 \\\text { Iodine } & 100 \\\text { Magnesium } & 25 \\\text { Zinc } & 100 \\\text { Copper } & 100 \\\text { Chromium } & 125 \\\text { Molybdenum } & 100 \\\text { Iron } & 0 \\\text { Etc. } &\end{array}$

-Folic acid supplements have become especially important for pregnant women. Why?

A)Folic acid supplies vitamins that pregnant women lose.
B)The folic acid stored by pregnant women is removed from their circulation.
C)The fetus makes high levels of folic acid.
D)Folic acid deprivation is associated with neural tube abnormalities in a fetus.
E)Folic acid deprivation is a cause of heart abnormalities in a newborn.

Question 18

Increasing the surface area directly facilitates which of the following digestive processes?

A)hydrolysis
B)absorption
C)elimination
D)A and B only
E)A, B, and C

Question 19

Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum?

A)Mollusca large intestine
B)Arthropoda stomach
C)Annelida complete alimentary canal
D)Cnidaria gastrovascular cavity
E)Chordata liver

Question 20

Intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by which process?

A)hydrolysis
B)endocytosis
C)absorption
D)elimination
E)secretion

Question 21

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Which of the following would probably contribute to constipation? A substance that

A)contains plenty of fiber.
B)promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.
C)speeds up movement of material in the large intestine.
D)decreases water reabsorption in the large intestine.
E)stimulates peristalsis.

Question 22

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Where does the digestion of fats mostly occur?

A)3 only
B)4 only
C)1 and 4
D)3 and 4
E)1, 3, and 4

Question 23

Numerous adult humans are currently treated for reflux disorders. However, at an earlier time in medical history these same individuals probably would have been diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Which of the following has most contributed to correct diagnosis of this problem?

A)better pH monitoring
B)improvements in X-ray technology
C)ability to diagnose and treat H. pylori infection
D)ability to perform colonoscopy
E)ability to perform sonography

Question 24

Which of the following statements is True of mammals?

A)All foods begin their enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
B)After leaving the oral cavity, the bolus enters the larynx.
C)The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
D)Enzyme production continues in the esophagus.
E)The trachea leads to the esophagus and then to the stomach.

Question 25

What is the substrate of salivary amylase?

A)protein
B)starch
C)sucrose
D)glucose
E)maltose

Question 26

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)8
E)9

Question 27

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)7
E)8

Question 28

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most?

A)abdominal artery
B)coronary arteries
C)pulmonary veins
D)hepatic portal vessel
E)hepatic vein, which drains the liver

Question 29

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Which of the following glandular secretions involved in digestion would be most likely released initially as inactive precursors?

A)protein-digesting enzymes
B)fat-solubilizing bile salts
C)acid-neutralizing bicarbonate
D)carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
E)hormones such as gastrin

Question 30

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Which of the following is a nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood?

A)sucrose
B)maltose
C)fatty acid
D)dipeptide
E)trinucleotide

Question 31

What part(s)of the digestive system have secretions with a pH of 2?

A)small intestine
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)liver
E)mouth

Question 32

Which of the following statements describes pepsin?

A)It is manufactured by the pancreas.
B)It helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
C)It splits maltose into monosaccharides.
D)It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
E)It is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH.

Question 33

Which of the following is True of bile salts?

A)They are enzymes.
B)They are manufactured by the pancreas.
C)They emulsify fats in the duodenum.
D)They increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
E)They are normally an ingredient of gastric juice.

Question 34

Most nutrients absorbed into the lymph or bloodstream are in which form?

A)disaccharides
B)polymers
C)monomers
D)enzymes
E)peptides

Question 35

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?

A)Processing of fat does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does.
B)Fat absorption occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine.
C)Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not.
D)Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
E)Only fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed.

Question 36

Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum?

A)amylase
B)pepsin
C)lipase
D)trypsin
E)sucrase

Question 37

Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect for an individual?

A)not to be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
B)not to be able to initiate mechanical digestion in the stomach
C)only to be able to digest fat in the stomach
D)not to be able to produce pepsinogen
E)not to be able to initiate digestion in the small intestine.

Question 38

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur?

A)3 only
B)4 only
C)1 and 4
D)3 and 4
E)1, 3, and 4

Question 39

The following questions refer to the digestive system structures in Figure 41.1.

Figure 41.1
Adult lampreys attach onto large fish and feed regularly on their body fluids. Given this continuous supply of food, which one of the following is most likely missing in lampreys?

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)intestine
D)stomach
E)gallbladder

Question 40

After ingestion, the first type of macromolecule to be worked on by enzymes in the human digestive system is

A)protein.
B)carbohydrate.
C)cholesterol
D)nucleic acid.
E)glucose.

Question 41

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
Obesity in humans is most likely to contribute to which of the following?

A)type I diabetes and prostate cancer
B)type I diabetes and breast cancer
C)type II diabetes and muscle atrophy
D)type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease
E)type II diabetes and decreased insulin production

Question 42

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
When more energy sources are needed than are generated by diet, in which order does the animal draw on stored sources?

A)fat, glycogen, protein
B)glycogen, protein, fat
C)liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat
D)muscle glycogen, fat, liver glycogen
E)fat, protein, glycogen

Question 43

In general, herbivorous mammals have molars modified for

A)cutting.
B)ripping.
C)grinding.
D)splitting.
E)piercing.

Question 44

A hiatal hernia affects the function of the smooth muscle between the esophagus and the stomach. The hernia would be most likely to increase the frequency of which of the following?

A)gastric reflux
B)premature entry of food into the duodenum
C)excess secretion of pepsinogen
D)increased stomach pH
E)retention of food in the stomach

Question 45

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
Most obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety. Which might provide an answer to at least some human obesity if a means to do so is found?

A)supplementary leptin
B)inactivation of leptin
C)overexpression of the leptin receptor gene
D)activation of receptors for leptin
E)inhibition of leptin receptors

Question 46

Bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition, including that of humans. Which of the following is among their greatest benefits to us?

A)production of vitamins A and C
B)generation of gases needed for elimination
C)absorption of organic materials
D)production of biotin and vitamin K
E)recovery of water from fecal matter

Question 47

Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?

A)They are autotrophic.
B)Cattle, like the rabbit, reingest their feces.
C)They manufacture all 15 amino acids out of sugars in the liver.
D)Cattle saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose.
E)They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs.

Question 48

In which of the following would you expect to find an enlarged cecum?

A)rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
B)carnivorous animals
C)tubeworms that digest via symbionts
D)humans and other primates
E)tapeworms and other intestinal parasites

Question 49

Physical anthropologists locating the jaw bones of previously unknown vertebrate animal fossils are often able to assess the animal's diet especially because of clues from which of the following?

A)the position of muscle attachment sites
B)the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth
C)the size of the mouth opening
D)the evidence of food molecules still present
E)whether the mouth is the most anterior structure

Question 50

In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?

A)carnivores
B)herbivores
C)autotrophs
D)heterotrophs
E)omnivores

Question 51

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
PKU (phenylketonuria)is a hereditary condition in which infants and young children cannot ingest any more than tiny amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine without serious neurological results. This damage can be prevented by a severe restriction of phenylalanine in the diet. Which of the following is the nutritional concept that forms the basis for this preventive treatment?

A)enzymatic hydrolysis
B)essential nutrients
C)symbiosis
D)dehydration synthesis
E)structural anatomy of the brain

Question 52

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become

A)obese.
B)anorexic.
C)overnourished.
D)undernourished.
E)malnourished.

Question 53

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
Which of the following hormone actions will occur when more energy is required by a human?

A)Blood insulin increases.
B)Blood glucagon increases.
C)Both insulin and glucagon increase.
D)Both insulin and glucagon decrease.
E)Thyroid hormone is increased.

Question 54

Microbial symbionts are especially important for nutritional support in which of the following?

A)herbivores and carnivores
B)herbivores and omnivores
C)carnivores and omnivores
D)animals with large stomach and short intestines
E)animals without an esophagus

Question 55

Coprophagy allows some animals to re-eat fecal material in order to recover more nutrients. In which of these animals would such behavior be displayed?

A)ruminants such as cows
B)insects and arthropods
C)rabbits and their relatives
D)squirrels and some rodents
E)very large animals, e.g., elephants

Question 56

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
Leptin is a product of adipose cells. Therefore, a very obese mouse would be expected to have which of the following?

A)increased gene expression of ob and decreased expression of db
B)increased gene expression of db and decreased expression of ob
C)decreased transcription of both ob and db
D)mutation of ob or db

Question 57

Which of the following are adaptations to a carnivorous diet?

A)broad, flat molars
B)a rumen
C)ingestion of feces
D)bile salts
E)amylase

Question 58

The pH of the gastric juice of the stomach is about 2 due to the formation of HCl. Where does this formation of HCl occur?

A)in the chief cells of the stomach
B)in the parietal cells of the stomach
C)in the transformation of pepsinogen to pepsin
D)in the lumen of the stomach
E)in the secretions of the esophagus

Question 59

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Mouse mutations can affect an animal's appetite and eating habits. The ob gene produces a satiety factor (the hormone leptin). The db gene product is required to respond to the satiety factor (the leptin receptor).
Which of the following occurs when digestion of organic molecules results in more energy-rich molecules than are immediately required by the animal?

A)The excess is eliminated.
B)The excess is stored as starch.
C)The excess is stored as glycogen.
D)The excess is oxidized.
E)The excess is hydrolyzed.

Question 60

The pH of the stomach is low enough and the protease activity high enough that the cells of the stomach itself are at risk of self-digestion. This is prevented by which of the following?

A)a sufficient colony of H. pylori
B)mucus secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells
C)high level of secretion by chief cells
D)high level of secretion from parietal cells
E)secretions entering the stomach from the pancreas

Question 61

The symbiotic microbes that help nourish a ruminant live mainly in specialized regions of the

A)large intestine.
B)liver.
C)small intestine.
D)pharynx.
E)stomach.

Question 62

Which of the following enzymes works most effectively at a very low pH?

A)salivary amylase
B)trypsin
C)pepsin
D)pancreatic amylase
E)pancreatic lipase

Question 63

Make a flowchart of the events that occur after partially digested food leaves the stomach. Use the following terms: bicarbonate secretion, circulation, decrease in acid, secretin secretion, increase in acid, signal detection. Next to each term, indicate the compartment(s)involved. You may use a term more than once.

Question 64

If you were to jog a mile a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?

A)muscle proteins
B)muscle and liver glycogen
C)fat stored in the liver
D)fat stored in adipose tissue
E)blood proteins

Question 65

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?

A)stomach-protein digestion
B)oral cavity-starch digestion
C)large intestine-bile production
D)small intestine-nutrient absorption
E)pancreas-enzyme production

Question 66

The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the

A)large intestine.
B)stomach.
C)pharynx.
D)rectum.
E)epiglottis.

Question 67

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of

A)starch.
B)protein.
C)sugar.
D)fat.
E)water.

Question 68

Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism?

A)lion-substrate feeder
B)baleen whale-suspension feeder
C)aphid-fluid feeder
D)clam-suspension feeder
E)snake-bulk feeder