Deck 9: Regime Change

Question 1

The Turkish military long viewed itself as defender of

A)Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
B)secularism
C)Kemal Atatürk
D)Islam

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is the least common type of regime change?

A)revolution
B)military coup
C)democratization
D)election

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The most common outcome of revolution has been

A)democracy
B)prolonged instability
C)authoritarian rule
D)economic growth

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Right before the coup, Brazil's military was best described as

A)very institutionalized
B)not very institutionalized
C)quite disorganized
D)under the control of individuals with neopatrimonial interests

Question 5

Leaders of democracy movements who are willing to compromise with the authoritarian regime to gain partial democracy are called

A)softliners
B)hardliners
C)radicals
D)moderates

Question 6

Which explanation for coups believed that African militaries should be understood as riven by the same regional, ethnic, and personal divisions that characterize African politics in general.
a.institutions/political culture
b.neopatrimonialism
c.military self-interest
d.anarchy

Question 7

Which of the following explanations for the Brazilian military coup can be directly linked to the Brazilian military's National Security Doctrine?

A)Brazil could no longer advance economically so the military had to intervene.
B)The government was a direct threat to the autonomy of the military.
C)The Brazilian government was corrupt and so the military had to intervene to restore order.
D)The country as a whole did not value nonmilitary means of transferring power.

Question 8

Leaders of democracy movements who wish to achieve immediate and complete democracy and are unwilling to compromise with the existing regime are called

A)softliners
B)hardliners
C)radicals
D)moderates

Question 9

Democratic transition in Nigeria began with

A)international intervention
B)grassroots protests
C)elite change
D)economic disruptions

Question 10

The theoretical debate over why coups happened in Nigeria is best described as

A)societal vs.military
B)societal vs.personal
C)military vs.personal
D)North vs.South

Question 11

Recent research suggests that wealthier countries are

A)more likely to become democracies
B)more likely to maintain democracies once established
C)less likely to maintain democracies
D)are more in need of democratization

Question 12

Which of the following arguments is the WEAKEST in explaining why the American military has not rebelled and taken over the government?

A)The US Constitution prevents the military from doing so.
B)Political socialization prevents the military from doing so.
C)Elections help maintain the legitimacy of the regime in the eyes of the military.
D)The US military isn't strong enough.

Question 13

Some scholars argue that military coups in the 1960s and 1970s in Africa happened in states that experienced a ______ as a result of decolonization.

A)economic crisis
B)clientelist crisis
C)demographic crisis
D)democratic crisis

Question 14

Presidential guards, who are often well-equipped and well-paid guards from the same ethnic group or regions, are tasked with

A)keeping the peace
B)addressing slander against the president
C)protecting the president from his own army.
D)serving as the president's aids

Question 15

Military coups usually happen

A)when the regime increases the pay and equipment of the military
B)when all efforts to create a private guard for the regime fail
C)when the military allies with peasants against the bourgeoisie
D)when all efforts to keep the military loyal to the regime fail

Question 16

Political parties in Nigeria are based largely on

A)symbols
B)ideology
C)support of wealthy patrons
D)foreign donors

Question 17

A military removal of a regime is known as

A)a coup d'état
B)a revolution
C)democratization
D)resignation

Question 18

Which country leads the world in coup attempts?

A)Iraq
B)Sudan
C)Algerian
D)Ghana

Question 19

Coups d'état are usually carried out by

A)the bourgeoisie
B)the peasants
C)the revolutionaries
D)the military

Question 20

When a military forcibly removes the existing regime and establishes a new one, this is referred to as

A)coup d'etat
B)militia uprising
C)revolution
D)civil war

Question 21

In terms of democratic consolidation, the "two-turnover" test refers to

A)One party must win the founding election, and then a different party must win a later election.
B)Two elections must be held successfully.
C)At least two parties must run for office.
D)One leader must be head of state, then transfer power to another leader who will replace them as head of state.

Question 22

Democratic consolidation helps us to understand and address

A)how elections work
B)democratic transition
C)stability in democracy
D)why people vote

Question 23

In 2016, according to Freedom House data, the number of countries that became less free was

A)the same as the number that become more free
B)slightly less than the number that become more free
C)less than the number that became more free
D)greater than the number that became more free

Question 24

The most common form of regime change is

A)revolution from below
B)revolution from above
C)military coup
D)democratization

Question 25

What is the distinction between a military coup and a revolution?

A)Revolutions do not change the regime or the government, only the civil society.
B)Military coups merely change the regime while revolutions also change the social order.
C)Revolutions change the regime and military coups change the social order.
D)Revolutions cause drastic changes and military coups have little or no effect on society.

Question 26

One of the direct consequences of the 2016 attempted coup in Turkey was

A)suspension of parliament
B)discharge of nearly 2,000 military personnel
C)the overthrow of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
D)expansion of civil and democratic rights in Turkey

Question 27

The ideal model of democratization includes a pact and

A)founding election
B)rule of law
C)succession plan
D)truce

Question 28

Transition theorists look for evidence of democratic consolidation because they fear

A)corruption
B)failure
C)democratic breakdown
D)democratic consolidation

Question 29

Which theory of democratization focuses on economic structures as the most important element?

A)consolidation theory
B)civic culture theory
C)modernization theory
D)transitology theory

Question 30

In the debate over whether the American Revolution was really a revolution, whether there was ______ is in dispute.

A)fundamental social change
B)political change
C)sufficient mass involvement
D)a political aim of the revolution that was satisfied

Question 31

According to some theories, in order to have a successful transition to democracy both ______ need to have the upper hand.

A)softliners and hardliners
B)hardliners and radicals
C)radical and moderates
D)softliners and moderates

Question 32

After a revolution, the state must recreate

A)the state's currency
B)the state's social cleavages
C)the state's infrastructure
D)the state's monopoly on the use of force

Question 33

Military rule in Nigeria undermined the country's political institutions more than Brazil's military rule because Brazil's military

A)has a stronger vision
B)was more institutionalized
C)was more corrupt
D)did not rule for long

Question 34

Skocpol argued that all major revolutions that were caused by the weakness of the ancient regime ultimately led to

A)weaker states
B)industrialized states
C)stronger states
D)democratic states

Question 35

According to Samuel Huntington's "two-turnover test", which country is not considered a consolidated democracy?

A)South Africa
B)Ghana
C)Mexico
D)Japan

Question 36

The movement that overthrew dictator Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines was known as

A)Filipino Power
B)People Power
C)Polynesian Power
D)Populist Power

Question 37

Democratic consolidation must result in

A)a strong civil society
B)consolidated political parties
C)the widespread acceptance of the rules of the game by elites
D)turnover of government

Question 38

A coup carried out primarily in the interest of the military as an institution is likely to

A)result in a shift of governmental resources toward military spending
B)result in a transition to democracy
C)result in a more personalist regime
D)result in a relative stable and legitimate regime

Question 39

Political revolutions in which popular uprisings overwhelm a dictator are

A)frequent
B)rare
C)common place
D)intermittent

Question 40

Yeltsin's relationship to political parties was that he

A)founded his own party
B)refused to join a party
C)tried to outlaw parties
D)quit his party when it opposed his initiatives

Question 41

Democratic consolidation is best defined as the opening of the political system to greater participation.

Question 42

What are the main arguments that explain military coups?

Question 43

When the leadership of an authoritarian regime splits, the softliners are people who are willing to consider compromising with opponents as a means to survive the crisis.

Question 44

List and describe three processes through which regimes change.

Question 45

The two-turnover test is met when the first democratic election in many years (or ever) marks the completion of a transition to democracy.

Question 46

Revolutions in Ukraine and Georgia are good examples of color revolutions.

Question 47

Radicals are known as leaders of democracy movements who are willing to compromise with the authoritarian regime to make some gains toward democracy, even if partial

Question 48

Describe two facets that MUST be involved in a revolution?

Question 49

Twelve northern states in Nigeria have implemented sharia, setting off confrontations with Christian minorities.

Question 50

Democratization is the idea that democracy has become widely accepted as the permanent form of political activity in a particular country, and all significant political elites and their followers accept democratic rules and are confident everyone else does as well.

Question 51

Modernization theory argues that

A)democracies arise only in countries with reasonably wealthy economies and a large middle class that is educated and has its basic needs securely met
B)democracy can thrive only in countries that have democratic political cultures in which citizens value participation but are willing to defer to elected leaders enough to let them govern
C)democracies arise in countries with reasonably wealthy economies
D)democracies arise only in countries with a large middle class that is educated

Question 52

A social revolution includes not only political change but also social change.

Question 53

What factors determine whether or not a revolution will be successful?

Question 54

Leaders of an authoritarian regime who are willing to compromise with regime opponents in order to survive are called

A)softliners
B)hardliners
C)radicals
D)moderates

Question 55

When the leadership of an authoritarian regime splits, the hardliners are people who support repressing any opposition and preserving the status quo.

Question 56

Moderates are known as members of civil society who wish to achieve immediate and complete democracy and are unwilling to compromise with the existing regime.

Question 57

A conscious agreement among the most important political actors in the regime and civil society to establish a new form of government is referred to as a pact

Question 58

The new wealthy owners of private capital in Russia are called oligarchs

Question 59

Name and describe two ideological bases of revolutions.

Question 60

The third wave of democratization undermined which assumption about democratization?

Question 61

According to Singh (2014), what are some reasons why coups succeed? How did this play out/not play out in the Turkish coup attempt in 2016?

Question 62

List one way in which the Brazilian military coup differs from the Nigerian military coup.

Question 63

Why is it fair to state that even though not all revolutions are violent, they all involve extra-legal political activity?

Question 64

What does the comparison of military coups in Brazil and Nigeria teach us about the utility of the theories of why coups occur? Is one particular theory more convincing than the others in explaining coups in both countries? If not, why not?

Question 65

What are the key problems in Russia's transition to democracy that ultimately produced an electoral authoritarian regime?

Question 66

Name and describe the two components of a successful transition to democracy.

Question 67

Scholars have provided three major sets of explanations to military coups (1) institutions/political culture; (2) military self-interest; (3) neopatrimonial explanations.Choose one of these three approaches and explain it in detail, illustrating your answer with examples.

Question 68

Describe one case of democratization.Remember to describe in detail the transition, consolidation, quality of the new regime, and freedom status of the country.

Question 69

According to scholars, what are the factors that can cause a revolution?

Question 70

Explain why it is questionable that the American Revolution was actually a "revolution."

Question 71

Does Mexico suggest that modernization theory or the "transition paradigm" is correct in terms of where and when democratization is likely to occur? Why or why not?

Question 72

List at least two facts about revolutions.

Question 73

What effects do weak institutions have on the democratization process? Are the effects similar in all countries? Use case study examples to illustrate your points.

Question 74

How can a civilian regime ensure that the military remains loyal?

Question 75

What are some political circumstances that face postrevolutionary governments?