Deck 1: What Is Psychology

Question 1

Carla has been called in to consult with a teacher who has a first-grader recently diagnosed with autism. Carla is most likely which type of psychologist?

A)Clinical
B)Counseling
C)Educational
D)School

Answer 1

School

Question 2

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?

A)Experimental
B)Organizational
C)Consumer
D)Human factors

Answer 2

Experimental

Question 3

The __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

A)clinical
B)health
C)counseling
D)forensic

Answer 3

health

Question 4

Dr. Grote is interested in assessing the driving reaction times of the elderly for the purpose of driving improvement classes. He is doing what type of research?

A)Pure
B)Applied
C)Clinical
D)Experimental

Question 5

The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

A)prediction and control.
B)practice and theory.
C)research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.
D)application and explanation.

Question 6

The results of ________ research in the study of the perceptual development of infants and lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.

A)pure
B)basic
C)controlled
D)action

Question 7

__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.

A)Community
B)Personality
C)Forensic
D)Social

Question 8

According to the text's author, theories that do not help in predicting or explaining behavior should be

A)revised or replaced.
B)discarded.
C)ignored.
D)considered.

Question 9

Dr. Schwiesow supervises beginning school psychology students as they complete their first semester of a practicum class. Dr. Schwiesow is most likely involved in the ________ of psychology.

A)pure research
B)practice
C)teaching
D)applied

Question 10

Dr. James has just completed a study examining the effects of aggressive television programs on preschoolers. She is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A)developmental
B)counseling
C)social
D)school

Question 11

________ are psychologists who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders

A)Clinical psychologists
B)Psychotherapists
C)School psychologists
D)Psychiatrists

Question 12

Doug has just been laid off after 25 years as a civil engineer. He is now consulting with a psychologist to deal with the emotional ramifications of losing his job. Which type of psychologist is he most likely seeing?

A)Clinical
B)Educational
C)Industrial organizational
D)Counseling psychologist

Question 13

According the American Psychologist Association, the largest subgroup of PhD-level psychologists are

A)clinical psychologists.
B)psychotherapists.
C)school psychologists.
D)psychiatrists.

Question 14

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

A)The study of behavior and mental processes.
B)The study of why people behave in abnormal and unique ways.
C)The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
D)The study of how the mind works.

Question 15

A school psychologist who advises teachers on how to establish classroom discipline is applying which of the following goals of psychology?

A)Prediction
B)Control
C)Explanation
D)Description

Question 16

A satisfactory theory of mental illness should allow psychologists to predict

A)the types of individuals who are at risk for developing this problem.
B)what type of treatment would be useful in treating a specific mental illness.
C)what type of behaviors related to a mental illness might be dangerous.
D)all of these answers are true

Question 17

Cody's ACT score suggests he will do well in a particular university. Which goal of psychology does this represent?

A)Prediction
B)Control
C)Explanation
D)Description

Question 18

Which of the following is not true of psychological theories?

A)Theories make assumptions about behavior.
B)Theories explain behavior and mental processes.
C)Predictions are derived from theories.
D)Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.

Question 19

Dr. Smith is interested in determining the effects of excessive alcohol use on learning in a classroom setting. This type of research is

A)pure.
B)applied.
C)natural.
D)situational.

Question 20

Dr. Huss is contracted to work with the FBI to determine the characteristics of an individual who might be likely to commit acts of terrorism. Dr. Huss is most likely which type of psychologist?

A)Investigative
B)Clinical
C)Forensic
D)Police

Question 21

The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is

A)psychoanalysis.
B)humanism-existentialism.
C)functionalism.
D)gestalt psychology.

Question 22

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.

A)more intelligent
B)better adapted to the environment
C)more conscious of their surroundings
D)better at problem-solving

Question 23

__________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

A)Cognitively
B)Developmentally
C)Behaviorally
D)Biologically

Question 24

Structuralism defined experience in terms of

A)behavioral tendencies and habits.
B)the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.
C)the functions of consciousness.
D)sensations, feelings, and mental images.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

A)The mind is composed of discrete elements.
B)Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
C)The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
D)Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

Question 26

The humanistic-existential perspective unites __________ and __________ as central principles to its approach.

A)brain; behavior
B)self-fulfillment; free choice
C)mental processes; consciousness
D)culture; values

Question 27

Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in that it is also a method of

A)scientific inquiry.
B)introspection.
C)self-knowledge.
D)psychotherapy.

Question 28

True to the theory of structuralism, ________ documented his experiences during a serious illness he thought would lead to his death.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)William James
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Erik Erikson

Question 29

Watson and Skinner had one objective in common

A)treatment of disorders.
B)acquisition of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.
C)use of mental imagery.
D)discovery of unconscious conflicts.

Question 30

Lisa, while contemplating her fourth failed relationship, concludes that maybe all men aren't jerks but that she makes poor decisions. Gestalt psychologists would call this

A)insight.
B)introspection.
C)oversight.
D)perceptual congruity.

Question 31

The early roots of psychology can be traced to

A)Greek philosophers.
B)Roman generals.
C)German scientists.
D)American medical doctors.

Question 32

A psychologist with a cognitive perspective would be interested in all except which of the following?

A)An adolescent's ability to plan for the future
B)A preschooler's use of language
C)The development of biases
D)The cause of a specific phobia

Question 33

Cathy was a very successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?

A)Psychodynamic
B)Social-cognitive
C)Humanistic-existential
D)Developmental

Question 34

________ are acts that at first require one's full attention but over time become automatic.

A)Stream of consciousness
B)Habits
C)Measurable behavior
D)Sensations

Question 35

"Survival of the fittest" would most likely be studied by which of the following types of psychologists?

A)Humanist
B)Behaviorist
C)Structuralist
D)Evolutionist

Question 36

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying

A)animal learning and motivation.
B)human thinking and memory.
C)genetic and hormonal effects on behavior.
D)introspection and behavioral disorders.

Question 37

In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)psychodynamic
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 38

One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is

A)unconscious behavior.
B)both focus on real-world situations.
C)introspection.
D)observable behavior.

Question 39

Peter taught his dog to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response, Peter would pet the dog and give it a treat. From Skinner's perspective, the treat would be considered a

A)bribe.
B)stimulus.
C)reinforcer.
D)control.

Question 40

"Wholes are more than the sums of their parts" was the view of which of the following schools of psychology?

A)Behaviorism
B)Functionalism
C)Structuralism
D)Gestalt

Question 41

The idea that we are free to choose what direction we go is a central idea of which of the following perspectives?

A)Existentialism
B)Gestalt
C)Behaviorism
D)Functionalism

Question 42

Which Asian-American psychologist has studied the influence of discrimination on intelligence and achievement in Asian-American children?

A)Stanley Sue
B)Richard Suinn
C)Martha Bernal
D)Tony Strickland

Question 43

Which of the following is a not goal of critical thinking?

A)Inquire about causes and effects.
B)Examine the definitions of terms.
C)Be knowledgeable of research methods.
D)Be curious about behavior.

Question 44

Up until the 20ᵗʰ century, the majority of psychologists were

A)European men.
B)rich men.
C)privileged women.
D)medical doctors

Question 45

Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish simultaneously or sequentially impedes or enhances intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)gestalt
D)sociocultural

Question 46

Which of the following is not a principle of critical thinking?

A)Be skeptical.
B)Examine the definitions of terms.
C)Examine the assumptions of premises.
D)Consider the credentials of the authority.

Question 47

________________ are considered two famous neoanalysts.

A)Karen Horney and Sigmund Freud
B)Karen Horney and Erik Erikson
C)Erik Erikson and Freud
D)Erik Erikson and Watson

Question 48

All of the following statements are true regarding women in psychology except

A)women receive the majority of undergraduate psychology degrees.
B)women earn the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology.
C)younger women with doctorates in psychology make up the majority of the workforce in psychology-related jobs.
D)more experienced women with doctorates in psychology are likely to be underemployed.

Question 49

His research on the negative effects of school segregation on African-American children was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the "separate but equal" school doctrine in 1954.

A)Glibert Havens Jones
B)Kenneth B. Clark
C)Martin Luther King, Jr.
D)J. Henry Alston

Question 50

The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.

A)sociocultural
B)humanistic-existential
C)psychoanalytic
D)social-cognitive

Question 51

The first female president of the American Psychological Association was

A)Mary Ainesworth.
B)Elizabeth Loftus.
C)Karen Horney.
D)Mary Whiton Calkins.

Question 52

Amy listened to the salesperson describe the qualities of a well-known sport utility vehicle that she was considering buying. She asked about the gas mileage, road stability, and frequency of repairs. The salesperson assured her that this model had the best record in its class on all of the variables. She checked the salesperson's answers against the ratings in a consumer's guide and brought the discrepancies to his attention. We can say that Amy is

A)feisty.
B)skeptical.
C)argumentative.
D)a know-it-all.

Question 53

Dr. Lee is reading up on medication to use to treat one of her Asian patients who was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. Based on the research by Tony Strickland, she may want to consider which of the following factors when deciding type and dose of medication to treat this patient?

A)Age
B)Gender
C)Ethnicity
D)Weight

Question 54

Membership of a(n) ________ are united by their cultural heritage, race, language, and common history.

A)cultural group
B)ethnic group
C)racial group
D)nationality

Question 55

________ refers to masculinity and femininity as defined by a particular culture.

A)Sexual orientation
B)Stereotypes
C)Gender
D)Sexual behavior

Question 56

Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy around females?

A)Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.
B)Condition positive emotional responses to women.
C)Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women.
D)Prescribe that he take anti-anxiety medication before going out with a woman.

Question 57

Angela's psychology instructor tells her students that her goal is to have all of them become critical thinkers. These goals may include all except which of the following?

A)Be curious about behavior.
B)Learn about research methods.
C)Learn to analyze arguments critically.
D)Consider the credentials of the authority.

Question 58

The reasons most psychologists before the 20ᵗʰ century were European men was due to the fact that women and people of color were

A)excluded from most universities.
B)not smart enough to be psychologists
C)poor.
D)not prepared for higher learning.

Question 59

________ refers to the concept that African Americans may sabotage their performance on intelligence tests based on expectations of bias.

A)Stereotype threat
B)Discrimination threat
C)IQ bias
D)Cultural biases

Question 60

"Neoanalysts" differ from original followers of Sigmund Freud because they focus more on

A)unconscious sexual behavior.
B)conscious choice and self direction.
C)insight.
D)observable behavior.

Question 61

A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.

A)sample
B)group
C)team
D)all of these

Question 62

A disadvantage of survey research is __________. For example, people tend to overrate behaviors like church attendance and proper hygiene.

A)inaccurate self-report
B)too much detail
C)that people are too honest
D)too few survey companies

Question 63

When an individual questions the claims of a particular mouthwash to "brighten your smile" in three days or less, they are engaging in

A)skepticism.
B)examining the accuracy of these claims.
C)examining reality.
D)considering the credentials of the authority.

Question 64

If a doctor concludes from evidence that having yearly physical exams helps people stay healthy but has not considered the risk of a selection factor bias, the doctor may ignore the possibility that

A)healthy people may schedule exams more often than others.
B)some people have better genes than others.
C)people who are sick often go to the doctor.
D)hypochondriacs do the same thing.

Question 65

If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.

A)replicate
B)speculate
C)generalize
D)sample

Question 66

An advantage of survey research is that

A)it is less subject to volunteer bias.
B)it allows you to get in-depth information.
C)it allows you to have a large sample size.
D)it allows you to work in a lab.

Question 67

One of the main reasons that the scientific method must be a precise step-by-step procedure is for the purpose of

A)better results.
B)replication.
C)sample selection.
D)clear discussion.

Question 68

One of the conclusions that can be drawn from the Internet survey of Psychotherapy Networker readers is that

A)the results may not be generalizable due to sample bias.
B)the results are likely valid due to the experimental nature of the survey.
C)the results are invalid due to deception.
D)surveys, in general, are invalid.

Question 69

Oversimplification should be avoided as a part of critical thinking because

A)human behavior is most often simply explained.
B)human behavior is not easily understood.
C)human behavior involves complex interactions of various factors.
D)human behavior involves many unknown and unexplainable factors.

Question 70

Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.

A)controversial
B)rare
C)stratified
D)random

Question 71

The film and book Three Faces of Eve discussed in your text was an example of which of the following types of research?

A)Case study
B)Natural observation
C)Correlational study
D)Experimental study

Question 72

Research samples often __________ women and minority groups.

A)over represent
B)select
C)sample
D)under represent

Question 73

"People who smoke marijuana will have short-term memory deficits." That statement in a scientific context would be the

A)operational definition.
B)independent variable.
C)hypothesis.
D)conclusion.

Question 74

In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the

A)ideas of the researcher.
B)commonsense views of the times.
C)target population.
D)theory in question.

Question 75

Joseph wanted to know the drug habits of his senior high school class. He sent out surveys to 300 of his fellow students. He got 130 surveys back, all claiming significant drug use. Why should Joseph be careful about concluding that drug use is rampant on his campus?

A)Surveys are meaningless
B)Volunteer bias
C)Experiment bias
D)Control group error

Question 76

Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?

A)Yes, because public education is available to all children.
B)No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
C)No, because they are nothing like the average American child.
D)Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.

Question 77

If 12% of the population is African American, what percentage of a stratified population would be African American?

A)All but 12%
B)24%
C)12%
D)9%

Question 78

Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?

A)Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
B)Viewing TV violence may influence children's behavior.
C)Viewing TV has been linked with poor eating habits.
D)None of these is valid

Question 79

Empirical research must be supported by

A)evidence.
B)reference to authority.
C)common sense.
D)deductive reasoning.

Question 80

Greg has heard that studies have shown that yoga helps prevent Alzheimer's. As a critical thinker, Greg should ask all except which of the following questions?

A)Who ran the study?
B)Were the researchers unbiased?
C)Are the researchers well-known?
D)Who paid for the research?