Deck 25: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Hypoproteinemia
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Hypoproteinemia
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Hypoproteinemia
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
Sodium ions are highest in ________.

Question 5

Match the following:

A) Extracellular
B) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
D) Interstitial
E) Intracellular
Dissociate in water.

Question 6

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
Bicarbonate ions are highest in ________.

Question 7

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
Phosphate ions are highest in ________.

Question 8

Match the following:

A) Extracellular
B) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
D) Interstitial
E) Intracellular
The fluid compartments outside the cell.

Question 9

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Hypoproteinemia
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

Question 10

Match the following:

A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyponatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Calcium depletion.

Question 11

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
Potassium ions are highest in ________.

Question 12

Match the following:

A) Extracellular
B) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
D) Interstitial
E) Intracellular
Spaces between cells.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyponatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Potassium excess.

Question 14

Match the electrolyte composition for the following:

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) blood plasma
Proteins are highest in ________.

Question 15

Match the following:

A) Extracellular
B) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
D) Interstitial
E) Intracellular
Fluid compartments located within the cell.

Question 16

Match the following:

A) Addison's disease
B) Hypoproteinemia
C) Edema
D) Aldosterone
E) Hyponatremia
A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema.

Question 17

Match the following:

A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyponatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Sodium depletion.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyponatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Sodium excess.

Question 19

Match the following:

A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hyponatremia
E) Hypermagnesemia
Magnesium excess.

Question 20

Match the following:

A) Extracellular
B) Electrolytes
C) Nonelectrolytes
D) Interstitial
E) Intracellular
Do not dissociate.

Question 21

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Respiratory acidosis
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose

Question 22

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

Question 23

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 24

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Respiratory acidosis
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus

Question 25

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

Question 26

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

Question 27

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Question 28

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

Question 29

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

Question 30

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Respiratory acidosis
Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids

Question 31

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

Question 32

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

Question 33

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

Question 34

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.

Question 35

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

Question 36

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

Question 37

Match the following:

A) Metabolic alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Respiratory acidosis
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack

Question 38

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

Question 39

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

Question 40

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells.

Question 41

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

Question 42

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

Question 43

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 44

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

Question 45

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

Question 46

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

Question 47

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

Question 48

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

Question 49

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

Question 50

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

Question 51

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

Question 52

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

Question 53

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

Question 54

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

Question 55

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

Question 56

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

Question 57

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

Question 58

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

Question 59

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

Question 60

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

Question 61

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
C) a runner has completed a very long marathon
D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

Question 62

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

A) enhance atrial contractions
B) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

Question 63

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

A) plasma
B) intracellular fluid
C) interstitial fluid
D) cerebrospinal fluid

Question 64

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

A) respiratory acidosis
B) respiratory alkalosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 65

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

A) bicarbonate
B) phosphate
C) nucleic acid
D) protein

Question 66

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

A) K⁺ mainly in the cells, Na⁺ in the body fluids
B) Na⁺ mainly in the cells, K⁺ in the body fluids
C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids

Question 67

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) water levels
D) glucocorticoids

Question 68

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

A) chemical buffer systems
B) diet
C) respiratory changes
D) renal mechanism

Question 69

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) thyroxine

Question 70

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

A) phosphate
B) hemoglobin
C) bicarbonate
D) protein

Question 71

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

A) antidiuretic hormone
B) erythropoietin
C) aldosterone
D) renin

Question 72

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

A) tissue edema
B) extreme weight loss
C) confusion
D) nerve damage

Question 73

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

A) calcium ions
B) potassium ions
C) hydrogen ions
D) sodium ions

Question 74

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

A) sympathetic stimulation
B) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
C) decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure
D) increased extracellular fluid water levels

Question 75

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

A) iron
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) bicarbonate

Question 76

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

A) requires active transport
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
C) requires ATP for the transport to take place
D) involves filtration

Question 77

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells
B) the pH of the ICF
C) intracellular sodium levels
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

Question 78

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

A) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion
B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 79

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

A) neuromuscular activity
B) membrane permeability
C) secretory activity
D) anabolism of lipids

Question 80

Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

A) age
B) body mass
C) amount of body fat
D) amount of water ingested