Deck 17: Business and Labor in the Industrial Era, 1860-1900

Question 1

Interconnected transportation and communications networks were essential to the origins of the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States because:

A)there would have been no immigration to the United States without them.
B)they allowed Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell to travel abroad to study.
C)they facilitated the emergence of a national and even international markets for American goods and services.
D)the South would have won the Civil War without them.
E)they provided Andrew Carnegie the opportunity to earn his fortune.

Answer 1

they facilitated the emergence of a national and even international markets for American goods and services.

Question 2

Andrew Carnegie invented the process that enabled a dramatic increase in steel production.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Haymarket affair was a peaceful protest against the use of child labor.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A transcontinental railroad was not built before the Civil War because:

A)the Appalachian Mountains presented great engineering problems.
B)Congress refused to consider federal subsidies for a private railroad.
C)the technologies for building long tunnels through the Rockies did not exist.
D)many southern states used the states' rights argument to reject federal aid for railroads.
E)North-South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route.

Question 5

Westinghouse's system of transmitting electricity over long distances lost the "battle of the currents."

Question 6

By the 1880s,most states had outlawed child labor.

Question 7

The sand-lot incident in San Francisco in 1877 led to attacks against Chinese immigrants.

Question 8

The first transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit,Utah.

Question 9

The number of inventions registered at the U.S.Patent Office remained fairly constant through the nineteenth century.

Question 10

The Foran Act made it illegal for federal or state government workers to join labor unions.

Question 11

One of the main reasons that electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century was that they:

A)were used in the first automobiles.
B)powered the first lightbulbs.
C)freed factories to locate wherever they wished,and not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.
D)forced railroads to abandon the use of steam power.
E)eliminated the need for oil during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 12

Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil?

A)Its scientists found new technical processes for refining oil more efficiently.
B)It bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges low.
C)It was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising.
D)Rockefeller was lucky to find the highest-quality oil on his Ohio farm.
E)Its corporate structure-known as vertical integration-allowed the company to grow tremendously.

Question 13

Andrew Carnegie was an outspoken opponent of the idea of "the Gospel of Wealth."

Question 14

Thomas Alva Edison invented the:

A)first lightbulb.
B)air brake for trains.
C)heavier-than-air airplane.
D)telephone.
E)mechanized cotton textile weaver.

Question 15

Most Americans experienced a rising standard of living in the late nineteenth century.

Question 16

All of the following factors helped accelerate economic growth after the Civil War EXCEPT:

A)the abundance of natural resources in the United States.
B)the development of labor-saving machinery.
C)federal and state policies aimed at limiting foreign competition.
D)the use of prison labor by railroad companies.
E)innovative,bold leadership from energetic entrepreneurs.

Question 17

The invention of electric motors did all of the following EXCEPT:

A)made it possible for factories to locate wherever they wished.
B)led to the development of streetcars.
C)led to the bankruptcy of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company.
D)led to the development of elevators.
E)contributed to the development of suburbs.

Question 18

The first transcontinental railroad:

A)was completed in 1844.
B)was built by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads.
C)followed a southern route through Texas and the Arizona and New Mexico Territories.
D)led to the bankruptcy of "Commodore" Vanderbilt.
E)was John D.Rockefeller's first business initiative.

Question 19

From the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century:

A)corporations grew in size and power.
B)farm production declined.
C)average wages and earnings declined.
D)fewer women and children worked.
E)innovation in business remained stagnant.

Question 20

The Pennsylvania oil rush:

A)outweighed,in economic importance,the California gold rush of a decade before.
B)gave J.Pierpont Morgan his start in business.
C)ended the monopoly in petroleum production that Oklahoma had enjoyed for a quarter of a century.
D)began in 1889.
E)illustrated to many Americans that a dependence on oil might prove problematic in the future.

Question 21

The Workingmen's Party of California:

A)was the political wing of the National Labor Union.
B)was based on anti-Chinese sentiment.
C)campaigned (unsuccessfully)for restrictions on Mexican immigration.
D)ended when the 1877 railroad strike ushered in better working conditions.
E)folded when Grant sent the military to occupy the mines.

Question 22

When it came to steel,Andrew Carnegie did all the following EXCEPT:

A)promote it.
B)have technical expertise in it.
C)sell it.
D)know how to organize a steel company.
E)hire men of expert ability to help him run his business.

Question 23

The National Labor Union:

A)opposed the eight-hour day for employees of the federal government.
B)opposed reforms such as cooperatives and equal rights for women and blacks in favor of simply bargaining with employers to get the best working conditions and wages possible.
C)was led by Alfred Chandler.
D)was influential in getting Congress to enact an eight-hour workday for federal employees.
E)was less concerned with political and social problems than in bargaining with employers.

Question 24

How did the American Federation of Labor differ from the Knights of Labor?

A)The AFL was socialist while the Knights were capitalists.
B)The AFL was a federation of national organizations,each of which retained a large degree of autonomy,while the Knights organization was more centralized.
C)The AFL was controlled by anarchists,while the Knights were statists.
D)The AFL had no national leader,while the Knights looked to Terence Powderly.
E)The AFL was affiliated with Republicans,while the Knights supported Democrats.

Question 25

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877:

A)was led by Samuel Gompers.
B)won higher wages for railroad workers.
C)did not have the support of the public at first,but as the strike (and its violence)spread,so did public sympathy for the strikers.
D)ended when the workers,who lacked organized bargaining power,returned to work.
E)began when Irish workers refused to work alongside Chinese.

Question 26

During the Gilded Age,the rich were getting richer and:

A)the poor were getting poorer.
B)everyone was getting rich.
C)many other people were at least better off.
D)there were no disparities in the distribution of wealth.
E)rags-to-riches stories abounded.

Question 27

The Haymarket affair:

A)was started by the Knights of Labor.
B)led to passage of the Foran Act of 1885.
C)marked the beginning of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions.
D)was blamed on seven anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence.
E)took place in San Francisco.

Question 28

All of the following statements are reasons why child labor was problematic EXCEPT:

A)child laborers took well-paying jobs from legal immigrants.
B)child laborers often received no education.
C)children suffered three times as many accidents as adults.
D)a child working in a textile mill was only half as likely to reach the age of twenty as a child outside a mill.
E)the few child labor laws that existed were rarely enforced and often ignored.

Question 29

Holding companies:

A)are firms that control the stock of other companies.
B)were outlawed in New Jersey in 1888.
C)allowed J.Pierpont Morgan to build a monopoly in the oil-shipping business.
D)were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1868.
E)were firms where union membership was required.

Question 30

Why was there a growth of craft unions during the Civil War?

A)The end of slavery flooded the labor market with workers.
B)The war sparked an increased demand for skilled labor.
C)Unskilled laborers were constitutionally prohibited from unionizing.
D)Craft unions would not have to admit the freedmen.
E)The American education system expanded dramatically during that period.

Question 31

The greatest growth of the Knights of Labor took place:

A)in 1875,when the federal government outlawed the use of violence against union members.
B)under the leadership of Terence Powderly,when the union had several strikes against the railroads.
C)under the leadership of Uriah S.Stephens.
D)as a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877.
E)after the Wobblies split the NLU.

Question 32

The Homestead strike:

A)involved workers at the Homestead Tobacco Company.
B)was waged against a Carnegie company.
C)was a victory for the union.
D)took place in Montana but involved other farmers on the Great Plains.
E)reflected Henry Clay Frick's compassion.

Question 33

J.Pierpont Morgan is distinguished from business leaders such as Andrew Carnegie and John D.Rockefeller because he was the only one:

A)who had a rags-to-riches story.
B)who was foreign-born.
C)who came from an elite,privileged background.
D)who made millions with his investments.
E)who supported unions.

Question 34

Membership in the American Federation of Labor at first:

A)reflected the growing membership of agricultural workers.
B)grew rapidly.
C)was primarily African American.
D)reflected the growing membership of the unskilled worker.
E)grew slowly.

Question 35

For industrial workers in Gilded Age America:

A)real wages fell due to rising prices.
B)a forty-hour work week was the standard.
C)government regulations provided a safe work environment.
D)working and living conditions remained precarious.
E)forging a work permit for children was seen as taboo.

Question 36

The Knights of Labor declined for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)popular fears that the organization was too radical.
B)its leader Terence Powderly died.
C)the Haymarket affair discredited the union.
D)its leadership was devoted more to reform than to the nuts and bolts of organization.
E)their preoccupation with local politics.

Question 37

"Trusts" like Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust were vulnerable because they:

A)were often too large to earn a profit.
B)were forced to spend too much of their money on philanthropic endeavors.
C)were appealing targets for prosecution on the grounds of monopoly or restraint of trade.
D)controlled companies that had nothing to do with one another.
E)paid their various subsidiaries enormous and unjustified profits.

Question 38

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was provoked by:

A)wage cuts that followed a depression.
B)the railroad's refusal to hire blacks and women.
C)concerns over workplace safety.
D)worker demands for paid vacations.
E)the deaths of four children in an explosion at Pullman's factory.

Question 39

The Knights of Labor:

A)formed a successful political party.
B)admitted only skilled workers,such as printers or cigar makers.
C)called for men and women to have equal pay for equal work.
D)advocated the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism.
E)allowed doctors,lawyers,and bankers to join their ranks.

Question 40

The American Federation of Labor:

A)was primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains.
B)was formed in 1869 but experienced most of its growth in the early years of the twentieth century.
C)was a federation of industrial unions;craft unions could not join until 1948.
D)could claim as members almost half of all industrial workers in 1900.
E)believed that unions with large numbers of immigrants hurt labor's cause.

Question 41

Trace the development and completion of the first transcontinental railroad.Identify the factors that delayed its development,what obstacles had to be removed before it could proceed,and why its completion was significant to the United States.

Question 42

Compare and contrast the major industrial leaders of the late nineteenth century.How did each rise to power and what did they do to ensure they would stay at the top of their respective industries? What did they have in common,and what differences distinguished them from each other? What makes each of them important to understanding the late nineteenth century?

Question 43

The head of the National Labor Union was:

A)William Sylvis.
B)Terence Powderly.
C)W.E.B.Du Bois.
D)Samuel Gompers.
E)Eugene Debs.

Question 44

The Knights of Labor allowed all occupations to join EXCEPT:

A)lawyers.
B)doctors.
C)bankers.
D)policemen.
E)those who sold liquor.

Question 45

Describe Andrew Carnegie's philosophy concerning big business growth and how this reflected the wisdom of some Americans.Why are the views of this single individual so significant to understanding late nineteenth-century American economic history?

Question 46

All of the following statements are true of the Pinkertons EXCEPT:

A)they were a detective agency.
B)they relied on Chinese labor to fill their ranks.
C)they busted unions.
D)they were hired to end the Homestead strike.
E)they won every battle they were sent into.

Question 47

What were the major technological advancements of the post-Civil War era? How did these advancements contribute to the expansion of America's Industrial Revolution?

Question 48

The Ladies' Home Journal included all of the following sections EXCEPT:

A)sewing.
B)cooking.
C)travel.
D)religion.
E)fiction.

Question 49

President Grover Cleveland's response to the Pullman strike was to:

A)declare his sympathy for the strikers.
B)order George Pullman to restore his workers' wages.
C)appoint Eugene Debs to his cabinet.
D)send federal troops to keep the trains running.
E)socialize the industry by allowing the government to manage the company.

Question 50

Why were mail cars connected to the Pullman cars during the Pullman strike?

A)to enable the strikers to create as big a disruption as possible
B)to allow President Grover Cleveland to express his support for the union
C)to justify federal intervention to end the strike by allowing railroad executives to claim the strike interfered with the mail
D)to allow union leaders throughout the country to exchange correspondence during the strike
E)to prevent anarchists from communicating with the strikers

Question 51

One method that executives used to fight unions was:

A)discredit them.
B)deport their leaders.
C)infiltrate them with spies.
D)use the government.
E)murder their leaders.

Question 52

Discuss the various major strikes that occurred after the Civil War.Include the Great Railroad Strike of 1877,the Homestead strike,and the Pullman strike.What were the similarities and differences with each?

Question 53

What factors account for the dramatic growth in business after the Civil War? Write an essay that explains why each factor you identify was significant.

Question 54

Jane Addams is best associated with:

A)supporting Mother Jones.
B)leading the Molly Maguires.
C)Waters Street House.
D)Hull-House.
E)Knights of Labor.

Question 55

Write an essay that explains the significance of railroad expansion in the latter half of the nineteenth century.Discuss how these railroads were financed,who the people behind the expansion were,and how they affected the economic development of the country in the late nineteenth century.

Question 56

The city of Chicago annexed the city of Pullman after:

A)Eugene Debs won his court case.
B)a successful strike by the American Railway Union.
C)anarchists took over the town.
D)a city referendum.
E)George Pullman died.

Question 57

Write an essay that explains why labor unions developed as they did in the United States.What factors shaped the growth of labor unions during this period? What factors delayed or weakened their growth? What were their limitations,and what achievements can they claim?

Question 58

Violence erupted at the Homestead Works in 1892 when:

A)Andrew Carnegie announced the plant's sale to J.P.Morgan.
B)Henry Frick tried to break a strike by bringing in the Pinkertons.
C)police attempted to break up a protest meeting.
D)Andrew Carnegie tried to replace one union with another one.
E)Andrew Carnegie fired Frick.

Question 59

Describe the growth of radicalism in America's unions after the Civil War.What were the driving forces pulling the unions to the left,and how successful were they? What forces limited radicalism's success in the American political context?

Question 60

Compare the aims and achievements of the Knights of Labor,the American Federation of Labor,and the International Workers of the World.What common ground do they share? What factors help explain their differences?

Question 61

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Reverend Josiah Strong

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 62

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Thomas Edison

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 63

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Andrew Carnegie

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 64

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Henry Clay Frick

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 65

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Eugene V.Debs

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 66

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
John D.Rockefeller

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 67

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Terence V.Powderly

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 68

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Denis Kearney

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 69

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
J.Pierpont Morgan

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation

Question 70

MATCHING
Match each person with one of the descriptions below.
Samuel Gompers

A)founded Standard Oil
B)was president of the Homestead Steel Works
C)led the Knights of Labor
D)wrote "The Gospel of Wealth"
E)was a presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
F)led the American Federation of Labor
G)invented the phonograph
H)organized the Workingmen's Party of California
I)coined the phrase "social dynamite"
J)consolidated the steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation