Deck 24: HIV and Aids

Question 1

Viral DNA is combined with the cell's own DNA by what enzyme?​

A) ​transcriptase
B) ​RNA protease
C) ​receptorase
D) ​ integrase
E) ​retroase

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How many virons per day can the HIV virus reproduce in the human body?​

A) ​between 10,000 and 50,000 virons per day
B) ​between 50,000 and 200,000 virons per day
C) ​between 500,000 and 5 million virons per day
D) ​between 50 million and 200 million virons per day
E) ​between 1 billion and 1 trillion virons per day

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What musculoskeletal symptom is relatively common with HIV infection?

A) ​osteoarthritis
B) ​myopathy
C) ligament laxity
D) ​tendonitis
E) ​rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the term for a measure of the strength of antigen-antibody binding?​

A) ​virulence
B) ​adaptability
C) ​antibody load
D) ​antigen load
E) ​avidity

Question 5

Which of the following HIV drugs tends to cause the most negative symptoms?​

A) ​maraviroc
B) ​fosamprenavir
C) ​ritonavir
D) ​emtricitabine
E) rilpivirine

Question 6

What are symptoms of lactic acidosis?​

A) ​abdominal pain, vomiting, rapid breathing
B) ​high fever, sore throat, dehydration
C) ​headache, shallow breathing, chest pain 
D) ​vomiting, diarrhea, hypertension
E) ​high fever, anorexia, hypotension

Question 7

What symptom sometimes accompanies primary HIV infection?​

A) ​a skin rash
B) ​a very high fever
C) ​a flu-like syndrome
D) ​a Candida infection
E) ​bloody diarrhea

Question 8

What is the term for a change in a person's antibody status from negative to positive?​

A) ​phenotype conversion
B) ​seroconversion
C) ​reciprocity
D) ​serotransition
E) ​genotype transition

Question 9

How many types or classes of antiretroviral medications are used to combat HIV infection?​

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 10

Where do most of the HIV positive people in the world live?​

A) ​U.S.
B) ​Caribbean
C) ​Africa
D) ​Asia
E) ​Europe

Question 11

What is the name for the medications that interrupt the viral replication cycle by inhibiting fusion of the HIV virus to the target cell?​

A) ​retro meds
B) ​integrase strand transfer inhibitors
C) ​protease inhibitors
D) ​fusion inhibitors
E) ​entry inhibitors

Question 12

Where do more than 60% of the body's T lymphocytes reside?​

A) ​liver
B) ​spleen
C) ​GI tract
D) ​lymph glands
E) ​bone marrow

Question 13

How many genes does HIV contain?​

A) ​3
B) ​6
C) ​7
D) ​8
E) ​9

Question 14

How is the HIV virus transmitted among people?​

A) ​aerosol
B) ​body fluids
C) ​casual touch
D) ​inanimate objects
E) ​animal vectors

Question 15

What kind of virus is HIV?​

A) ​retrovirus
B) ​DNA virus
C) bacteriophage​
D) ​rhabdovirus
E) ​coronavirus

Question 16

What is unique about a retrovirus?

A) ​it infects host cells
B) ​it is highly virulent 
C) ​it targets CD4 cells
D) ​it carries RNA rather than DNA
E) ​it carries DNA rather than RNA

Question 17

What is a virus called that has not undergone mutations due to the use of antiviral meds?​

A) ​wild type
B) ​pristine sample
C) ​original viron
D) ​first generation
E) ​mother type

Question 18

How many clinical stages are used to categorize HIV infection, according to the WHO?​

A) ​2
B) ​3
C) ​4
D) ​5
E) ​6

Question 19

What subtype of HIV is endemic in western Africa?​

A) ​HIV 1
B) ​HIV 2
C) ​HIV 3
D) ​HIV 4
E) ​HIV 5

Question 20

As of 2011, approximately how many people in the U.S. were living with HIV infection?​

A) ​1.35 million
B) ​2.9 million
C) ​4.22 million
D) ​6.5 million
E) ​8.25 million

Question 21

Anecdotal reports suggest what nutritional supplement is effective in treating HIV-related infections and increasing CD4 cell counts?​

A) ​Hyssop
B) ​milk thistle
C) ​propolis
D) tea tree oil
E) ​St. John's wort

Question 22

Why is Nandrolone used for HIV-positive patients?​

A) ​to maintain lean muscle mass
B) ​to aid in restful sleep
C) ​to prevent insulin resistance 
D) ​to stimulate the appetite
E) ​to boost energy

Question 23

Currently, what is NP's % UBW?​

A) ​88%
B) 90%
C) 92%
D) 95%
E) 110%

Question 24

A CD4 count below what level defines AIDS?​

A) ​below 400/μL
B) ​below 350/μL
C) ​below 300/μL
D) ​below 250/μL
E) ​below 200/μL

Question 25

How much unexplained weight loss within 6 months is cause for a diagnosis of AIDS-related wasting syndrome (according to the CDC)?​

A) ​at least 5%
B) ​at least 10%
C) ​at least 15%
D) ​between 15-20%
E) ​between 20-25%

Question 26

A low level of what nutrient is associated with greater HIV transmission risk between mother and child?​

A) ​iron
B) ​vitamin A
C) ​selenium
D) ​vitamin E
E) ​calcium

Question 27

What type of fatty acid is recommended to help reduce inflammation effects as well as improve lipid profiles?​

A) ​saturated fatty acids
B) ​monounsaturated fatty acids
C) ​omega-3 fatty acids
D) ​omega-6 fatty acids
E) ​omega-9 fatty acids

Question 28

What nutritional supplement or herb should not be taken with any protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?​

A) ​tea tree oil and selenium
B) ​vitamin C and L-carnitine
C) ​hydrogen peroxide and aloe vera
D) ​Astragalus and olive leaf extract
E) ​St. John's wort and milk thistle

Question 29

What nutritional supplement or herb improves antioxidant capacity of body and immune system, as well as increases iron absorption from non-heme sources?​

A) ​selenium
B) ​aloe vera
C) ​cat's claw
D) ​coenzyme Q10
E) ​vitamin C

Question 30

Which medication is commonly used to treat chronic diarrhea?

A) ​cisapride
B) ​Kaopectate,
C) ​megestrol acetate
D) ​proton pump inhibitors
E) ​H2 blockers

Question 31

What % body weight has NP lost?​

A) ​12.6%
B) ​8.4%
C) ​3.1%
D) ​10.8%
E) ​5.1%

Question 32

What kind of exercise is used to prevent muscle wasting, assuming an appropriate diet?​

A) ​aerobic
B) ​anaerobic
C) ​isotonic
D) ​progressive resistance
E) ​fluctuating resistance

Question 33

What is the beneficial function of Glitazones for HIV-positive patients?

A) ​anabolic steroids
B) ​sleeping aids
C) ​insulin resistance reducers
D) ​appetite stimulants
E) ​energy boosters

Question 34

Given NP's laboratory data, what clinical and immune cell category is she in?​

A) ​stage 0
B) ​stage 1
C) ​stage 2
D) ​stage 3
E) ​stage 4

Question 35

What kind of exercise improves insulin sensitivity?

A) ​aerobic
B) ​anaerobic
C) ​static resistance
D) ​progressive resistance
E) ​fluctuating resistance

Question 36

Why is Dronabinol used for HIV-positive patients?​

A) ​it is an anabolic steroid
B) ​it is a sleeping aid
C) ​it is an insulin resistance reducer
D) ​it is an appetite stimulant
E) ​it is an energy booster

Question 37

What percentage of weight loss is associated with increased risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality?​

A) ​at least 1-2%
B) ​at least 3-5%
C) ​at least 5-10%
D) ​at least 15%
E) ​at least 20%

Question 38

What recommendations might the RD suggest regarding NP's diarrhea?​

A) ​avoid bland foods
B) ​replace fluids and electrolytes
C) ​increase caffeine consumption
D) ​a high-fiber diet
E) ​an appetite stimulant

Question 39

What BMI (body mass index) value is associated with increased risk for HIV-related morbidity and mortality?​

A) ​less than 17
B) ​less than 20
C) ​less than 22
D) ​less than 24
E) ​less than 27

Question 40

If NP's diarrhea cannot be remedied or controlled, what is the primary short-term concern?

A) ​dehydration
B) ​muscle cramps
C) ​muscle wasting
D) ​osteoporosis
E) ​peripheral neuropathy

Question 41

Lipodystrophy syndrome is the significant gain of fat in the body during HIV infection.

Question 42

Limited evidence supports the use of the glycemic index, fiber, or specific fatty acids in individuals with HIV.

Question 43

_______________ inhibitors interfere with the virus's ability to bind to receptors on the outer surface of the cell it tries to enter.

Question 44

HIV is most typically transmitted via _______________.

Question 45

There is a strong relationship among _______________ cell counts, HIV viral load, and progression to a diagnosis of AIDS.

Question 46

Metformin reduces hepatic _______________ resistance and may be used to reduce the effect of _______________ accumulation.

Question 47

Combination _______________ testing for both antigen and antibodies allows for earlier diagnosis of HIV infection.

Question 48

Growth hormone and related treatments have demonstrated efficacy in improving body cell mass.

Question 49

Because viral load and CD4 counts have been associated with changes in weight, a low viral load or a high CD4 count should be considered a nutritional risk factor.

Question 50

A number of _______________ abnormalities can persist despite the suppression of HIV replication.

Question 51

Response to ART can vary according to sex, and men and women with HIV infection may experience problems associated with medication interactions differently.

Question 52

The estimated number of new HIV infections is greatest among men having sex with men in the youngest age group (13-24 years).

Question 53

The level of destruction of CD4 cells appears to be less predictive of survival than viral load.

Question 54

ARV medications are used to lower HIV load with the goal of achieving and maintaining an undetectable level of 800-1,000 copies/mL.

Question 55

The Western blot test has a sensitivity of screening serologic tests of greater than 99.9%.

Question 56

HIV RNA is transcribed to DNA particles using reverse transcriptase enzymes.

Question 57

Available assays to identify early HIV infection evaluate _______________ antigen levels and titers of viral RNA or DNA.

Question 58

According to the World Health Organization, the HIV epidemic has _______________.

Question 59

In 2010, the FDA approved the daily injectable drug _______________ to treat accumulation of visceral fat around the liver, stomach, and other abdominal organs.

Question 60

Peripheral neuropathy has been associated with a number of the _______________ therapies.

Question 61

What does HIV target and how does it result in immunodeficiency syndrome?​

Question 62

Research shows that _______________ improves peripheral neuropathy and reduces levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in subjects with HIV.

Question 63

Describe the different classes of antiretroviral meds used to combat HIV infection.

Question 64

The most common symptoms related to the complications of HIV infection and treatments are _______________ and _______________.

Question 65

Describe clinical criteria used to diagnose HIV infection Clinical Stage 3 (according to the WHO).

Question 66

Define AIDS-related wasting syndrome (AWS).

Question 67

Discuss the use of Atractylodes in HIV-positive individuals.

Question 68

Discuss renal problems associated with HIV infection.

Question 69

_______________ syndrome is the loss or absence of fat or the abnormal distribution of fat in the body in HIV infection.

Question 70

Research has shown that _______________ can improve insulin resistance, metabolic abnormalities, and body composition in HIV patients.

Question 71

Describe a nutritional risk screening for a patient with HIV infection.

Question 72

Provide an overview of treatment for chronic HIV infection.

Question 73

Describe testing of genotype and phenotype assays for HIV mutations.

Question 74

Food and nutrition insecurity can exacerbate _______________ in clients with HIV as well as encourage behaviors that increase the risk for exposure to HIV and affect treatment adherence.

Question 75

Describe what a biochemical nutritional assessment for an HIV-positive patient involves​.

Question 76

HDL cholesterol levels are _______________ in AIDS patients.

Question 77

Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid and may affect absorption of _______________.

Question 78

Electrolyte levels are typically _______________ in AIDS patients.

Question 79

AIDS-related wasting is similar to _______________, which is commonly seen in cancer patients.

Question 80

Oxymetholone is a drug given to HIV-positive patients to prevent _______________.