Deck 25: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the most common polysaccharide found in the proteoglycan molecules of cartilage?​

A) ​chondroitin sulfate
B) ​glucosamine
C) ​collagen
D) ​arachidonic acid
E) ​hyaluronic acid

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is the recommended daily amount of calcium for women between the ages of 51-70 years?​

A) ​1,200 mg
B) ​1,400 mg
C) ​1,600 mg
D) ​1,800 mg
E) ​2,000 mg

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D produced in plants?​

A) ​calcitonin
B) ​cholecalciferol
C) ​chondroitin
D) ​ergocalciferol
E) ​hydroxyapatite

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the body?​

A) ​chondroitin sulfate
B) ​glucosamine
C) ​collagen
D) ​arachidonic acid
E) ​hyaluronic acid

Question 5

Which of the following is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D produced in human skin?

A) calcitonin
B) ​cholecalciferol
C) ​chondroitin
D) ​ergocalciferol
E) ​hydroxyapatite

Question 6

What compound makes up 85% of the inorganic or mineral component of bone?

A) ​calcium carbonate
B) ​magnesium
C) ​hydroxyapatite
D) ​potassium
E) ​glucosamine

Question 7

Approximately how many American women currently are diagnosed with osteoporosis?

A) ​18 million
B) ​15 million
C) ​11 million
D) ​8 million
E) ​4 million

Question 8

Research indicates that people residing above what latitude have insufficient sunlight exposure for optimal synthesis of vitamin D?

A) ​60 degrees north latitude
B) ​40 degrees north latitude
C) ​20 degrees north latitude
D) ​equator
E) ​20 degrees south latitude

Question 9

What type of fish / seafood is the best source of calcium?​

A) ​blue crab
B) ​trout
C) ​sardines
D) ​ocean perch
E) ​clams

Question 10

Nicotine and cadmium in tobacco smoke are toxic to what type of cells?

A) ​chondrocytes
B) ​osteoclasts
C) ​osteoblasts
D) ​osteocytes
E) ​osteogenic cells

Question 11

Carpopedal spasm results from tetany occurring in the hands and feet and can be a sign of what?​

A) ​hypocalcemia
B) ​hypercalcemia
C) ​hypophosphatemia
D) ​hyperphosphatemia
E) ​hyperkalemia

Question 12

What type of cells synthesize, deposit, and then orient the fibrous proteins of the organic matter of the bone matrix?

A) ​osteocytes
B) ​osteoclasts
C) ​chondrocytes
D) ​osteogenic cells
E) ​osteoblasts

Question 13

Which of the following cheese types is the best source of calcium?​

A) ​feta cheese
B) ​mozzarella cheese
C) ​blue cheese
D) ricotta cheese
E) ​Romano cheese

Question 14

What type of bone-removing cells dissolve the mineral component of the bone matrix and play a major role in bone resorption?

A) ​osteocytes
B) ​osteoclasts
C) ​chondrocytes
D) ​osteogenic cells
E) ​osteoblasts

Question 15

What is the recommended daily amount of vitamin D for women 50 years and older (according to NOF guidelines)?​

A) ​100 IU
B) ​200-500 IU
C) ​600 IU
D) ​800-1,000 IU
E) ​1,500 IU

Question 16

What body type in women is a risk factor for osteoporosis?​

A) ​any body type
B) ​small size, thin bones
C) ​heavy set, thick bones
D) ​short and stocky
E) ​tall and muscular

Question 17

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder that mainly affects what demographic?​

A) ​people with Down's Syndrome
B) ​adult males
C) ​adult females
D) ​boys
E) ​girls

Question 18

The bones of the skeleton are made from what two types of osseous tissue?​

A) ​primary bone and secondary bone
B) ​osseous bone and spongy bone
C) ​compact bone and bone marrow
D) ​chondrocytes and osteocytes
E) cortical bone and trabecular bone​

Question 19

What compound makes up 10% of the inorganic or mineral component of bone?​

A) ​calcium carbonate
B) ​magnesium
C) ​hydroxyapatite
D) ​potassium
E) ​glucosamine

Question 20

What is a common consequence of osteoporosis, which leads to loss of height?

A) ​osteoarthritis
B) ​osteopenia
C) ​vertebral compression fractures
D) ​muscle contraction
E) ​bone spurs

Question 21

What type of arthritic condition may benefit from supplementing with glucosamine and chondroitin?

A) ​osteoarthritis
B) ​rheumatoid arthritis
C) ​fibromyalgia
D) ​gout
E) ​osteoporosis

Question 22

What type of NSAID may increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

A) ​ibuprofen
B) ​naproxen
C) COX-2 inhibitors
D) ​diclofenac
E) ​aspirin (ASA)

Question 23

What is the best practical advice to give KL to help prevent future fractures?

A) ​supplement with vitamin D
B) ​move to a sunny climate
C) ​take more calcium
D) ​lose significant weight
E) ​supplement with glucosamine / chondroitin

Question 24

What is the most common cause of rickets?​

A) ​calcium deficiency
B) ​phosphorus deficiency
C) ​vitamin C deficiency
D) ​vitamin D deficiency
E) ​lack of physical activity

Question 25

What is likely the primary cause of KL's condition?

A) ​calcium deficiency
B) ​phosphorus deficiency
C) ​being overweight
D) ​RA meds
E) ​low vitamin D status

Question 26

What non-permanent factor is most related to KL's condition?​

A) ​her skin color
B) ​her gender
C) ​her physical location
D) ​physical activity level
E) ​her weight

Question 27

What compound found in unrefined grains increases the risk of rickets?

A) ​phytates
B) ​gluten
C) ​omega-6 fatty acids
D) ​arachidonic acid
E) ​vitamin B12

Question 28

Increased serum concentration of what acid contributes to development of gout?​

A) ​hyaluronic acid
B) ​ascorbic acid
C) ​arachidonic acid
D) ​citric acid
E) ​uric acid

Question 29

Which of the following conditions is most related to KL's fracture? ​

A) ​rheumatoid arthritis
B) ​neuropathy
C) ​osteoarthritis
D) ​osteoporosis
E) ​osteomalacia

Question 30

What are three main physical characteristics of osteoarthritis?​

A) ​thick synovial membrane, pannus, severe swelling
B) ​cartilage erosion, bone spurs, bone cysts
C) ​reduced mineralization, tendonitis, cartilage cracking
D) ​mild inflammation, bone deformity, hypermobility
E) ​pannus, ligament laxity, hypomobility

Question 31

What organs are required for converting the vitamin D from the diet or synthesized in the skin into its biologically active form?

A) ​liver and pancreas
B) ​small intestine and large intestine
C) ​pancreas and large intestine
D) ​small intestine and kidneys
E) ​liver and kidneys

Question 32

What noticeable physical deformity is characteristic of rickets?

A) ​overly large skull
B) ​crooked fingers and toes
C) ​bowing of the legs
D) ​scoliosis of the thoracic spine
E) ​extensive skin rash

Question 33

Willow bark may be helpful for osteoarthritis primarily due to what property?​

A) ​antipyretic
B) analgesic
C) ​anti-inflammatory
D) ​blood thinning
E) anti-hypertensive

Question 34

What type of diet increases the risk of gout?

A) ​a vegetarian diet 
B) ​a diet rich in dairy 
C) ​a high-fiber diet
D) ​a diet rich in purines
E) ​a low cholesterol diet

Question 35

What is the recommended daily amount of vitamin D for KL, given her age and according to the NOF guidelines?​

A) 500-600 IU
B) ​800-1,000 IU
C) ​1,100-1,200 IU
D) ​1,200-1,500 IU
E) ​1,500-1,800 IU

Question 36

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that beginning at 2 months of age, exclusively breastfed infants be given a daily multivitamin supplement containing how much vitamin D?

A) ​50 IU
B) ​100 IU
C) ​200 IU
D) ​300 IU
E) ​400 IU

Question 37

What joint is most often affected by gout attacks?

A) ​knee
B) ​big toe
C) ​shoulder
D) ​upper neck
E) ​wrist

Question 38

What anti-inflammatory medication significantly increases the risk of osteoporosis?​

A) ​ASA
B) ​glucocorticoids
C) ​thiazolidinediones
D) ​ibuprofen
E) ​naproxen

Question 39

What is the term for the destructive tissue formed in the synovial membrane of patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis?​

A) pannus
B) ​fibroids
C) ​bone spurs
D) ​calcifications
E) ​osteomas

Question 40

What crystals precipitate out of the blood and become lodged in and around joints, causing gout?​

A) ​citrate crystals
B) ​urate crystals
C) ​ascorbate crystals
D) ​hydroxyapatite crystals 
E) ​sodium chloride crystals

Question 41

Composed of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bones, the skeletal system forms a strong, tightly bound but flexible framework for the body.

Question 42

Serum _______________ concentration is the best indicator of vitamin D status because it represents both dietary vitamin D intake and vitamin D synthesized by the body.

Question 43

Compared with females, arthritic conditions are diagnosed more frequently in males, who account for 85% of cases in persons age 15 years and older.

Question 44

Collagen makes up about half of the total body protein by weight.

Question 45

Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in humans.

Question 46

The average adult body contains about 500-800 g of _______________ and 85%-90% of this is in the bones.

Question 47

Bone mass peaks in the _______________ decade of life and slowly decreases thereafter.

Question 48

Rickets is characterized by inadequate maturation and mineralization of the cartilaginous growth plate and inadequate mineralization of the organic matrix within the bones of children.

Question 49

Inadequate _______________ intake during growth will result in suboptimal development of peak bone mass and increased risk of osteoporosis in the latter decades of life.

Question 50

Chondrocytes have low rates of _______________ and cell division and, when injured, cartilage heals slowly.

Question 51

_______________ are mature osteoblasts surrounded and entrapped by the ECM they have synthesized and calcified.

Question 52

Cartilage is formed by cells called _______________.

Question 53

Bone mineral density (BMD) is best measured using _______________.

Question 54

African Americans and Hispanics with osteoporosis have the same elevated fracture risk as whites with osteoporosis.

Question 55

Secondary osteoporosis is related to aging and decreased gonadal function.

Question 56

It is estimated that 15-20% of the wet weight of cartilage is water.

Question 57

_______________ account for up to 80% of the variance in peak bone mass between individuals.

Question 58

Muscular dystrophy is a term that refers to a group of over 30 different genetic disorders that reduce _______________.

Question 59

A major consequence of long-standing vitamin D deficiency is increased intestinal calcium absorption leading to hypercalcemia, which, in turn, results in decreased secretion of PTH.

Question 60

Arthritic conditions affect over one in five Americans and nearly one in four with the condition report activity limitation.

Question 61

_______________ reduces bone turnover, prevents bone loss, increases BMD by 5%-10% in the hip, spine, and total body, and significantly reduces fracture risk, but can also increase the risk of breast cancer.

Question 62

Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise will reduce the risk of _______________ and fractures as well as increase _______________.

Question 63

Describe the prevalence, symptoms, and treatment of fibromyalgia.

Question 64

Increased secretion of _______________ stimulates the removal of mineral from the organic matrix of bone in order to raise the serum calcium concentration, but also results in a weakening of bone.

Question 65

List the primary non-modifiable risk factors for arthritis.

Question 66

Describe the treatment for osteomalacia.

Question 67

There are several factors known to increase the risk of some arthritic conditions, three of which are modifiable: overweight, _______________, and infections.

Question 68

Describe the etiology and clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis (OA).

Question 69

Chronic hyperuricemia can result in the formation of _______________crystals in the joints and the soft tissues surrounding the joints, which form large deposits called tophi.

Question 70

Outline the difference between rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis.

Question 71

Define osteoporosis.

Question 72

Rickets is a disease of _______________, whereas osteomalacia develops in _______________.

Question 73

Describe the causes of secondary osteoporosis.

Question 74

Describe the function of osteoblasts.

Question 75

Describe the etiology of osteoporosis​.

Question 76

List the principal types of cells that are found in osseous tissue.

Question 77

An overt deficiency of _______________ is linked to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.

Question 78

A loss of only 5 kg (11 lb) can reduce the risk of symptomatic _______________ by 50%.

Question 79

Among Americans 65 years of age and older, arthritic symptoms are second only to _______________ as the most commonly reported chronic condition.

Question 80

_______________ is a specific glycosaminoglycan found in the proteoglycans of articular cartilage.