Deck 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

What kind of tissue has the lowest percentage of water in the body?

A) ​muscle
B) ​fat
C) ​skin
D) ​connective
E) ​epithelial

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the term for abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity (often due to liver disease)?

A) ​diuresis
B) ​ascites
C) ​hypernatremia
D) ​water intoxication
E) ​edema

Answer 2

B

Question 3

How much sodium does 1 tsp of table salt contain?

A) ​900 mg
B) ​1,300 mg
C) ​1,800 mg
D) ​2,300 mg
E) ​3,000 mg

Answer 3

D

Question 4

How much fluid should an average adult consume each day under normal circumstances?

A) ​20-25 mL/kg
B) ​30-35 mL/kg
C) ​40-45 mL/kg
D) ​50-55 mL/kg
E) ​60-65 mL/kg

Question 5

Baroreceptors within blood vessels are stimulated by:

A) ​high osmolarity
B) ​low osmolarity
C) ​high glucose concentration
D) ​high hydrostatic pressure
E) ​low hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Ions with a positive charge are referred to as:

A) ​electrolytes
B) ​cations
C) ​anions
D) ​molecules
E) ​particles

Question 7

What is the normal range of osmolality for the blood?

A) ​280 to 320 mOsm/kg H2O
B) ​325 to 375 mOsm/kg H2O
C) ​380 to 420 mOsm/kg H2O
D) ​425 to 475 mOsm/kg H2O
E) ​580 to 620 mOsm/kg H2O

Question 8

The force that pulls water across membranes is referred to as:

A) ​edema force
B) ​diffusion force
C) ​electrolyte force
D) ​osmotic pressure
E) ​gradient pressure

Question 9

How much of the body's water is found within cells (intracellular fluid)?

A) ​1/4
B) ​1/3
C) ​1/2
D) ​2/3
E) ​3/4

Question 10

Serum calcium exists in a reciprocal relationship with what other electrolyte?

A) ​magnesium
B) ​potassium
C) ​phosphorus
D) ​chloride
E) ​sodium

Question 11

What is the specific gravity of water?

A) ​0.25
B) ​0.5
C) ​0.75
D) ​1.0
E) ​2.0

Question 12

What hormone is released from the kidney and stimulates conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

A) ​arginine vasopressin
B) ​antidiuretic hormone
C) ​renin
D) ​pepsin
E) ​aldosterone

Question 13

What route of fluid loss is the most variable and will accommodate changes in dietary fluid intake?

A) ​feces
B) ​respiration
C) ​urine
D) ​perspiration
E) ​metabolism

Question 14

What percentage of a typical adult male's body is comprised of water?

A) ​40%
B) ​50%
C) ​60%
D) ​70%
E) ​80%

Question 15

What does hypokalemia mean?

A) ​high serum potassium
B) ​high serum calcium
C) ​low lymph calcium
D) ​low serum calcium
E) ​low serum potassium

Question 16

What is likely to occur when cells are exposed to a hypertonic solution?

A) ​dehydration
B) ​swelling
C) ​edema
D) ​destruction
E) ​equilibrium

Question 17

What percentage of bodyfluid is in plasma?

A) ​0.05%
B) ​1%
C) ​6.6%
D) ​9%
E) ​14%

Question 18

What is the major cation in the ECF (extracellular fluid)?

A) ​sodium
B) ​calcium
C) ​chloride
D) ​potassium
E) ​glucose

Question 19

What is the best definition of diuresis?

A) ​the production of excessive amounts of urine
B) ​accumulation of edema within a joint
C) ​accumulation of edema within the abdomen
D) ​dehydration caused from excessive bleeding
E) ​kidney pain caused by stones

Question 20

Precise determination of metabolic water is:

A) ​calculated by using osmolarity
B) ​calculated by using osmolality
C) ​calculated using urine output
D) ​constant from hour to hour
E) ​not possible

Question 21

Hypernatremia can theoretically be caused by either an increase in sodium or a:

A) ​increase in potassium consumption
B) ​decrease in potassium consumption
C) ​decrease in blood glucose
D) ​increase in water consumption
E) ​decrease in water consumption

Question 22

How much of the body's magnesium is within bone?

A) 5-6%
B) ​25%
C) ​35-40%
D) ​50-60%
E) ​85%

Question 23

Magnesium is used to treat what high-risk condition of pregnancy ?

A) ​preeclampsia
B) ​spina bifida
C) ​Downs' syndrome
D) ​leukocytosis
E) ​thrombocytosis

Question 24

The pitting depth of edema is based on what numerical scale?

A) ​1 to 3
B) ​0 to 3
C) ​0 to 4
D) ​1 to 5
E) ​1 to 10

Question 25

Loss of gastric acids through vomiting can lead to:

A) ​metabolic alkalosis
B) ​metabolic acidosis
C) ​diabetes insipidus
D) ​hyponatremia
E) ​hypernatremia

Question 26

What is the least likely (but possible) cause of hyponatremia?

A) ​alcoholism
B) ​use of diuretics
C) ​too little water consumption
D) ​IV therapy without electrolytes
E) ​lack of dietary sodium

Question 27

What color of urine reflects dehydration?

A) ​clear and colorless
B) ​light yellow
C) ​red
D) ​dark amber
E) green

Question 28

What is one reason that a physician might order a potassium restriction?

A) ​potassium interacting with kidney disease medications
B) ​high potassium levels stimulating the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands
C) ​high potassium levels causing the retention of vasopressin
D) ​potassium directly interacting with calcium
E) ​diet containing very high levels of potassium

Question 29

The type of fluid involved in Mr. M's imbalance is:

A) ​intracellular
B) ​transcellular
C) ​extracellular
D) ​pericardial
E) ​ascites

Question 30

One of the reasons for his high phosphorus could be:

A) ​the P restriction is altering the levels in the blood
B) ​hypoglycemia
C) ​low magnesium
D) ​high potassium
E) ​low calcium

Question 31

How much of the body's calcium is found in body fluids?

A) ​20%
B) ​12%
C) ​9%
D) ​5%
E) ​1%

Question 32

The medication cyclosporine can cause excessive urinary loss of what electrolyte?

A) ​calcium
B) ​magnesium
C) ​potassium
D) ​phosphorus
E) ​sodium

Question 33

Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level:

A) ​>15 mg/dL
B) ​>11 mg/dL
C) ​>8 mg/dL
D) ​>5 mg/dL
E) ​>1 mg/dL

Question 34

What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia?

A) ​liver cirrhosis
B) ​inadequate excretion of potassium from renal failure
C) ​inadequate excretion of sodium from renal failure
D) ​high blood cholesterol levels
E) ​chronically low blood pressure

Question 35

What is the most common cause of hypervolemia?

A) ​decrease in urinary output
B) ​diarrhea
C) ​chronic vomiting
D) ​water intoxication
E) ​low salt diet

Question 36

Which of the following is contributing to Mr. M's fluid imbalance?

A) ​kidney disease
B) ​liver disease
C) ​aldosterone secretion exceeding production
D) ​excessive thirst
E) ​poor diet

Question 37

The physician has placed Mr. M on a diuretic. A good measure of how he is responding to this medication would be:

A) ​serum PTH concentration
B) ​serum albumin concentration
C) ​serum phosphorus concentration
D) ​fluid inputs and outputs
E) ​serum calcium concentration

Question 38

What is hypovolemia?

A) ​ascites within joints
B) ​extracellular fluid deficit
C) ​intracellular fluid deficit
D) ​blood that's too acidic
E) ​blood that's too alkaline

Question 39

Malignant tumors that metastasize to bone can lead to:

A) ​hypocalcemia
B) ​hyperkalemia
C) ​hypercalcemia
D) ​hypernatremia
E) ​hyperkalemia

Question 40

Hypophosphatemia is defined as a serum phosphate level:

A) ​<0.3 mg/dL
B) ​<1.3 mg/dL
C) ​<2.3 mg/dL
D) ​<3.3 mg/dL
E) ​<4.3 mg/dL

Question 41

Precise determination of _______________ water is not possible; it is thus usually estimated by using intakes of carbohydrate, protein, and _______________ as variables.

Question 42

Osmotic pressure can be expressed as either osmolarity or hydraulic force.

Question 43

Osmotic pressure can be expressed as either osmolarity or _______________.

Question 44

Maintenance of fluid balance is significantly integrated with maintenance of _______________ balance.

Question 45

Elevated concentrations of potassium in the ECF can occur when hemolysis of red blood cells increases, such as with leukocytosis or thrombocytosis.

Question 46

Decreasing hydrostatic pressure stimulates the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system regulation of fluids and electrolytes.

Question 47

At birth, total body water accounts for approximately 75% of the infant's weight.

Question 48

The solute concentration in the urine is determined by measuring its _______________.

Question 49

Total urine output is the sum of obligatory urine and facultative urine.

Question 50

In the ECF, the major cation is magnesium, and major anions are chloride and calcium.

Question 51

Solutes that do not disperse in fluid, such as large protein molecules, are called _______________.

Question 52

Beverages range between 84% and 100% water, with _______________ being at the lower end of the range.

Question 53

In older adults, thirst sensation increases.

Question 54

Negatively charged ions are called _______________.

Question 55

Transcellular fluids are those fluids found in secretions within _______________.

Question 56

Extracellular fluid is divided into three compartments: interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular (or transitional).

Question 57

Medications such as diuretics are often prescribed to purposefully increase ECF volume.

Question 58

Body water content declines throughout the life span and often falls below _______________ percent in adults older than 65 years old.

Question 59

The most common cause of hypovolemia is a decrease in urinary output such as that seen in acute liver failure.

Question 60

The major cation in the ICF is _______________.

Question 61

Hypophosphatemia can result from vitamin _______________ deficiency.

Question 62

Natural licorice and chewing tobacco, if swallowed, contain an _______________ compound that will also stimulate increases in urinary _______________ excretion.

Question 63

Vasopressin causes fluid to be reabsorbed in the tubules of the _______________.

Question 64

Increasing amounts of angiotensin II stimulate release of the hormone _______________ from the adrenal cortex.

Question 65

When blood volume increases, hydrostatic pressure _______________.

Question 66

Explain the types of solutes in the body, including the major electrolytes.

Question 67

Explain what factors influence movement of solutes.

Question 68

Describe the "third spaces".

Question 69

The mechanism of thirst is regulated in the _______________.

Question 70

Hypocalcemia most commonly results from a deficit of _______________ or from abnormal vitamin _______________ metabolism.

Question 71

Describe the thirst mechanism.

Question 72

Calcium gluconate, given intravenously, can reverse the effects of _______________.

Question 73

Describe the functions of water in the body.

Question 74

List the three general categories of alterations in fluid balance.

Question 75

Explain the role of arginine vasopressin in fluid balance.

Question 76

Hypomagnesemia occurs during withdrawal from _______________.

Question 77

Describe the treatment for hyperkalemia.

Question 78

Describe insensible fluid loss.

Question 79

Describe the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia.

Question 80

Vitamin D increases absorption of _______________ in the small intestine.