Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

What is the most frequent form of child abuse?

A)physical
B)exploitation
C)criminal sexual assault
D)neglect

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Who pioneered the field of sociobiology?

A)Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow
B)Edward O.Wilson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Wilbert Moore

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Brian has decided to study the relationship between genetics and shyness in social situations.Which of the following disciplines best fits Brian's approach to his research?

A)psychiatry
B)sociobiology
C)social psychology
D)psychology

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to a functionalist perspective,where do we learn about the larger dominant culture (including language,attitudes,beliefs,values,and norms)?

A)the school
B)the media
C)the workplace
D)the family

Question 5

As a third-year sociology major,what is Leslie most likely to believe is the most important part of any individual's socialization process?

A)genetics
B)cultural makeup
C)social environment
D)economic circumstances

Question 6

What conclusion can be drawn from the studies of Anna and Genie?

A)The effects of social isolation and neglect can be reversed.
B)Even infants who are deprived of human contact develop "human" characteristics.
C)Neglect and maltreatment do not radically change the behaviour of children.
D)Social isolation and neglect are extremely detrimental to young children

Question 7

What does the case of Genie,an isolated child,illustrate?

A)Children who have been isolated can become a part of the mainstream,providing they have proper therapy.
B)Children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood.
C)Children who experience social isolation and neglect may end up permanently mentally challenged in adulthood.
D)Children who are neglected can be successfully socialized with extensive treatment.

Question 8

What is the term for the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour?

A)psychophysiology
B)sociobiology
C)psychology
D)zoology

Question 9

In the debate over "nature" and "nurture," where do sociologists stand?

A)Their focus on how genetic makeup is a major factor in shaping human behaviour positions them on the nature side.
B) Their suggestion that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behaviour,including war and peace,positions them on the nature side.
B)
Their suggestion that social environment probably has a greater effect than heredity on the way we develop and the way we act positions them on the nurture side.
C)
Their failure to acknowledge that some aspects of people's physical makeup largely are determined by heredity positions them on the nurture side.

Question 10

What do sociologists refer to as "the persons,groups,or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society?"

A)socializing forces
B)agents of socialization
C)social reference points
D)role sets

Question 11

What is the term for the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical,mental,and social skills needed for survival in society?

A)acculturation
B)socialization
C)acceptance
D)self-representation

Question 12

What links the individual and society?

A)culture
B)socialization
C)environment
D)biology

Question 13

What did Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow's experiments demonstrate?

A)Social isolation does not affect nonhuman primates.
B)Monkeys are completely unlike humans with respect to their social environments.
C)Social isolation has detrimental effects on nonhuman primates.
D)Aggressive behaviour is unchanged by social contact.

Question 14

According to sociologists,child abuse is a complex problem connected to questions about which of the following?

A)free will and choice
B)relations of power
C)control
D)discipline

Question 15

What is the most important agent of socialization in all societies?

A)the school
B)the media
C)the workplace
D)the family

Question 16

Which of the following occurs when there has been effective socialization?

A)Norms are followed.
B)Norms are clear.
C)Norms are broken.
D)Norms are changed.

Question 17

What percentage of Canadian preschool children spend time in some form of daycare?

A)between 10 and 20 percent
B)between 25 and 40 percent
C)between 45 and 60 percent
D)over 60 percent

Question 18

According to the text,which of the following statements best reflects Canada's policy and political environment as it relates to daycare?

A)A national daycare policy regulates and ensures access to quality daycare for children under five years of age.
B)Fair parental leave programs across the country ensure the majority of parents have the option of delaying their return to work beyond their child's first year.
C)Without a national policy and structure in place for parents who need daycare,mothers in particular must often develop personal solutions to public problems.
D)The increase in stay-at-home dads and rising number of regulated daycare spaces allow for over 50 percent of children whose mothers work to be accommodated.

Question 19

What did psychologists Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow do in a series of laboratory experiments?

A)They isolated human infants and studied them in separate environments.
B)They took infant rhesus monkeys from their mothers and isolated them in separate cages.
C)They determined that,unlike human beings,lower primates do not suffer ill effects from social isolation.
D)They showed that social isolation has many positive effects on behaviour.

Question 20

Ashlee believes she is a bad student and that she has no marketable skills to offer an employer.Which of the following would a sociologist argue has had a huge impact on what Ashlee believes about herself and her social world?

A)traits inherited from her parents
B)cultural traditions passed on from her ancestors
C)social isolation and personal reflection
D)her interactions with others

Question 21

Which of the following rationales might a proponent of television give?

A)Television offers positive experiences to children including improved language development.
B)Television encourages the development of critical thinking skills.
C)Television discourages consumerism and consumption.
D)Television increases public awareness of important events such as crime rates.

Question 22

If you took a conflict perspective,which of the following statements would you challenge?

A)Students in the school system have different experiences depending on their social class,ethnic background,gender,and other factors.
B)Students in the school system have social experiences conditioned by inequality built into the classroom.
C)Students in the school system are restricted in terms of vertical mobility.
D)Students in the school system are all socialized to be productive members of society.

Question 23

What would a sociologist call our perception about what kind of person we are?

A)self-identity
B)self-worth
C)physiological self
D)looking-glass self

Question 24

According to sociologist Melvin Kohn,which of the following is one of the strongest influences on what and how parents teach their children?

A)ethnic background
B)social class
C)religion
D)racial background

Question 25

What would a functionalist argue about schools as an agent of socialization?

A)At school,students learn the hidden curriculum.
B)At school,daily interactions affect belief systems and challenge students' ideas about power.
C)At school,students learn culture,how to be productive members of society,and where they fit relative to their peers.
D)At school,gender,race,and class hierarchies are challenged,and students can question the differential selection,training,and placement of individuals.

Question 26

What term does sociologist Stephen Richer use to describe students learning to be neat,to be on time,to be quiet,to wait their turn,and to remain attentive to their work?

A)discipline scenario
B)authoritarian agenda
C)hidden curriculum
D)formal education

Question 27

What do conflict theorists argue about socialization?

A)Socialization disrupts class structure for future generations.
B)Socialization represses class structure within a generation.
C)Socialization reproduces the class structure in the next generation.
D)Socialization alters class structure for subsequent generations.

Question 28

What sociological concept defines the "totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves?"

A)self-concept
B)psychological self
C)self-esteem
D)self-identity

Question 29

Which of the following statements best reflects what Mead would argue about your sense of self?

A)It is present at birth.
B)It develops largely independent of our interactions with others.
C)It develops in all people at approximately the same time.
D)It cannot develop without social experience.

Question 30

What does the text state about daycare and preschool programs?

A)They are declining in their role as socialization agents due to increased technology.
B)They will have less of an impact on children as the number of parents who work outside the home decreases.
C)They have a slightly negative overall effect on the socialization of children.
D)They have a positive effect,especially for children from less-advantaged backgrounds because they provide valuable learning experiences.

Question 31

What kind of group is a composed of people who are linked by common interests,equal social position,and (usually)similar age?

A)reference
B)peer
C)social
D)primary

Question 32

How do peer groups function as agents of socialization?

A)Peers provide a close link to parents and schools.
B)Peers contribute to our sense of belonging and self-worth.
C)Peers reinforce the hidden curriculum.
D)Peers are the most important source of socialization for all young people.

Question 33

According to symbolic interactionists,when do we know who we are?

A)We are aware of ourselves from birth.
B)when we see ourselves as others do
C)when we see ourselves as we believe others see us
D)when we observe others

Question 34

What component of the self-concept would be indicated by the statement "I am troubled by terrorism"?

A)the physical self
B)the active self
C)the social self
D)the psychological self

Question 35

As a social constructionist,what type of relationship would you emphasize between children,parents,and other family members?

A)one directional
B)bidirectional
C)multidirectional
D)static

Question 36

What does the text indicate about children's television viewing in Canada?

A)Children spend approximately two hours per day watching television and an additional two hours per day with computers,video games,and/or a DVD.
B)Children spend approximately two hours per day watching television and another five hours per week with computers,video games,and/or a DVD.
C)Children spend approximately one hour per day watching television and another hour per day with computers,video games,and/or a DVD.
D)Children spend approximately five hours per week watching television and an additional five hour hours per week with computers,video games,and/or a DVD.

Question 37

Which statement best reflects the social self?

A)I believe in good nutrition.
B)I help others with their training.
C)I am athletic.
D)I like to run.

Question 38

Which of the following is composed of large-scale organizations that use print or electronic means to communicate with large numbers?

A)popular media
B)social media networks
C)mass media
D)alternative media

Question 39

Suppose you took a symbolic interactionist perspective on socialization in schools.What claim would you likely make?

A)What happens daily influences students' beliefs about gender and ideas about aggression or cooperation.
B)Some students have more ability to master the hidden curriculum than others.
C)Schools effectively select,train,and prepare individuals for placement in different positions in society.
D)Teachers systematically evaluate and systematically compare students with one another.

Question 40

Which of the components of our self-concept is reflected in the statement "I play golf well"?

A)physical
B)active
C)social
D)psychological

Question 41

Who divided the self into the "I" and the "me?"

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Erik Erikson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)George Herbert Mead

Question 42

Sigmund Freud lived in an era characterized by which of the following?

A)sexual liberation
B)extreme sexual repression
C)permissive sexual mores
D)sexual revolution

Question 43

Sigmund Freud divided the mind into which interrelated parts?

A)I,me,and generalized other
B)id,ego,and generalized other
C)I,me,and superego
D)id,ego,and superego

Question 44

According to the text's discussion of the looking-glass self,which of the following scenarios is possible?

A)Mary's self-concept is static during her interactions with friends and family.
B)Jane develops a self-identity based on incorrect assumptions of how her peers view her.
C)Sara reaches adulthood with a permanently fixed sense of self.
D)Karen's significant others become less important as she gets older.

Question 45

Suppose Greg mentally assumes the role of his father in order to understand the world from an adult's point of view.What would a sociologist employing Mead's theory argue?

A)Greg is role exploring.
B)Greg is role assuming.
C)Greg is role developing.
D)Greg is role taking.

Question 46

According to Mead,a newborn baby's interactions lack meaning and it primarily imitates the expressions on his siblings' or parents' faces.In what stage of development is the baby?

A)play
B)preparatory
C)game
D)conventional

Question 47

What does sociologist Anne Kaspar argue when she applies an interactionist perspective on the self to women?

A)Women are likely to experience a conflict between their personal experiences and those they take from North American culture.
B)Women have a less clearly defined sense of self in North American culture.
C)Women have a more clearly defined sense of self in North American culture.
D)Women are unlikely to experience a conflict between their personal experiences and those they take from North American culture.

Question 48

On what basis did Kaspar critique Mead's ideas about the social self?

A)The ideas reflect only the symbolic interactionist approach.
B)The ideas may be more applicable to men than women.
C)The ideas are too conflict oriented.
D)The ideas are too heavily based on psychoanalytic theory.

Question 49

Which term is associated with Mead's "I"?

A)shared traits
B)objective
C)unchangeable
D)subjective

Question 50

Team sports are appropriate for individuals who have reached what stage of development?

A)preparatory
B)play
C)generalized
D)game

Question 51

What concept describes the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others?

A)personality development
B)looking-glass self
C)"I" and the "me"
D)human psyche

Question 52

Who is known as the founder of psychoanalytic theory?

A)George Herbert Mead
B)Charles Horton Cooley
C)Jean Piaget
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 53

According to Sigmund Freud,which component of personality includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification?

A)the id
B)the ego
C)the superego
D)the psychic energy

Question 54

Suppose you observe a group of preschoolers pretending to be superheroes.According to George Herbert Mead,at what stage of self-development are they?

A)preparatory
B)preconventional
C)play
D)game

Question 55

Using Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self,how would you explain your best friend's belief that he is not intelligent enough to take a class at the university?

A)Society programs people to respond in fixed ways.
B)He believes others see him as not very bright.
C)His generalized other is malfunctioning and he requires therapy to "mend" it.
D)Your friend has not fully developed morally.

Question 56

Sheila is playing softball with a group of her friends.Recently,she has been thinking about how her team members need to work as a team when ball is hit to centre field.In doing this,Sheila is developing an awareness of what George Herbert Mead termed which of the following?

A)the significant other
B)the generalized other
C)the looking-glass self
D)the "I" to "me" transition

Question 57

What concept refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture?

A)the generalized other
B)the perceived other
C)the significant other
D)the symbolic other

Question 58

In what stage of self-development do individuals learn to use language and other symbols,thus enabling them to pretend to take the roles of specific people?

A)preparatory
B)game
C)play
D)generalized

Question 59

What kind of theorists would Charles Horton Cooley and George H.Mead best be classified as?

A)functionalists
B)conflict theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)feminist theorists

Question 60

Which statement best characterizes Mead's "me"?

A)The "me" is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of others,and the individual's awareness of those demands.
B)The "me" is composed of subjective and objective parts.
C)The "me" is composed of spontaneous and unique traits of each person.
D)The "me" is composed and developed before the "I."

Question 61

Why might scholars be hesitant to point out differences in socialization practices among diverse ethnic and social class groupings?

A)because little or no research has been done on this area
B)because sociologists are not really interested in the effect of social class and ethnicity
C)because such differences have typically been interpreted to be a sign of inadequate socialization practices
D)because they fear that North American methods of socialization will be found to be insufficient

Question 62

According Carol Gilligan's research,what kind of criteria are men socialized to base their moral decisions on?

A)justice
B)selfish concerns
C)compassion and care
D)making other people happy

Question 63

What concept do sociologists use to refer to the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society?

A)sex role socialization
B)sex socialization
C)gender socialization
D)feminization and masculinization socialization

Question 64

What is the first stage of cognitive development,as set forth by Jean Piaget?

A)preoperational
B)concrete operational
C)formal operational
D)sensorimotor

Question 65

In order to assess women's stages of moral development,Carol Gilligan conducted a study of pregnant women who were contemplating having an abortion.According to Gilligan,what motivated the women in the first stage of moral development?

A)anger
B)selfish concerns
C)a desire to do what is best for themselves and for others
D)their responsibility to others

Question 66

For what reason did Carol Gilligan criticize Lawrence Kohlberg's work?

A)for underestimating human potential for immorality
B)for being based on only male subjects
C)for ignoring key social psychological insights
D)for overemphasizing the subconscious mind

Question 67

In what stage of Jean Piaget's theory are individuals able to engage in highly abstract thought,able to think about the future,and able to evaluate different options or courses of action?

A)the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
B)the formal operational stage of cognitive development
C)the preoperational stage of cognitive development
D)the concrete operational stage of cognitive development

Question 68

After hearing a story about a poor boy who gives a new friend his prized soccer jersey,a six-year-old boy begins to weep.His teacher might explain his behaviour in Piaget's terms by calling attention to the boy's having reached what stage of development?

A)the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
B)the formal operational stage of cognitive development
C)the preoperational stage of cognitive development
D)the concrete operational stage of cognitive development

Question 69

Two-year-old Erin reaches for a toy behind the sofa.What ability would Jean Piaget argue that Erin has mastered?

A)egocentricity
B)object permanence
C)human interactions
D)psychological insight

Question 70

According to Sigmund Freud,what level of personality does a newborn baby's personality exhibit?

A)the id
B)the ego
C)the superego
D)the psychic energy

Question 71

What part of Freud's theory is most closely related to Mead's notion of the "me"?

A)the id
B)the ego
C)the superego
D)both the id and the ego

Question 72

In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,what are people are most concerned with when they reach the conventional level?

A)law and order
B)how they are perceived by others
C)naive instrumental hedonism
D)punishment and obedience

Question 73

Teens who attend driver training or practise driving with an adult driver are engaging in what form of socialization?

A)primary
B)anticipatory
C)gender
D)preparatory

Question 74

What differentiates an individual who has reached the postconventional level of moral development?

A)their concern with meeting needs
B)their concern for rights and moral conduct
C)their concern with rules and punishment
D)their concern with approval from others

Question 75

If you followed the work of Jean Piaget,what would you argue is responsible for governing children's activities?

A)individual psyches
B)perception of the world around them
C)socialization
D)interactions with others

Question 76

What kind of socialization are we getting when we learn knowledge and skills to prepare us for future roles?

A)preparatory socialization
B)anticipatory socialization
C)protective socialization
D)total socialization

Question 77

What field of study did Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget pioneer?

A)psychoanalysis
B)psychosocial development
C)cognitive development
D)interactionism

Question 78

According to Jean Piaget's theory,when do we have the ability to make plans for the future based on our evaluation of options?

A)after reaching the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
B)after reaching the formal operational stage of cognitive development
C)after reaching the preoperational stage of cognitive development
D)after reaching the concrete operational stage of cognitive development

Question 79

In the preconventional level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory,what is the main concern during for moral development?

A)need satisfaction
B)punishment avoidance
C)preserving individual rights
D)gaining approval from peers

Question 80

Many parents dress their baby boys in blue clothing and their baby girls in pink clothing.To what process are they contributing?

A)gender socialization
B)sex role typing
C)resocialization
D)sex typing