Deck 34: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Which of the following lipoproteins is considered to be the most atherogenic?

A)Chylomicrons
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL

Answer 1

C
Low-density lipoprotein is the primary transporter of cholesterol in the body, and formation of plaques within arterial walls begins with the incorporation of LDL cholesterol that has been taken up by macrophages to become foam cells.Chylomicrons and VLDLs are usually not considered to be atherogenic.IDLs produced from VLDL, however, are atherogenic because they are often repackaged as LDL.HDL reduces the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis.

Question 2

The MNT for patients with hypertriglyceridemia should include

A)high amounts of carbohydrate.
B)soy protein.
C)2 to 4 g EPA and DHA per day.
D)1 g EPA and DHA per day.

Answer 2

C
Patients who have hypertriglyceridemia should have 2 to 4 g per day of EPA and DHA.Omega-3 fatty acids lower triglycerides by inhibiting VLDL and apo B-100 synthesis.For patients with CVD, the recommendation is 1 g EPA and DHA per day.

Question 3

Which medical procedure used to treat patients with asymptomatic ischemia or angina involves a balloon?

A)Cardiac catheterization
B)Percutaneous coronary intervention
C)Coronary stent
D)CABG

Answer 3

B
PCI was previously known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and involves the insertion of a catheter with a balloon that is inflated within a partially blocked artery.The inflation of the balloon breaks up the plaque formation and opens up the lumen of the artery.Cardiac catheterization or angiography involves the injection of dye into the arteries to produce radiographic images of the heart.A coronary stent is a wire mesh device inserted into an artery to hold the lumen open.Coronary artery bypass graft involves the surgical placement of an artery onto the heart to redirect blood flow.

Question 4

Which of the following lipoproteins normally returns most of the cholesterol to the liver for disposal via reverse transport?

A)Chylomicrons
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL

Question 5

Which of the following causes blood pressure to increase?

A)Vasodilation
B)Decreased cardiac output
C)Decreased vascular resistance
D)Increased peripheral resistance

Question 6

The "acceptable" range for LDL cholesterol in 2- to 19-year-old children and young adults is

A)less than 170 mg/dL.
B)115 to 129 mg/dL.
C)less than 110 mg/dL.
D)80 to 100 mg/dL.

Question 7

Which class of drugs reduces LDL levels by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol?

A)Bile acid sequestrants
B)Nicotinic acid
C)HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
D)Fibric acid derivatives

Question 8

Which of the following decreases in congestive heart failure?

A)Beta-natriuretic peptide
B)Ejection fraction
C)Cardiac remodeling
D)Interleukin-1

Question 9

In regard to food labels, what is the definition of "sodium free?"

A)No sodium or sodium chloride at all
B)Less than 1 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride
C)Less than 5 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride
D)Less than 10 mg of sodium per serving and no sodium chloride

Question 10

Which of the following lipoproteins is considered to be triglyceride rich?

A)VLDL
B)IDL
C)LDL
D)HDL

Question 11

Which of the following lipoproteins is primary cholesterol carrier in blood?

A)Chylomicrons
B)VLDL
C)LDL
D)HDL

Question 12

CVD is the leading cause of death in the United States in

A)men only.
B)women only.
C)African American Women but not white women.
D)men and women.

Question 13

Which of the following promotes homeostatic control of blood pressure in the short term?

A)Kidney control of fluid levels
B)Sympathetic nervous system secretion of norepinephrine
C)Secretion of renin from the nephrons
D)Activation of the renin-angiotensin system

Question 14

Diuretics work to lower blood pressure by

A)promoting vasodilation.
B)inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system.
C)decreasing blood volume.
D)increasing potassium retention.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommendations of the TLC diet for lowering high blood cholesterol?

A)Reduction of total fat to less than or equal to 20% of total calories
B)Reduction of saturated fat to less than 7% of total calories
C)Reduction of total cholesterol to less than 200 mg
D)Up to 20% of total calories as monounsaturated fat

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors used in the Framingham Point Scores for determining 10-year CHD risk?

A)Age
B)HDL
C)LDL
D)Smoking

Question 17

Which mineral has been shown to improve (lower) blood pressure when consumed in adequate amounts?

A)Calcium
B)Magnesium
C)Potassium
D)Chloride

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT associated with lowering blood pressure?

A)Hawthorn berry
B)Mint
C)Garlic
D)Coenzyme Q10

Question 19

What is the condition in which severe congestive heart failure is characterized by a state of severe malnutrition?

A)Anorexia nervosa
B)Cardiac cachexia
C)Hypoalbuminemia
D)Tissue hypoxia

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a proinflammatory marker that increases when endothelial dysfunction leads to unstable plaque formation in atherosclerosis?

A)Interleukin-6
B)Fibrinogen
C)Nitric oxide
D)C-reactive protein