Deck 38: Medical and Nutrition Therapy for HIV and AIDS

Question 1

As a result of malabsorption, altered metabolism, gut infection, and altered gut barrier function can be the result of what condition?

A)Oversupplementation
B)Opportunistic infections
C)Micronutrient deficiencies
D)Low protein intake

Answer 1

C
Micronutrient deficiencies are common in people with HIV as a result of malabsorption.Adequate micronutrient intake through consumption of a balanced, healthy diet should be encouraged.However, diet alone may not be sufficient in people with HIV and supplementation may be required.

Question 2

What is the primary adverse effect of some kinds of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

A)Drug interactions
B)Increase in side effects and disease progression
C)Decreased adherence
D)Micronutrient malabsorption

Answer 2

A
Potential interactions with ART medications should be addressed when interacting with patients practicing complementary and alternative medicine.CAM is most often practiced in an attempt to alleviate side effects and slow disease progression.

Question 3

Protein intake for individuals with HIV is recommended to be:

A)decreased.
B)maintained to current dietary reference intake (DRI) for healthy individuals.
C)increased to double the DRI for energy needs.
D)Adjusted according to CD4+ levels.

Answer 3

B
No evidence exists for increased protein intake over and above that necessary for health individuals or in response to increased energy needs from specific infections.CD4+ levels have no correlation with protein intake.Comorbidities or opportunistic infections might adjust protein requirements.

Question 4

Low levels of literacy, vision loss, cognitive impairment, homelessness, stigma, and active substance abuse can have significant effects on what aspect of HIV disease?

A)Coinfection
B)Drug resistance
C)Increased nutrition needs
D)Increased transmission rates

Question 5

Individuals are more susceptible to developing signs and symptoms of HIV infection when the CD4+ cell count falls below

A)200 cells/mm3.
B)500 cells/mm3.
C)1000 cells/mm3.
D)CD4+ cell concentrations to not relate to signs and symptoms of HIV.

Question 6

Hepatoxicity in association with treatment with nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors are associated with what opportunistic infection?

A)Mycobacterium avium
B)Cryptosporidiosis
C)Hepatitis C virus
D)Dysesthesia

Question 7

It is important to talk with patients about body shape and fat redistribution to combat what aspect of HIV disease?

A)Food-medication interaction
B)Opportunistic infections
C)Peripheral neuropathy
D)HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS)

Question 8

Obesity in people with HIV should be treated with:

A)altered antiviral medications.
B)decreased protein intake.
C)supplementation and complementary medicine.
D)physical activity, aerobic exercise, and regular medical nutrition therapy.

Question 9

Which herbal supplement is contraindicated when used with antiretroviral medication such as indinavir?

A)Echinacea
B)Cat's claw
C)Milk thistle
D)St.John's wort

Question 10

What opportunistic infection manifests as purple nodules or lesions on the skin and mucous membranes?

A)Candidiasis
B)Herpes zoster
C)Kaposi's sarcoma
D)Pneumococcal sinusitis

Question 11

The most widely studied combination regimen for treatment naïve patients includes

A)two NRTIs plus either one NNRTI or a PI.
B)an INSTI with two NRTIs.
C)a PI and a fusion inhibitor.
D)two NNRTIs with a NRTI and PI (with or without ritonavir boosting).

Question 12

Which cells become infected by the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS?

A)All lymphocytes
B)All T4 lymphocytes
C)The CD4+ or mature T-helper lymphocytes
D)The CD4+ or T8 lymphocytes

Question 13

What should a pregnant woman who is HIV positive be advised in regard to feeding her baby?

A)Breastfeed her baby.
B)Do not breastfeed her baby.
C)Breastfeed her baby only if she is asymptomatic.
D)Breastfeed her baby only if her disease is in its early stage.

Question 14

Retrovir and AZT are what type of antiretroviral medications?

A)Fusion inhibitors
B)Protease inhibitors
C)Nonnucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
D)Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 15

Which area of the world has the highest prevalence of HIV infection?

A)North America
B)Latin America
C)South and Southeast Asia
D)Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 16

Hepatitis C virus coinfection with HIV is highly correlated with

A)men who have sex with men.
B)injection drug use.
C)poverty.
D)low literacy rates.

Question 17

What period of disease progression does acute HIV infection make up?

A)The period from transmission to up to 10 years after infection
B)The period from transmission of HIV to the production of detectable antibodies
C)The period between normal and less than 500 CD4+ cells/mm3.
D)The period when CD4 decrease fall to even lower levels and the infection becomes symptomatic and progresses to AIDS

Question 18

Opportunistic infections seen in patients with AIDS may increase the presence of malnutrition because of

A)further compromise of the immune system.
B)a reduction in available iron for the WBCs.
C)a reduction in RBCs, causing inadequate oxygenation of the tissues.
D)a decreased oncotic pressure in the intravascular space.

Question 19

What is the most valuable indicator of nutritional status in HIV-infected children?

A)Energy levels
B)Viral load
C)CD4 levels
D)Growth

Question 20

For HIV-infected individuals with high triclyceride levels, what kind of supplementation might be helpful?

A)Vitamin A
B)Fish oil
C)Magnesium
D)Garlic