Deck 37: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hiv and Aids

Question 1

The most widely studied combination regimen for treatment naïve patients includes

A)two NRTIs plus either one NNRTI or a PI.
B)an INSTI with two NRTIs.
C)a PI and a fusion inhibitor.
D)two NNRTIs with a NRTI and PI (with or without ritonavir boosting).

Answer 1

A
Two nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus either one nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or a protease inhibitor (PI) is the most widely studied combination regimen for treatment naïve patients, although other options are becoming acceptable with more research.

Question 2

Obesity in people with HIV should be treated with

A)altered antiviral medications.
B)decreased protein intake.
C)supplementation and complementary medicine.
D)physical activity, aerobic exercise, and regular medical nutrition therapy.

Answer 2

D
Interventions for populations infected with HIV should be similar to those of healthy individuals.

Question 3

Retrovir and AZT are what type of antiretroviral medications?

A)Fusion inhibitors
B)Protease inhibitors
C)Nonnucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors
D)Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Answer 3

D
Retrovir, zidovudine, and AZT (azidothymidine) are nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).They impair HIV replication by preventing the production of viral DNA, which can infect the cellular DNA of the host.NNRTIs also affect HIV replication in this manner.Fusion inhibitors prevent the attachment of HIV particles to the CD4 of the T-cell.Protease inhibitors prevent cleaving of HIV RNA strands, which can be packaged into new HIV particles.

Question 4

What is the most valuable indicator of nutritional status in HIV-infected children?

A)Energy levels
B)Viral load
C)CD4 levels
D)Growth

Question 5

Individuals are more susceptible to developing signs and symptoms of HIV infection when the CD4+ cell count falls below

A)200 cells/mm3.
B)500 cells/mm3.
C)1000 cells/mm3.
D)CD4+ cell concentrations do not relate to signs and symptoms of HIV.

Question 6

Which herbal supplement is contraindicated when used with antiretroviral medication such as indinavir?

A)Echinacea
B)Cat's claw
C)Milk thistle
D)St.John's wort

Question 7

What is the primary adverse effect of some kinds of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

A)Drug interactions
B)Increase in side effects and disease progression
C)Decreased adherence
D)Micronutrient malabsorption

Question 8

Which area of the world has the highest prevalence of HIV infection?

A)North America
B)Latin America
C)South and Southeast Asia
D)Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 9

What period of disease progression does acute HIV infection make up?

A)The period from transmission to up to 10 years after infection
B)The period from transmission of HIV to the production of detectable antibodies
C)The period between normal and less than 500 CD4+ cells/mm3
D)The period when CD4 decrease falls to even lower levels and the infection becomes symptomatic and progresses to AIDS

Question 10

What opportunistic infection manifests as purple nodules or lesions on the skin and mucous membranes?

A)Candidiasis
B)Herpes zoster
C)Kaposi sarcoma
D)Pneumococcal sinusitis

Question 11

Low levels of literacy, vision loss, cognitive impairment, homelessness, stigma, and active substance abuse can have significant effects on what aspect of HIV disease?

A)Coinfection
B)Drug resistance
C)Increased nutrition needs
D)Increased transmission rates

Question 12

Which cells become infected by the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS?

A)All lymphocytes
B)All immature lymphocytes
C)CD4+ or mature T-helper lymphocytes
D)T8 lymphocytes

Question 13

Hepatitis C virus coinfection with HIV is highly correlated with

A)men who have sex with men.
B)injection drug use.
C)poverty.
D)low literacy rates.

Question 14

Hepatoxicity in association with treatment with nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors is associated with what opportunistic infection?

A)Mycobacterium avium
B)Cryptosporidiosis
C)Hepatitis C virus
D)Dysesthesia

Question 15

What condition can be a result of malabsorption, altered metabolism, gut infection, and altered gut barrier function?

A)Oversupplementation
B)Opportunistic infections
C)Micronutrient deficiencies
D)Low protein intake

Question 16

It is important to talk with patients about body shape and fat redistribution to combat what aspect of HIV disease?

A)Food-medication interaction
B)Opportunistic infections
C)Peripheral neuropathy
D)HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS)

Question 17

Opportunistic infections seen in patients with AIDS may increase the presence of malnutrition because of

A)further compromise of the immune system.
B)a reduction in available iron for the WBCs.
C)a reduction in RBCs, causing inadequate oxygenation of the tissues.
D)a decreased oncotic pressure in the intravascular space.

Question 18

What should a pregnant woman who is HIV positive be advised in regard to feeding her baby?

A)Breastfeed her baby.
B)Do not breastfeed her baby.
C)Breastfeed her baby only if she is asymptomatic.
D)Breastfeed her baby only if her disease is in its early stage.

Question 19

Protein intake for individuals with HIV is recommended to be

A)decreased.
B)maintained to current dietary reference intake (DRI) for healthy individuals.
C)increased to double the DRI for energy needs.
D)adjusted according to CD4+ levels.

Question 20

For HIV-infected individuals with high triglyceride levels, what kind of supplementation might be helpful?

A)Vitamin A
B)Fish oil
C)Magnesium
D)Garlic