Deck 5: Clinical: Nutritional Genomics

Question 1

Phenylketonuria is what type of genetic disorder?

A)Autosomal dominant
B)Autosomal recessive
C)X-linked dominant
D)X-linked recessive

Answer 1

B
PKU, tyrosinemia, maple syrup urine disease, and other metabolic disorders known as inborn errors of metabolism result from autosomal recessive disorders.Examples of nutrition-related conditions that are autosomal dominant disorders include Albright hereditary osteodystrophy and familial hypercholesterolemia.One nutrition-related X-linked dominant disorder is fragile X syndrome.Diabetes insipidus and adrenoleukodystrophy are examples of X-linked recessive disorders with nutritional implications.

Question 2

Which area of study focuses on the identification and understanding of the function of the end products of the genes within the human genome?

A)Nutrigenomics
B)Proteomics
C)Metabolomics
D)Genomics

Answer 2

B
Proteomics focuses on studying the proteins produced by genes.Metabolomics focuses on the study of cellular metabolites that may be useful in the monitoring of disease progression.Nutrigenomics studies the influence of nutrient and other food factors on the expression of genes.Genomics is the all-encompassing study of genes and proteins and their relation to disease, including the influences of environmental factors.

Question 3

Nutritional components of food affect genetic expression by acting as ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).Which disease may NOT be positively affected by this nutrigenomic relationship?

A)Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B)Cancer
C)Obesity
D)Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

B
PPAR transcription factors function in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis, adipocyte proliferation, and foam cell formation.Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids serve as ligands for PPARs, and as a result, potential beneficial effects could result in reduced expression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and obesity.Research connecting nutrigenomics to cancer presently is investigating relationships to detoxification factors.

Question 4

In genomics, "SNP" refers to

A)the sequencing of nucleotides to make proteins.
B)a method of extracting a gene from a DNA strand.
C)a variation in a DNA sequence caused by one nucleotide.
D)sex-linked nucleotide penetrance.

Question 5

Approximately how many nucleotides make up human DNA?

A)1 million
B)2 billion
C)3 billion
D)8 billion

Question 6

What is the term that describes a gene that is present but not expressing a particular phenotype?

A)Pedigree
B)Reduced penetrance
C)Dominance
D)Linkage

Question 7

Within a strand of DNA, which of the following nucleotide base pairing is possible?

A)Adenine-guanine
B)Cytosine-thymine
C)Adenine-uracil
D)Cytosine-guanine

Question 8

What is the term that describes the natural variations in a gene that create no adverse effects on the individual and appear frequently within the population?

A)Autosomal dominant
B)Homozygous
C)Polymorphism
D)Heterozygous

Question 9

In regard to nutritional assessment, which of the following will nutrition professionals need to be able to read to identify a patient's potential susceptibility to diseases?

A)Phenotype
B)Genotype
C)Karyotype
D)Genomic imprint

Question 10

Which of the following may promote a change in a DNA molecule affecting gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence?

A)Genomic imprinting
B)Mutation
C)SNP
D)Gene variant

Question 11

The purpose of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is to

A)define genetic testing and genetic information.
B)ban discrimination based on genetic information.
C)ensure the fair and positive use of genetic testing.
D)all of the above.

Question 12

What is the effect of a silent mutation on DNA?

A)It is harmful to the host.
B)It accumulates additional mutations more quickly than unaffected DNA.
C)It improves certain functions of the DNA.
D)It has no effect on the DNA.

Question 13

In protein synthesis, what subcomponent of DNA directs the inclusion of a specific amino acid within the protein?

A)The gene
B)The intron
C)The codon
D)The exon

Question 14

The 677C>T variant of the MTHFR gene may increase the risk of which disease?

A)Wilson disease
B)Diabetes mellitus
C)Cancer
D)Cardiovascular disease

Question 15

What syndrome results from inheriting two copies of a deletion in chromosome 15 from the father?

A)William syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Angelman syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 16

Among which types of inheritance have no nutrition-related disorders been identified?

A)Autosomal recessive
B)X-linked dominant
C)Y-linked
D)X-linked recessive

Question 17

Which of the following is a syndrome caused by extra chromosomes?

A)William syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Angelman syndrome
D)Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 18

During protein synthesis, when are introns removed?

A)Transcription
B)Posttranscriptional processing
C)Translation
D)Posttranslational processing

Question 19

Which of the following is the area of DNA where binding of regulatory proteins signals the start of transcription?

A)Promoter
B)Intervening sequence
C)Response element
D)Transcription factor

Question 20

Which type of disorders are the most common of the mendelian inherited disorders?

A)Autosomal recessive diseases
B)Autosomal dominant diseases
C)X-linked dominant diseases
D)X-linked recessive diseases