Deck 8: Northern Transformations, 1790-1850

Question 1

Farm labor in post-revolutionary America saw

A)women increasingly do the field work.
B)the sickle as the principal harvest tool.
C)work carefully divided by sex.
D)hoes replace ploughs as the primary tool for cultivation.
E)Thomas Jefferson advocate an American adoption of the French peasant labor system.

Answer 1

work carefully divided by sex.

Question 2

During the 1820s New England storekeepers

A)shipped their goods to England and Europe.
B)depended almost entirely on locally produced goods for their retail sales.
C)depended on a barter exchange of goods and services, rather than cash sales.
D)saw their business decline significantly.
E)increased their stock of consumer goods significantly

Answer 2

increased their stock of consumer goods significantly

Question 3

After 1790, the responsibilities for running American farm households

A)fell more exclusively on women.
B)decreased.
C)were mostly given to the older children.
D)were turned over to servants.
E)were equally shared by all family members.

Answer 3

fell more exclusively on women.

Question 4

Thomas Jefferson saw the ideal American society as one whose economy was dominated by

A)master craftsmen.
B)wage laborers.
C)seaport merchants.
D)rural farmers.
E)an urban working class.

Question 5

Eastbound traffic on the National Road consisted largely of

A)cattle and pigs.
B)wheat and corn.
C)lumber.
D)whiskey.
E)cotton.

Question 6

In 1815 the largest American city was

A)Philadelphia.
B)Baltimore.
C)Newark.
D)New York City.
E)Boston.

Question 7

All of the following statements regarding transportation in 1815 are true except

A)it was easier to transport goods into western settlements than out
B)transportation west of the Appalachians was almost entirely undeveloped
C)transporting goods by boat between Louisville and New Orleans took three to four months
D)the cost of transporting wheat from Buffalo to New York City tripled its price
E)trans-Appalachian settlements were marginal to the market economy

Question 8

An 1816 Senate report stated that it cost the same to transport one ton of goods across the Atlantic Ocean as it did to move one ton of goods ____ miles inland.

A)10
B)30
C)60
D)90
E)150

Question 9

The National Road linked

A)the Potomac River with the Ohio River.
B)the Mississippi River with the Great Lakes.
C)New York City with Boston.
D)The Ohio River with the Mississippi.
E)Boston with Charleston.

Question 10

Most agricultural improvements were directed toward which of the following?

A)indigo
B)grain
C)sugar
D)tobacco
E)cotton

Question 11

Urban master artisans during the years of the early republic

A)experienced no change in their social or economic status.
B)were unlikely to enter the emerging business class.
C)lived in a pristine environment free from filth and disease.
D)were able to support their families on their own.
E)increasingly subcontracted their "slop work" work to younger artisans.

Question 12

Which of the following was not a result of rising farm incomes after 1790?

A)the improved appearance of rural houses by painting and planting flowers
B)the purchases of salt, pepper and gunpowder
C)a greater concern with personal and household cleanliness
D)the ownership of mirrors and watches
E)All of these choices are correct 

Question 13

Eastern visitors described the backcountry as which of the following?

A)clean
B)civilized
C)filthy
D)organized
E)none of these choices

Question 14

By 1818 the National Road

A)ran from Washington D.C to Atlanta.
B)was a smooth, crushed rock thoroughfare.
C)had dramatically reduced the cost of moving goods inland.
D)signaled the decline in steamboat traffic.
E)all of these choices

Question 15

In early American rural neighborhoods

A)most farm families lived in isolation from each other.
B)paper money was widely used.
C)a farmer rarely kept track of debts owed by other farmers.
D)few farmers were self-sufficient.
E)the practice of bartering was considered "un-American."

Question 16

During the early republic, Indians living on western lands

A)were generally able to maintain their territorial holdings.
B)received considerable political and military help from Britain.
C)were constantly pushed further west.
D)saw, by 1820, nearly 100,000 white settlers move onto their lands.
E)were never more unified.

Question 17

The Waltham, or Lowell, system of textile manufacturing primarily employed

A)entire families.
B)immigrants.
C)young men.
D)children.
E)young women.

Question 18

By the 1830s, northeastern farmers' relationship to the market had

A)strengthened.
B)weakened.
C)remained unchanged.
D)became independent of the international market
E)none of these choices

Question 19

Which of the following was not an agricultural improvement of the mid-1800s?

A)horse-powered threshing machines
B)cast-iron plows
C)the windmill
D)hand-cranked fanning machines
E)the grain cradle

Question 20

Which of the following was true of American cities in 1790?

A)There were fifty cities with populations exceeding 10,000.
B)The largest cities were all seaports.
C)International commerce had yet to affect the composition and location of the largest cities.
D)Only twenty percent of the nation's population lived in cities.
E)A city was defined as having at least 10,000 people.

Question 21

The factory villages where entire families labored for mill owners in the process of cloth production was known as the

A)Lowell system.
B)Waltham system.
C)Rhode Island system.
D)Massachusetts system.
E)Carnegie system.

Question 22

Steamboats reduced the cost of transporting goods by river to approximately ____ per ton.

A)one-third of a cent
B)one and half cents
C)five cents
D)seven cents
E)ten cents

Question 23

All the following regarding southern farmers who moved into the Northwest is true except they

A)favored free-range livestock
B)remained tied to the river trade
C)often left the south seeing slavery blocked opportunities for them
D)devoted most of their efforts to developing large cultivated farms
E)did not bring slaves with them.

Question 24

Most canals built in the 1830s were built and financed by

A)state governments.
B)private corporations.
C)foreign investors.
D)the federal government.
E)associations of farmers.

Question 25

In 1811, Francis Lowell received valuable information on designing a factory town from

A)the United States patent office.
B)industrial espionage while in England.
C)speaking to a German inventor.
D)his wife.
E)an international trade conference.

Question 26

The main issue for southerners deciding to migrate north involved 

A)available transportation networks.
B)different cultural issues between the north and south.
C)leaving family behind.
D)slavery.
E)differences in climate.

Question 27

Between 1820 and 1840, agricultural exports from the Northwest increased by

A)15 percent.
B)25 percent.
C)50 percent.
D)75 percent.
E)90 percent.

Question 28

Commercial agriculture in the Northwest was first made feasible by the

A)railroad.
B)steamboat.
C)turnpike.
D)horse and buggy.
E)telegraph.

Question 29

Young women employed in the New England textile mills

A)grew more dependent upon their families because of their experience.
B)grew increasingly independent from their families because of their experience.
C)remained relatively unchanged because of their experience.
D)tended to keep their jobs for many years, and in some cases for life.
E)joined labor unions and led violent strikes against the factories.

Question 30

In the Northeast, the rise of livestock specialization reduced the amount of

A)land under cultivation.
B)woodlands.
C)food crops.
D)grain planted.
E)all of these choices

Question 31

Backcountry whites adopted all of the following practices except

A)girdling trees so that they would fall down naturally.
B)depending on game for food and animal skins for trade.
C)leaving their women behind to tend the farms when they hunted.
D)engaging in drunken brawls.
E)cooperating economically with local Indians.

Question 32

The first power-driven spinning mill in the United States was built by ____ in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

A)Richard Arkwright
B)Nathaniel Appleton
C)Francis Cabot Lowell
D)Samuel Slater
E)Thomas Edison

Question 33

Under the Rhode Island system

A)textile workers bought their own looms and bargained with merchants to establish prices.
B)mill owners created factory towns that included farmland that was rented to the families of textile workers.
C)factories were located in major seaport cities in order to have access to international markets.
D)Rhode Island banks financed industrial development in other states but charged extremely high interest rates.
E)the factories were government owned.

Question 34

During the period from 1790 to 1815, artisans were losing their independent status; most became

A)master craftsmen.
B)wage laborers.
C)merchants.
D)farmers.
E)soldiers.

Question 35

Between 1820 and 1870 the industrial revolution affected the United States as

A)old seaports experienced a slow decline in population.
B)commercial agriculture became less important.
C)international trade became far more valuable than the domestic market.
D)cities grew faster than ever before or since.
E)older, more established urban areas grew faster than new cities.

Question 36

By the 1790s, improvements in farming methods meant that more families could enjoy dairy products and poultry throughout the year.

Question 37

Which of the following most accurately describes alcohol consumption in the early republic?

A)Men drank more than women.
B)Farmers drank more than city dwellers.
C)Southerners drank more than northerners.
D)Westerners drank more than easterners.
E)Alcohol consumption was the highest that it has ever been.

Question 38

In the early nineteenth century, in seaport cities

A)life expectancy was higher than in the countryside.
B)accountants were being replaced by bookkeepers.
C)there was very little poverty.
D)wealth was becoming much more concentrated.
E)epidemics of disease were becoming rare.

Question 39

The Erie Canal

A)bankrupted the state of New York.
B)replaced the New York Central railroad as the major means of transportation in the Northeast.
C)opened the interior of New York and transformed the frontier into a prosperous commercial area.
D)had little impact on the economy of the Northeast.
E)made fortunes for its developers without the state deriving any real benefit.

Question 40

In the mid-nineteenth century, new female housework responsibilities included

A)spinning yarn and weaving textiles for the family's clothing.
B)less time spent in child supervision and individualized care.
C)cash-producing activities such as candle making and cheese production.
D)less time spent on planting flower beds and cleaning furniture.
E)more time spent washing, sewing, and ironing.

Question 41

Between 1815 and 1840, northeastern agriculture became a cash-crop business.

Question 42

A "razorback" was a southern term for a porcupine.

Question 43

By the 1860s, the railroads had replaced canals and rivers as the major transportation avenues in the Northeast.

Question 44

In general the birth rate declined in areas of greatest commercialization.

Question 45

The building of the Erie Canal raised the cost of transporting western wheat in the early nineteenth century.

Question 46

State governments took a more or less "laissez-faire" approach to the building of canals in the early nineteenth century.

Question 47

The market revolution occurred only in the North.

Question 48

The engine of economic growth in the North and West was international trade.

Question 49

The National Road ran from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and linked the nation along its North-South axis.

Question 50

Thomas Jefferson would have supported an urban "market society".

Question 51

"Johnny Appleseed" was a fictional character created by Walt Disney.

Question 52

A "market society" transformed not only the economy but how people looked at the world.

Question 53

By 1830, the primary engine of economic development was the North Atlantic trade.

Question 54

The market revolution did not affect the family.

Question 55

The first big market in ready-made clothing was for slaves.

Question 56

High costs kept large factories from being located in early nineteenth century cities.

Question 57

Men and women worked side by side at farm labor in post-revolutionary America.

Question 58

Early-nineteenth century New England farms were geared toward subsistence.

Question 59

The major technological improvements in early American industrial development were stolen from English inventors.

Question 60

The status of artisans remained high and did not change.

Question 61

As a result of the market revolution, women spent fewer hours on housework.

Question 62

The transportation revolution reduced both the time and the expense of moving heavy goods.

Question 63

By 1820, twenty percent of the population lived in the west.

Question 64

In 1790, more than ____________________ percent of Americans lived on farms and in rural villages.

Question 65

Samuel Slater smuggled printed copies for the water-powered spinning machine from England to America.

Question 66

Prior to the rise of the market revolution, bartering was common in farm societies.

Question 67

In the seaport cities, growth derived more from commerce with the hinterland than from international trade.

Question 68

By 1815, recent economic growth was greatest in seaport cities.

Question 69

Farmers in the South and West did not keep records of what they were owed and considered record-keeping a sign of greed.

Question 70

By 1820, the term "backcountry" had replaced "frontier" as a way to describe western settlements.

Question 71

Until about 1830, most western settlers were southerners who settled near the tributaries of the Ohio-Mississippi River system.

Question 72

The nation's transportation network was built primarily by private enterprise.

Question 73

In the 50 years following 1820, American cities grew at a faster rate than at any other time in history.

Question 74

In 1803, ____________________ entered the Union as a state.

Question 75

In the early nineteenth century, Americans everywhere drank heavily.

Question 76

Eastern visitors to the backcountry were impressed with the health and industriousness of frontiersmen.

Question 77

In post-revolutionary America, most farmers lived in isolation from each other.

Question 78

Southern farmers were early proponents of the systematic breeding of animals.

Question 79

The Erie Canal was an immense success.

Question 80

The market revolution resulted in an increase in the size of the average American family.