Deck 13: The Past 10, 000 Years: Agriculture, population, biology

Question 1

Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:

A)17,000 yBP.
B)10,000 yBP.
C)6,000 yBP.
D)3,000 yBP.

Answer 1

10,000 yBP.

Question 2

What do comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers to later agriculturalists to modern peoples show?

A)a remarkable decline in size
B)an increase in size
C)variation in size to a high degree
D)no change in size over time

Answer 2

a remarkable decline in size

Question 3

What two phenomena accompanied the frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world?

A)increase in population size and food shortages
B)change in climate and consequent change in environment
C)distribution of land wealth and trade of produce
D)decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease

Answer 3

decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease

Question 4

Based on the archaeological record from various areas,what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?

A)Height decreased.
B)Height increased.
C)Height became more variable within the population.
D)Height stayed the same.

Question 5

In the American Midwest,about when were native seed crops goosefoot,sumpweed,and sunflowers farmed?

A)11,500 yBP
B)8,000 yBP
C)6,000-1,000 yBP
D)10,500 yBP

Question 6

Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering.What did this mean?

A)More people were needed to produce more food.
B)More people could be fed from the same amount of land.
C)More storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
D)Fewer people were available for labor.

Question 7

Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene,especially:

A)barley,sorghum,and wheat.
B)wheat,barley,corn,and rice.
C)oats,wheat,and rice.
D)corn,rice,and beans.

Question 8

What happened as towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources?

A)Organized warfare developed.
B)Cooperation among neighbors developed.
C)Agriculture increased as well.
D)Violence decreased.

Question 9

The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:

A)6,000 yBP.
B)4,000 yBP.
C)1,500 yBP.
D)10,500 yBP.

Question 10

What did the Neolithic demographic transition cause?

A)a decrease in birthrate
B)earlier weaning
C)a slow increase in the world's population
D)a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate

Question 11

Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated.By when were they domesticated?

A)before 15,000 years ago
B)the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic
C)the Lower Paleolithic
D)the beginning of the Cenozoic

Question 12

With the rise of agriculture,what is the pattern of food acquisition and use?

A)Animal foods became increasingly important as overcrowding reduced land on which to grow plant foods.
B)At the outset of agriculture,domestic animal food first became important,then declined as plant foods became more important.
C)Plant foods replaced animal foods quickly as foraging rapidly gave way to agriculture.
D)Plant foods continued to be used at a similar rate as agriculture was slowly adapted worldwide.

Question 13

What does the masticatory-functional hypothesis state?

A)Over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
B)Tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
C)Change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
D)Tooth and jaw size increased over time.

Question 14

The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:

A)weight gain.
B)infectious disease.
C)an increase in health generally.
D)an increase in body size.

Question 15

What are cavities in the teeth also called?

A)hypoplasias
B)enamel defects
C)dentin foramina
D)dental caries

Question 16

To what might some cases of anemia,which causes red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss,lead?

A)cribra orbitalia in eye orbits
B)expansion and porosity of long bones
C)a parasitic infection
D)a genetic disease

Question 17

What was probably the cause of the human population increase of the Holocene?

A)a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism
B)more effective medical practices
C)decreased birth spacing
D)a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture

Question 18

What did New World domesticated products include?

A)wheat
B)rice
C)cotton
D)pigs

Question 19

What can anemia lead to?

A)cancer
B)porotic hyperostosis
C)heart disease
D)measles

Question 20

What is the most recent of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution?

A)the shift from foraging to farming
B)having color depth perception
C)a larger brain
D)a change in the arm-to-leg ratio

Question 21

What were populations producing at the same time dental caries in the New World increased?

A)nuts
B)corn
C)seeds
D)animal protein

Question 22

By when did the domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece?

A)after 1,000 yBP
B)2,000 to 1,000 yBP
C)15,000 to 11,000 yBP
D)8,000 to 7,000 yBP

Question 23

What was a result of agriculture?

A)higher-quality nutrition
B)a stable,healthy food source
C)population sedentism and crowding
D)delayed weaning,leading to smaller family size

Question 24

What does a round cross-section of a long bone suggest?

A)The bone will have greater strength through one of its axes.
B)The bone will have less strength though its y-axis.
C)The bone will have equal strength in all directions.
D)The bone will break given a small amount of tension.

Question 25

What do bone comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists,followed by modern peoples,show?

A)an increase in size
B)greater robusticity of the long arm bones only
C)a decline in size
D)a stasis in bone density

Question 26

What is a symptom of anemia in which spongy bone invades the eye sockets?

A)hyperosteitis
B)trabeculitis
C)orbital arthritis
D)cribra orbitalia

Question 27

What does an oval cross-section of an adult human femur suggest?

A)The individual was likely very physically active.
B)The individual was lethargic and largely sedentary.
C)The individual had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
D)You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.

Question 28

During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets.What is your diagnosis of the condition?

A)porotic hyperostosis,resulting from iron-deficiency anemia
B)periosteal reaction,resulting from changes in diet
C)ameloblasts,resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection
D)cribra orbitalia,resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection

Question 29

What is the last 10,000 years called?

A)the Cenozoic
B)the Quaternary
C)the Solutrean
D)the Holocene

Question 30

Which of the following characterizes global temperature changes since the Last Interglacial?

A)100,000 years of highly variable but mostly cold climate followed by 10,000 years of warm and less variable climate
B)steadily warming climate
C)steadily cooling climate
D)50,000 years with little change followed by 50,000 years of rapid change

Question 31

By the close of the Pleistocene,what was the size of the human population?

A)several thousand
B)7 billion
C)several million
D)1 billion

Question 32

Parasitic infections are a primary cause of ________ in many regions of the globe.

A)iron-deficiency anemia
B)Staphylococcus aureus
C)treponematoses
D)endemic disease

Question 33

________ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require for the absorption of iron.

A)Heme
B)Nonheme
C)Flat
D)Raw

Question 34

Why did infectious disease become more common with the agricultural revolution?

A)An increase in mobility led to overcrowding.
B)Sharing of agricultural food led to more foodborne disease.
C)More people meant fewer health workers were available to reduce disease.
D)An increase in sedentism led to overcrowding.

Question 35

Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one:

A)with low levels of carbohydrates.
B)with high levels of carbohydrates and poor quality proteins.
C)with high levels of carbohydrates and high quality proteins.
D)with low levels of both fat and carbohydrates.

Question 36

Where is the Neolithic site Çatalhöyük located?

A)southwest Asia
B)southern Africa
C)central Mexico
D)India

Question 37

What do hunter-gatherers' skeletons tend to show,compared to the skeletal remains of agricultural populations?

A)more evidence of infectious disease
B)higher levels of activity
C)lower workload/activity
D)bones with lower density

Question 38

What was a major cause of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion?

A)a decreased food supply
B)an increased food supply
C)agriculture
D)a sedentary lifestyle

Question 39

A(n)________ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.

A)paleontologist
B)paleoethnobotanist
C)ethnologist
D)zooarchaeologist

Question 40

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?

A)Violence increased.
B)Violence decreased.
C)Violence stayed about the same.
D)Intercultural violence increased.

Question 41

What did the widespread use of pottery lead to?

A)more efficient foraging for wild plants
B)lengthening of the cranial vault and an increase in tooth size
C)shortening of the skull and decrease in tooth size
D)increase in tooth wear

Question 42

Which of the following describes the "Fertile Crescent"?

A)a form of wheat domesticated in North Africa
B)a region of grassland and woodlands in West Asia
C)a rainforest region in South America linked to early agriculture
D)a stone tool designed to harvest grains

Question 43

Discuss how morphologic changes to modern humans' faces,mandibles,and teeth changed after the shift to agriculture and consumption of softer foods.

Question 44

Which of the following is the correct order in which plants were domesticated?

A)rye;African rice;peanuts
B)African rice;emmer wheat;barley
C)emmer wheat;Asian broomcorn millet;African rice
D)maize;pearl millet;rye

Question 45

How is climate change likely related to the agricultural revolution?

A)The start of the agricultural revolution caused significant climate change to which humans needed to adapt.
B)Agriculture did not develop until the climate changed to become more stable.
C)Agriculture became widespread in response to rapid climate change.
D)As the rate of climate change was reduced and allowed for a more variable environment,agriculture was made possible.

Question 46

What form of subsistence pattern is found in the Neolithic period? Name three geographic regions where Neolithic lifeways appeared independently.

Question 47

Domestication of plants and animals led to stable food supplies during the Holocene;however,it also resulted in significant environmental and health problems.Discuss these problems in terms of natural selection.

Question 48

Which of the following are New World domesticated plants?

A)yam,taro,rice
B)sunflower,chenopod,lima
C)mung bean,millet,sorghum
D)rye,emmer wheat,figs

Question 49

What two models discuss how innovations spread? By what mechanism did wheat spread from the Levant into Europe?

Question 50

Discuss the evidence from the skeletons and teeth of early agriculturalists.Then describe the negative consequences of a shift from food foraging to the domestication of food in terms of pathologic evidence.