Deck 3: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation

Question 1

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

A)Mitosis results in identical copies of the parent cell.
B)Mitosis results in haploid cells.
C)Mitosis involves one DNA replication followed by two cell divisions.
D)Mitosis ultimately results in a reduced number of chromosomes.

Answer 1

Mitosis results in identical copies of the parent cell.

Question 2

The gene responsible for lactase persistence among adults in Europe is a ________ gene.

A)structural
B)dominant
C)regulatory
D)Hox

Answer 2

regulatory

Question 3

Haplotypes are a group of alleles that:

A)is not likely to recombine during crossovers.
B)is likely to recombine during crossovers.
C)does not pass on for many generations.
D)comes from one parent only.

Answer 3

is not likely to recombine during crossovers.

Question 4

Unlike RNA,DNA does not include which nucleotide base?

A)thymine
B)adenine
C)uracil
D)cytosine

Question 5

________ DNA is heteroplasmic,meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

A)Nuclear
B)All
C)Ribosomal
D)Mitochondrial

Question 6

In his work on pea plants,Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat.This finding:

A)applies only to genes on the same chromosome.
B)demonstrates the law of independent assortment.
C)explains gene linkage.
D)explains inheritance only in simple organisms.

Question 7

Why is Transfer RNA important to the production of proteins?

A)It seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons and contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids.
B)It forms in the nucleus of a cell during the process of transcription,while mRNA is being created in the cytoplasm.
C)It stops the formation of polypeptide chains.
D)It is just like DNA but does not contain the nitrogen base uracil.

Question 8

Which of the following are complementary bases in DNA?

A)adenine and thymine
B)adenine and cytosine
C)guanine and thymine
D)guanine and uracil

Question 9

Gametes are ________ cells.

A)diploid
B)haploid
C)homologous
D)somatic

Question 10

What does DNA replication produce?

A)four identical daughter cells
B)two identical copies of itself
C)two single strands of DNA
D)four single strands of DNA

Question 11

Under what circumstances can Down syndrome occur?

A)as a result of translocation during mitosis
B)because of nondisjunction,which yields an extra chromosome
C)most frequently in the offspring of women under the age of 40
D)most frequently in the offspring of men under the age of 40

Question 12

When did Prokaryotes first appear?

A)10,000 years ago
B)1 mya
C)3.5 bya
D)65 mya

Question 13

How do Hox genes appear to function?

A)in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms
B)only in fruit flies
C)by controlling which amino acids get plugged into polypeptide chains
D)by controlling the development of language in humans

Question 14

Why is nuclear DNA important for protein synthesis?

A)It forms sequences that are templates for production of proteins or parts of proteins.
B)It serves as a template to which amino acids are attached in protein production.
C)It provides the code to produce tRNA.
D)It transfers information from RNA to proteins.

Question 15

mtDNA is found ________ and is ________.

A)in the nucleus;inherited from mother to daughter only
B)in the cell's "powerhouse";passed on from the mother to all of her offspring
C)outside of the cell's nucleus;passed on from the father to all his offspring
D)in prokaryotic cells;found only in females

Question 16

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A)RNA uses uracil instead of adenine.
B)RNA uses uracil instead of guanine.
C)RNA uses guanine instead of uracil.
D)RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

Question 17

Which of the following types of cells in humans have fewer chromosomes than somatic cells do?

A)lung cells
B)gametes
C)skin cells
D)neurons

Question 18

What do proteins consist of?

A)genes
B)RNA plus mRNA
C)chains of DNA nucleotides
D)chains of amino acids

Question 19

In mammals,why does the male parent's gamete determine the sex of his offspring?

A)The X chromosome originates only from females.
B)Sperm are more powerful than eggs.
C)The Y chromosome is present in males only.
D)The X chromosome determines sex.

Question 20

Transcription occurs in the ________ and results in the ________ .

A)nucleus;production of mRNA
B)ribosome;production of tRNA
C)nucleus;production of proteins
D)ribosome;transformation of mitochondria

Question 21

What does genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicate?

A)Native Americans underwent a huge decline in genetic diversity after Columbus's arrival in the New World.
B)Native Americans living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.
C)Native Americans have a genetic structure and haplogroups that are quite recent.
D)Native Americans living today appear to be more diverse genetically than their ancient ancestors.

Question 22

To be homologous,chromosomes must:

A)be genetically identical.
B)carry genetic information that influences the same traits.
C)be inherited only from the mother.
D)be members of different pairs.

Question 23

A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity.This is likely the result of a mutation:

A)on the sex chromosomes.
B)in a Hox gene.
C)in HSV-1.
D)in an antibody.

Question 24

In his experiments with garden peas,Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother.What did this provide evidence for?

A)Mendel's law of independent assortment
B)Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation
C)Mendel's law of segregation
D)Mendel's concept of nondisjunction

Question 25

During which process is chromosome number reduced?

A)mitosis
B)recombination
C)translation
D)meiosis

Question 26

Which of the following is a characteristic of DNA?

A)It is single stranded.
B)It contains six different nucleotide bases.
C)It directs cellular function.
D)It contains the base uracil.

Question 27

Which of the following is a characteristic of somatic cells?

A)Each includes a nucleus at some stage of their development and contains a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.
B)They only comprise a few specialized tissues in the body but contain a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.
C)Each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.
D)They only comprise the gametes.

Question 28

A trait's heritability is the proportion of its variation that:

A)is genetic.
B)cannot be explained.
C)is the product of genes and environment.
D)results from the environment alone.

Question 29

What determines human ABO blood types?

A)regulatory genes
B)multiple alleles
C)multiple genes
D)homeotic genes

Question 30

Why do microsatellites mark a key discovery in DNA research?

A)They comprise small satellite transmitters.
B)They determine group but not individual identification.
C)They are highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.
D)They were used as the basis of Watson and Crick's work in the 1950s.

Question 31

What does meiosis produce?

A)two gametes
B)four gametes
C)a single gamete
D)identical somatic cells

Question 32

In what way is the presence of a recessive allele related to the phenotype?

A)It can always be determined from the phenotype.
B)It can be masked in the phenotype.
C)It is expressed in the phenotype alongside a dominant allele.
D)It can never be expressed in the phenotype.

Question 33

An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have type ________ blood:

A)O,A,or B
B)A,B,or AB
C)A,AB,or O
D)AB

Question 34

What role do Homeotic (Hox)genes play in embryonic development?

A)They function as structural genes.
B)They are responsible for the development and location of key body parts.
C)They are responsible for determining the sex of offspring.
D)They are coded to produce hormones.

Question 35

How does Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)differ from ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A)It was studied during Darwin's lifetime.
B)It is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions in animals.
C)It was discovered by Mendel.
D)It is stored in ribosomes.

Question 36

What genotype do individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have?

A)AA
B)AO
C)AB
D)OO

Question 37

How is the expression of polygenic traits determined?

A)only by the influence of biological factors
B)by genes at two or more loci
C)by multiple genes at one locus
D)solely by the influence of environmental factors

Question 38

Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A)Prokaryotic cells include the gametes and various single celled organisms,while eukaryotic cells may occur as single celled or multi-celled organisms.
B)Eukaryotic cells include gametes,have cell membranes and a nucleus,and may occur as single celled or multi-celled organisms.
C)Prokaryotic cells make up single celled organisms,while eukaryotic cells make up the multi-celled organisms.
D)The earliest eukaryotic cells appeared about 3.5 billion years ago,while the earliest prokaryotic cells appeared about 1.2 billion years ago.

Question 39

What does polymerase chain reaction (PCR)allow us to do?

A)use genetic methods to explore the origins and movements of populations and study small amounts of DNA in ancient skeletons
B)make only a few copies of tiny sequences of DNA for study
C)reach conclusions about DNA sequences through a series of tests without viewing actual copies of the DNA
D)map the dental formulas of skeletons and has primarily led to research centered on the diet of human's ancestors

Question 40

If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed,what is this an example of?

A)polymorphism
B)codominance
C)pleiotropy
D)Mendelian inheritance

Question 41

A small molecule known as a methyl group can attach to DNA.Which of the following statements about this event is true?

A)This is the event that initiates DNA transcription.
B)This is the event that stops DNA translation.
C)This event,called methylation,usually stops or represses the expression of a gene.
D)This event,called linkage,was discovered by Mendel but not completely understood until decades later.

Question 42

Describe the steps involved in protein synthesis.

Question 43

John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes.Blue eye alleles are recessive and brown eye alleles are dominant.What is the probability their child will have blue eyes?

A)25%
B)100%
C)50%
D)0%

Question 44

What is Marfan's syndrome?

A)a pleiotropic effect involving a dominant disease affecting collagen growth,tentatively identified by medical historians as having affected President Abraham Lincoln
B)a pleiotropic effect involving a recessive disease affecting red blood cell development,tentatively identified by medical historians as having caused a life long illness in Charles Darwin
C)a methylation effect involving bone growth tentatively identified by forensic anthropologists and common among the inhabitants of St.Catherines Island
D)a disease involving the growth of extra digits (fingers),caused by a dominant gene

Question 45

There are seven types of proteins.Three of them are structural,mechanical,and nutrient.What are the other four?

A)enzymes,gas transport,antigen,and hormones
B)enzymes,gas transport,antibodies,and hormones
C)enzymes,gas transport,antigen,and catalyzing
D)enzymes,transcription,antibodies,and hormones

Question 46

A cell containing a gene for blond hair and blue eyes as well as genes for brown hair and brown eyes goes through meiosis.What is the chance that each of these gametes will have a combination of brown hair and blue eyes?

A)There is no chance this will happen.
B)There is the same chance as blond hair and brown eyes.
C)Brown hair and blue eyes is the only outcome because of recombination.
D)There is a 5% chance this will happen.

Question 47

Use what you know about meiosis to explain Mendel's law of segregation and law of independent assortment.

Question 48

Define polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers' efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes.

Question 49

What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?

Question 50

Why do the blood types of a person providing blood for a transfusion,and the person receiving the blood,have to be of a compatible ABO type?

A)This assures that the DNA matches between the two individuals,thus avoiding problems with genetic conflict later in life.
B)This assures that there will not be an antibody-antigen reaction,in which the red blood cells with the "dominant" A or B alleles engulf the red blood cells with the "recessive" (O)alleles.
C)This assures that antigens of one type of blood cell do not attract the notice of the antibodies in the recipient's blood stream.
D)This assures that a methylation effect will not occur between the two sets of blood cells.