Deck 30: How Animals Move

Question 1

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

A)Hydrostatic skeletons are nonflexible.
B)Hydrostatic skeletons provide little support for muscle action.
C)Hydrostatic skeletons produce rigid animals that maintain one shape.
D)Hydrostatic skeletons can protect internal organs.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following animals has an exoskeleton?

A)human
B)trout
C)shark
D)clam

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An airfoil provides lift because air moving over a wing must travel

A)a greater distance than air moving under the wing, creating a lower pressure system above the wing.
B)a greater distance than air moving under the wing, creating a higher pressure system above the wing.
C)a lesser distance than air moving under the wing, creating a lower pressure system above the wing.
D)a lesser distance than air moving under the wing, creating a higher pressure system above the wing.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

A)provide a source of ATP.
B)generate hormones.
C)add weight.
D)support the body.

Question 5

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

A)originated with a snake-like animal whose descendants gradually developed limbs.
B)enabled tetrapods to colonize land.
C)originated in an earlier exoskeleton.
D)made animals significantly taller.

Question 6

You are cleaning out an old lab freezer and find a tube that contains the ground-up remains of an unknown animal. Your research advisor suggests that you perform chemical assays to determine what molecules made up the animal. After analyzing the data, you determine that the animal contained a large amount of chitin. What type of animal was in the tube?

A)leech
B)octopus
C)snake
D)lobster

Question 7

Which of the following statements about locomotion is true?

A)Locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity.
B)Gravity is a greater locomotion problem for animals in water than for those on land.
C)Overcoming friction is a greater locomotion problem for land animals than for those that live in water.
D)Bone strength is more important than body shape in the locomotion of land animals.

Question 8

Which of the following structures constitutes part of the axial skeleton?

A)skull
B)pelvic girdle
C)pectoral girdle
D)leg bones

Question 9

If you inflate a balloon and then let it go, the air rushing out moves the balloon in a way that is similar to the way that a ________ moves.

A)snake
B)kangaroo
C)squid
D)shark

Question 10

Evolution has provided enormous diversity in the number of vertebrae among vertebrate species. Vertebrae are differentiated during embryonic development by

A)hormone induction.
B)the length of the backbone.
C)the degree of structural support needed.
D)the pattern of homeotic gene expression.

Question 11

Which of the following objects is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

A)a water balloon
B)a hot air balloon
C)a piece of M&M candy
D)a bowling ball

Question 12

A racehorse cannot stand on one leg, but when it runs it rarely has more than one leg on the ground. Why is a running horse more stable than a standing one?

A)Its legs tilt so the hooves fall in line with its center of gravity.
B)Its momentum gives it stability.
C)Its internal organs act like a gyroscope.
D)It uses its neck for balance the way a tightrope walker uses a pole.

Question 13

Earthworms crawl by

A)undulating from side to side.
B)peristalsis.
C)the leg-like action of their belly scales.
D)pushing themselves forward from the tail.

Question 14

Which of the following structures is most like an exoskeleton?

A)the wood frame of a house
B)a water balloon
C)a suit of armor
D)the hair covering the surface of a bear

Question 15

The way the tendons in the legs of a kangaroo aid in locomotion is most like

A)stepping in mud and the mud spreading out as your foot sinks in.
B)stretching and contracting a rubber band.
C)the circular movements of the wheels of an automobile.
D)smashing an apple to make applesauce.

Question 16

Which of the following animals has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage?

A)bullfrog
B)mackerel
C)nurse shark
D)robin

Question 17

Why is a newly molted crab unusually slow and clumsy?

A)Its new exoskeleton cannot support the forces that its muscles generate.
B)It temporarily lacks an exoskeleton.
C)Its muscles are still forming their connections with the new exoskeleton.
D)Its neurons are still forming their connections with the new muscles.

Question 18

Which of the following attaches the forelimbs to the axial skeleton in a human?

A)pectoral girdle
B)pelvic girdle
C)vertebra
D)appendicular skeleton

Question 19

Earthworms have

A)an exoskeleton.
B)an endoskeleton.
C)a hydrostatic skeleton.
D)a peristaltic skeleton.

Question 20

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

A)The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker.
B)The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate.
C)The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker.
D)The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal.

Question 21

Structurally, a sarcomere is

A)the region between two thick filaments.
B)the region between two Z lines.
C)an array of Z units.
D)the region between a thick filament and the next thin filament.

Question 22

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is also emerging as a health concern for

A)women in their 20s and 30s.
B)teenage men.
C)men over the age of 65.
D)men and younger people in general.

Question 23

Changes occur within a sarcomere during muscle contraction. One change is that the

A)thin filaments get thicker.
B)thick filaments move closer together.
C)Z lines move closer together.
D)thick filaments get thicker.

Question 24

If you lay your forearm along a table, you can rotate it so that your hand changes from a palm-down to a palm-up position. This is possible because your radius and ulna join at a

A)ball-and-socket joint.
B)hinge joint.
C)pivot joint.
D)ligament.

Question 25

According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its

A)thick filaments slide across its Z lines.
B)thin filaments slide across its Z lines.
C)thin filaments slide toward each other across its thick filaments.
D)thick filaments shorten, pulling the opposed sets of thin filaments past each other.

Question 26

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true?

A)Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated cells.
B)Each muscle fiber is composed of globular proteins.
C)Each muscle fiber contains one sarcomere.
D)Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin.

Question 27

Bone is composed of

A)living cells that secrete a surrounding matrix.
B)a hard composite of phosphate and sodium ions.
C)channels containing lymphoid tissue.
D)hardened cartilage.

Question 28

During muscle contraction,

A)only the thin filaments shorten.
B)only the sarcomere shortens.
C)only the thick filaments shorten.
D)both the thick filaments and the sarcomere shorten.

Question 29

Muscles are connected to bones by

A)cartilage.
B)ligaments.
C)tendons.
D)myofibrils.

Question 30

The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of

A)a hinge joint.
B)a ligament.
C)a pivot joint.
D)a ball-and-socket joint.

Question 31

Which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?

A)red bone marrow
B)fibrous connective tissue
C)spongy bone
D)yellow bone marrow

Question 32

Which of the following statements best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

A)Individual filamentous proteins contract.
B)Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling.
C)Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends.
D)Protein filaments crawl along other protein filaments.

Question 33

Functionally, the muscle fiber's fundamental unit of contraction is the

A)thick filament.
B)myofibril.
C)sarcomere.
D)Z line.

Question 34

Which of the following lists muscle components in the correct order from smallest to largest?

A)muscle, sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers
B)sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle
C)sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle, muscle fibers
D)myofibrils, muscle, sarcomeres, muscle fibers

Question 35

Osteoporosis is characterized by

A)hairline cracks in long bones, such as the femur.
B)low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.
C)low phosphate levels in bone.
D)lack of vitamin E in bone tissue.

Question 36

A thick filament consists of

A)actin.
B)actin and regulatory proteins.
C)myosin.
D)actin and myosin.

Question 37

Which part of a bone contains the cells that produce blood cells?

A)compact bone
B)cartilage
C)spongy bone
D)yellow bone marrow

Question 38

Skeletal muscles

A)are found in and around internal organs.
B)get longer when they contract.
C)work in antagonistic pairs.
D)push on bones to make them move.

Question 39

To repair and heal a broken bone, physicians will

A)graft new bone to the region.
B)exercise the area of the broken bone.
C)prescribe a regime of bed rest and calcium supplements.
D)return the broken bone parts to their natural position and then immobilize them.

Question 40

The contacting surfaces of a moving joint, such as your hip joint, consist of

A)red bone marrow.
B)cartilage.
C)spongy bone.
D)compact bone.

Question 41

A tennis player serving the ball uses fast muscle fibers. The ATP needed to accomplish this comes from

A)anaerobic fermentation.
B)aerobic respiration.
C)conversion of lactic acid to ATP.
D)conversion of Ca²⁺ to ATP.

Question 42

The neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is

A)acetylcholine.
B)epinephrine.
C)dopamine.
D)serotonin.

Question 43

A motor unit is

A)the bundle of axons that goes from the spinal cord to a muscle.
B)one of the connective tissue-wrapped bundles of muscle fibers in a muscle.
C)a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls.
D)the muscle or group of muscles that accomplishes a specific movement.

Question 44

Mutations in the gene for troponin can result in the production of the troponin protein, which has varying affinities for Ca²⁺ ions. Suppose that in a muscle cell a mutant troponin is expressed that has such a high affinity for Ca²⁺ ions that once they bind to troponin they cannot unbind. What will likely happen in this muscle cell?

A)Myosin heads will not bind to actin after action potentials stop being received.
B)Myosin heads will bind to actin after action potentials stop being received.
C)Tropomyosin will not move to expose myosin binding sites.
D)Cross-bridges will form between myosin and tropomyosin.

Question 45

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Rickets is a softening of the bones that can lead to frequent fractures and skeletal deformities. The legs of a person with rickets tend to bow outward under the force exerted by body weight and movement. British scientists recently found a serious increase in the incidence of rickets and other bone deficiencies among women in Middle Eastern countries who cover their bodies completely to express a form of religious belief, as well as among their breast-fed children.
Most of the body's vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption by bone tissue, is obtained through sunlight acting on the skin. Doctors warn that women who completely cover their skin do not get enough sunlight to produce the vitamin D necessary for bone health. This lack of sun exposure also lowers the level of vitamin D in their breast milk, which means that their children may develop the same vitamin D deficiencies. Lack of calcium and phosphorous, which are needed for bone repair and replacement, can also lead to rickets. Rickets caused by a dietary lack of these minerals is more common in developing countries because dairy products and green vegetables, the best sources of calcium, are not commonly eaten.
As a physician caring for a nursing woman who has chosen to dress in a way that covers her skin but who is concerned about rickets developing in her baby, you might advise her to

A)exercise more.
B)eats lots of meat and potatoes.
C)take vitamin D and calcium supplements.
D)give up smoking.

Question 46

A muscle fiber from the latissimus dorsi (one of the back muscles)of a chimpanzee has a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin and can generate relatively little force. Which type of muscle fiber is being described?

A)a fast, fatigue-resistant fiber
B)a fast, fatigue-susceptible fiber
C)a slow, fatigue-resistant fiber
D)a slow, fatigue-susceptible fiber

Question 47

Which of the following statements regarding exercise is true?

A)The main source of energy during aerobic exercise is ATP from aerobic respiration.
B)For an activity such as jogging or long-distance running, the primary source of energy is stored ATP and PCr.
C)During a short burst of activity such as a sprint, the main source of energy is aerobic respiration.
D)If the demand for ATP outstrips oxygen supply, muscles switch to aerobic fermentation.

Question 48

Muscles that are constantly active, such as those maintaining our body posture, have a high proportion of

A)fast, fatigue-resistant fibers.
B)fast, fatigue-susceptible fibers.
C)slow, fatigue-resistant fibers.
D)slow, fatigue-susceptible fibers.

Question 49

The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to

A)release ADP and phosphate from myosin.
B)make it possible for ATP to bind to actin.
C)make it possible for myosin to bind to actin.
D)make it possible for ATP to bind to myosin.

Question 50

Which of the following would have the greatest number of muscle cells per motor unit?

A)muscles controlling the movement of our hands
B)facial muscles
C)a thigh muscle
D)muscles controlling the movement of an eyeball

Question 51

Your friend is complaining of middle back pain. She also says that she hurts the most near her spine. What part of her back may have been injured?

A)cervical vertebrae
B)sacral vertebrae
C)lumbar vertebrae
D)thoracic vertebrae

Question 52

Which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?

A)The myosin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
B)The myosin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
C)The actin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
D)The actin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 53

The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in

A)the motor neuron.
B)synaptic vesicles.
C)the endoplasmic reticulum.
D)the mitochondria.

Question 54

Acetylcholine (ACh)is released by motor neurons and binds to receptors on muscle cells to initiate action potentials. Some snake venom contains specific toxins that bind irreversibly to these receptors and block acetylcholine's ability to bind. If an animal is bitten by a snake with these toxins in its venom, what do you predict would happen?

A)The animal's muscles would not use stored ATP for energy.
B)The animal's muscles would contract uncontrollably.
C)The animal's muscles would not be able to contract.
D)The animal's muscles would use lactic acid fermentation for energy.

Question 55

Fast muscle fibers contain a high proportion of myofibrils, which allows the fibers to generate high amounts of force. However, this leaves little room in the fibers for other cellular components, including mitochondria. The opposite is true for slow muscle fibers. Does this information support or refute what you know about the fatigue-susceptibility of fast and slow fibers? Why or why not?

A)It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.
B)It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.
C)It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.
D)It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.

Question 56

An animal's locomotor muscle was dissected and the percentages of fast and slow fibers were determined and plotted in the figure below. Which of the following muscles is the likely source for this data?

A)flight muscles of a migratory bird
B)thigh muscles of a marathon runner
C)neck muscles of a chimpanzee
D)jumping muscles of a frog

Question 57

Which of the following treatments could possibly help to transform the bone on the right to the bone on the left?

A)wearing long sleeves while out in the sun
B)swimming for 30 minutes a day
C)removing calcium from the diet
D)taking vitamin D supplements

Question 58

The sequence of events that cause a sarcomere to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

A)detach, extend, contract, attach.
B)detach, pull, extend, contract.
C)detach, extend, attach, pull.
D)pull, contract, detach, recoil.

Question 59

Which part of this figure depicting a bone shows spongy bone tissue?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 60

Which part of this figure depicts the thoracic vertebrae?

A)part A
B)part B
C)part C
D)part D

Question 61

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.

At what point on the graph is the sarcomere the most extended?

A)point A
B)point B
C)point C
D)point E

Question 62

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Rickets is a softening of the bones that can lead to frequent fractures and skeletal deformities. The legs of a person with rickets tend to bow outward under the force exerted by body weight and movement. British scientists recently found a serious increase in the incidence of rickets and other bone deficiencies among women in Middle Eastern countries who cover their bodies completely to express a form of religious belief, as well as among their breast-fed children.
Most of the body's vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption by bone tissue, is obtained through sunlight acting on the skin. Doctors warn that women who completely cover their skin do not get enough sunlight to produce the vitamin D necessary for bone health. This lack of sun exposure also lowers the level of vitamin D in their breast milk, which means that their children may develop the same vitamin D deficiencies. Lack of calcium and phosphorous, which are needed for bone repair and replacement, can also lead to rickets. Rickets caused by a dietary lack of these minerals is more common in developing countries because dairy products and green vegetables, the best sources of calcium, are not commonly eaten.
In rickets, lack of calcium decreases the strength of the mineral matrix of compact bone so that it is unable to

A)resist compression.
B)complete extension.
C)complement muscle contraction.
D)bend at the joints.

Question 63

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.

Mammalian muscles can shorten approximately 35% of their resting length when all sarcomeres contract. If a sarcomere passes through maximal tension generation during this 35% contraction, what is the likely starting point for contraction of a sarcomere?

A)point A
B)point B
C)point D
D)point E

Question 64

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The "Ironman" is a version of the triathlon, a race that includes three events: swimming, bicycling, and running. In an Ironman, an athlete must swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles, in that order, without a break. The annual Ironman World Championship is held in Hawaii every year. The men's course record was set in 2011 by Australia's Craig Alexander with a time of 8 hours, 18 minutes, and 37 seconds, and the women's course record was set in 2009 by England's Chrissie Wellington with a time of 8 hours, 54 minutes, and 2 seconds.
What type of energy would the leg muscles of athletes that enter this race use during the final 26.2-mile foot race?

A)stored ATP and PCr
B)aerobic respiration
C)stored ATP and PCr plus lactic acid fermentation
D)lactic acid fermentation

Question 65

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.

What portion of the graph would involve myosin forming cross-bridges and going through power strokes?

A)from A to B
B)from D to B
C)from B to E
D)from A to E

Question 66

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.

At what point on the graph is the most tension generated?

A)point A
B)point B
C)point C
D)point E

Question 67

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The "Ironman" is a version of the triathlon, a race that includes three events: swimming, bicycling, and running. In an Ironman, an athlete must swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles, in that order, without a break. The annual Ironman World Championship is held in Hawaii every year. The men's course record was set in 2011 by Australia's Craig Alexander with a time of 8 hours, 18 minutes, and 37 seconds, and the women's course record was set in 2009 by England's Chrissie Wellington with a time of 8 hours, 54 minutes, and 2 seconds.
What type of muscle fibers would likely be found in the legs of athletes who attempt to complete this race?

A)fast, fatigue-resistant fibers
B)fast, fatigue-susceptible fibers
C)slow, fatigue-resistant fibers
D)slow, fatigue-susceptible fibers

Question 68

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The "Ironman" is a version of the triathlon, a race that includes three events: swimming, bicycling, and running. In an Ironman, an athlete must swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles, in that order, without a break. The annual Ironman World Championship is held in Hawaii every year. The men's course record was set in 2011 by Australia's Craig Alexander with a time of 8 hours, 18 minutes, and 37 seconds, and the women's course record was set in 2009 by England's Chrissie Wellington with a time of 8 hours, 54 minutes, and 2 seconds.
Which event of the Ironman would likely contribute the most to bone development and growth?

A)swimming
B)bicycling
C)running
D)All events would contribute equally.

Question 69

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.

At what point on the graph are thick and thin filaments most overlapped?

A)point A
B)point B
C)point D
D)point E