Deck 15: Individual Behavior

Question 1

Stereotypes are always negative and ill-intended.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Self-serving bias explains personal success by internal causes and personal failures by external causes.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fundamental attribution error neglects internal explanations for poor-quality work.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A person with a Type A personality feels guilty when relaxing.

Question 5

A person high in self-monitoring is predictable and tends to act in a consistent way regardless of circumstances.

Question 6

Authoritarianism is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts interpersonal status differences.

Question 7

Under selective perception,information that makes us uncomfortable is screened out; comfortable information is allowed in.

Question 8

Locus of control is the belief that what happens is not within one's control.

Question 9

One of the tactics of impression management is to avoid smiling when engaged in conversations as this creates personal bonds.

Question 10

A person with a high degree of openness to experience has a low degree of curiosity.

Question 11

The sensing vs.intuitive dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems.

Question 12

Perception affects the impressions we form of ourselves,other people,and daily life experiences.

Question 13

Self-serving bias creates a false sense of confidence.

Question 14

An open person is broad-minded,receptive to new things,and comfortable with change.

Question 15

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses personalities based on a questionnaire that probes into how people act or feel in various situations.

Question 16

A person with a low-Mach personality is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others,often acting with the assumption that the end justifies the means.

Question 17

Impression management is the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.

Question 18

A person who lacks conscientiousness focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments.

Question 19

A healthy psychological contract offers a balance between the contributions individuals make on behalf of their organization and inducements they receive.

Question 20

A halo effect often shows up in performance evaluations.

Question 21

Carla was given a promotion as she met all quality and productivity standards.However,she did not exhibit effective interpersonal skills in her new job role.She was promoted due to her performance skills without taking her people skills into consideration.Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed here?

A) Anchoring effect
B) Selective perception
C) Projection
D) Fundamental attribution error
E) Halo effect

Question 22

The affective component of an attitude reflects an intention to behave in a manner consistent with a belief or feeling.

Question 23

Karen,the manager of a research organization,believes that women avoid arithmetic and statistics,whereas men prefer such topics.This assumption made by Karen is an example of a _____.

A) stereotype
B) self-serving bias
C) projection
D) fundamental attribution error
E) halo effect

Question 24

Which of the following is a consequence of an unbalanced psychological contract?

A) Eustress
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Projection
D) Withdrawal
E) False sense of confidence

Question 25

A psychological contract refers to:

A) the loyalty of an employee to an organization.
B) the extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job.
C) the mental exhaustion from work stress.
D) a strong positive feeling about one's job and an organization.
E) the set of individual expectations about an employment relationship.

Question 26

A _____ occurs when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation.

A) projection error
B) fundamental attribution error
C) projection
D) halo effect
E) stereotype

Question 27

Job satisfaction is the degree to which an individual feels positive or negative about a job.

Question 28

Selective perception refers to:

A) the tendency to define problems from one's own point of view.
B) the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.
C) using a single attribute to develop an overall impression of a person or situation.
D) the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.
E) assigning the attributes commonly associated with a group to an individual.

Question 29

_____ involves the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.

A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Projection
D) Halo effect
E) Stereotyping

Question 30

Eric,a team lead,is quick at understanding concepts and in executing projects.He assumes that all his coworkers have the same ability to complete projects.Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed here?

A) Stereotype
B) Selective perception
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Self-serving bias
E) Projection

Question 31

Which of the following is true about perceptions?

A) Perceptions have a marginal influence on individual behavior.
B) Perceptions do not have an impact on daily life experiences.
C) People perceive the same people, things, or situations differently.
D) People's perceptions are unaffected by their cultural background.
E) Perceptions refer to the desire to achieve or to accomplish something.

Question 32

Which of the following occurs when attributes commonly associated with a group are assigned to an individual?

A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Psychological contract
C) Selective perception
D) Self-serving bias
E) Stereotype

Question 33

Jason's performance at work was declining as he had to meet unrealistic targets daily.Though he was able to meet his targets,the quality of his work was not very good.His supervisor assumed that this was due to a lack of concentration and laziness.This scenario is an instance of a _____.

A) stereotyping error
B) halo effect
C) fundamental attribution error
D) projection error
E) self-serving bias

Question 34

_____ is the process through which people receive,organize,and interpret information from the environment.

A) Attribution
B) Perception
C) Projection
D) Conversion
E) Distortion

Question 35

The revenues of Venus Media Inc.were low for the past few months.The marketing department of the firm believed that the financial meltdown in the nation was the primary reason for the poor performance of the firm.It failed to consider any other reason put forth by the other departments.Which of the following perceptual tendencies is displayed in this case?

A) Stereotype
B) Selective perception
C) Projection
D) Fundamental attribution error
E) Self-serving bias

Question 36

Which of the following refers to attribution?

A) It is the set of individual expectations about an employment relationship.
B) It is the process of explaining events.
C) It is the process through which people receive, organize, and interpret information from the environment.
D) It is the tendency to define problems from one's own point of view.
E) It is the assignment of personal attributes to other individuals.

Question 37

The cognitive component of an attitude reflects a belief or an opinion.

Question 38

Moods tend to be short term and clearly targeted.

Question 39

The _____ overestimates internal factors and underestimates external factors as influences on someone's behavior.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) stereotyping effect
C) halo effect
D) projection error
E) self-serving bias

Question 40

Employee engagement refers to the willingness to "go beyond the call of duty" or "go the extra mile" in one's work.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of openness to experience?

A) Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is outgoing and sociable.
B) An open person is always a source of conflict and discomfort for others.
C) Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
D) Openness to experience refers to the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, and careful.
E) An open person is broad-minded and receptive to new things.

Question 42

Which of the following refers to Machiavellianism?

A) The extent to which someone is able to adjust his or her behavior in response to external factors
B) The extent to which a person tends to defer to authority
C) The extent to which someone is curious, open to new ideas, and imaginative
D) The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative
E) The extent to which someone is relaxed, secure, and unworried

Question 43

Which of the following is true of locus of control?

A) It is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts status differences.
B) People with an internal locus of control are more prone to blame others for what happens to them.
C) Individuals with an external locus of control are more self-confident and accept responsibility for their own actions.
D) People with an internal locus of control tend to be more satisfied and less alienated from their work.
E) It describes the extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative.

Question 44

Wilson often tries to multi-task and,as a result,fails to do well in any task.He also tends to be careless and irresponsible while working on his projects.This implies that Wilson most likely:

A) lacks conscientiousness.
B) has low agreeableness.
C) lacks emotional stability.
D) lacks openness to experience.
E) has low extraversion.

Question 45

Perceiving work style refers to:

A) focusing on details while gathering data.
B) focusing on details while working.
C) acting with flexibility and spontaneity while working.
D) acting with order and control while working.
E) relying on rules and regulations while working.

Question 46

Jeffrey works for a financial consulting firm.He is generally manipulative and is unconcerned about the interests and values of his coworkers.He does not care about others' emotions and lacks basic social skills.This implies that Jeffrey has:

A) high self-monitoring skills.
B) low authoritarianism.
C) a "high-Mach" personality.
D) high extraversion.
E) an internal locus of control.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of a conscientious person?

A) A conscientious person focuses on new ideas and is imaginative.
B) A conscientious person is withdrawn and reserved.
C) A conscientious person focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments.
D) A conscientious person has few interests and is resistant to change.
E) A conscientious person always engages in multi-tasking.

Question 48

Christopher is an employee with an internal locus of control.Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Christopher?

A) Self-confidence
B) Lack of job satisfaction
C) High alienation from work
D) Denial of responsibility
E) Tendency to blame others

Question 49

Ronald is a senior executive at Brown Inc.He is well-mannered and has the ability to cooperate with all his colleagues.When employees have work-related or personal issues,they approach him for support because they trust him.Which of the following personality traits does Ronald most likely possess that enables him to be so approachable?

A) Agreeableness
B) Introversion
C) Self-serving bias
D) Locus of control
E) Extraversion

Question 50

A person with a "low-Mach" personality:

A) often acts with the assumption that the end justifies the means.
B) is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others.
C) is emotionally detached and manipulative.
D) is deferential in allowing others to exert power over him or her.
E) is not interested in others' emotions and values.

Question 51

The degree to which someone is outgoing,sociable,and assertive is referred to as _____.

A) agreeableness
B) perceptiveness
C) cognitive dissonance
D) extraversion
E) conscientiousness

Question 52

Josephine,a manager at a bank,is cooperative,sociable,dependable,and unworried.However,she lacks the interest to bring about any changes in the operations of the bank and is narrow minded.This implies that Josephine lacks _____.

A) conscientiousness
B) openness to experience
C) agreeableness
D) extraversion
E) emotional stability

Question 53

Sensing refers to:

A) focusing on details while gathering data.
B) relying on emotions while making decisions.
C) focusing on the big picture in dealing with problems while gathering data.
D) acting with flexibility and spontaneity while gathering data.
E) being quiet and shy when interacting with people.

Question 54

Which of the following examples displays the personality trait of emotional stability?

A) A manager encouraging unique suggestions from employees for the promotion of a product
B) A CEO being careful about making merger decisions
C) A manager staying calm and confident when his team fails to meet quarterly targets
D) A proprietor implementing changes in his organization
E) A team lead exhibiting good communication skills with his subordinates

Question 55

The degree to which someone is responsible,dependable,and careful is referred to as _____.

A) agreeableness
B) introversion
C) perceptiveness
D) extraversion
E) conscientiousness

Question 56

The profile of characteristics making an individual unique from others is referred to as _____.

A) a stereotype
B) personality
C) self-serving bias
D) the locus of control
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 57

Which of the following is true of authoritarianism?

A) Authoritarianism is a system that opposes status differences.
B) An individual with an authoritarian personality tends to act rigidly and be control-oriented in a follower capacity.
C) An individual with an authoritarian personality is likely to be subservient and follow rules when in a leadership capacity.
D) People with authoritarian principles never act unethically or illegally.
E) Authoritarianism is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts interpersonal status differences.

Question 58

Which of the following is true of Machiavellianism?

A) A person with a "high-Mach" personality is deferential in allowing others to exert power over him or her.
B) A person with a "high-Mach" personality often acts with the assumption that the end justifies the means.
C) A person with a "low-Mach" personality tends to be very manipulative.
D) A person with a "low-Mach" personality is viewed as exploitative and unconcerned about others.
E) Machiavellianism is the extent to which one believes that what happens is within one's control.

Question 59

Robert is a senior executive at PLM Inc.He accepts the status differences in his organization and tends to be control-oriented when he leads a team of employees.When he interacts with his seniors,he is prepared to obey them unquestioningly.This implies that Robert has a(n)_____ personality.

A) Type A
B) authoritarian
C) high-Mach
D) introverted
E) self-monitored

Question 60

Joshua,the business head of an organization,is broad-minded and well-informed.He believes in adapting to changes in the environment.He also encourages his coworkers to suggest new ideas to help in the growth of the organization.This implies that Joshua has _____.

A) low conscientiousness
B) low agreeableness
C) high openness to experience
D) high selective perception
E) low emotional stability

Question 61

A person with a Type A personality:

A) believes in taking breaks during work.
B) is oriented toward extreme achievement and perfectionism.
C) never interrupts the speech of others.
D) believes in doing one task at a time.
E) is oriented toward extreme patience.

Question 62

Louis is an executive analyst in the merchandising department of Kira Inc.He loves to get feedback for his work as he believes that it helps improve his performance.He is a fast learner and has the ability to modify his behavior in response to the immediate situation and to external factors.This implies that Louis _____.

A) has an introverted personality
B) has a high Mach personality
C) is high in self-monitoring
D) is an authoritarian
E) is low in self-monitoring

Question 63

Colin received negative feedback for his recent project.He has decided to concentrate and put in more effort in order to improve his work.This is an example of the _____ component of attitude.

A) behavioral
B) affective
C) intentional
D) emotional
E) cognitive

Question 64

The _____ component of an attitude reflects an intention to act in a manner that is consistent with a belief and feeling.

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) affective
D) intentional
E) behavioral

Question 65

Salim is a general manager in an organization.He always works toward achieving all his goals and believes in perfection.He engages in many tasks at once and tends to hurry the speech of others.Which of the following individual personality variations does Salim possess?

A) Authoritarianism
B) Machiavellianism
C) Low Self-monitoring
D) Type A orientation
E) External locus of control

Question 66

Which of the following is true about job satisfaction?

A) Job satisfaction tends to be lower in small firms and higher in large firms.
B) The relationship between job satisfaction and temporary absenteeism is not strong.
C) Performance does not influence job satisfaction.
D) There is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and performance.
E) A strong relationship exists between job satisfaction and actual job turnover.

Question 67

The _____ component of an attitude reflects a specific feeling.

A) cognitive
B) intentional
C) affective
D) opinion
E) behavioral

Question 68

Which of the following would result in job satisfaction?

A) Opportunities for promotion
B) Job attendance
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Machiavellianism
E) Mood contagion

Question 69

Penelope is low in self-monitoring.Which of the following characteristics would be observed in Penelope?

A) Learning skills
B) Internal locus of control
C) Willingness to change
D) Flexibility
E) Predictability

Question 70

Wendy was against the use of animals for testing cosmetics.She believed that it amounted to cruelty toward animals.She worked in a particular organization that was known for using alternative testing methods.When a special investigative team revealed that the firm actually used animals for testing purposes,she experienced a psychological discomfort.This discomfort that Wendy experienced is an example of _____.

A) mood contagion
B) cognitive dissonance
C) constructive stress
D) destructive stress
E) workplace rage

Question 71

Which of the following components of individual attitudes reflects a belief or an opinion?

A) Cognitive component
B) Affective component
C) Normative component
D) Emotional component
E) Behavioral component

Question 72

Gabriel is an advertising professional who loves his job.This is an example of the _____ component of Gabriel's attitude.

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) intentional
D) opinion
E) behavioral

Question 73

Roger works at Tracer Consulting Ltd.He receives task-related support from his managers and has friendly and trustworthy colleagues.His job is stress-free and secure.These working conditions help in increasing Roger's _____.

A) mood contagion
B) job satisfaction
C) locus of control
D) cognitive dissonance
E) Machiavellianism

Question 74

Nathan joined a law school in California because he believed that the school was good.This is an example of the _____ component of individual attitudes.

A) affective
B) normative
C) emotional
D) behavioral
E) cognitive

Question 75

The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors is referred to as _____.

A) self-monitoring
B) authoritarianism
C) locus of control
D) extraversion
E) Machiavellianism

Question 76

Sophie is a Type A personality.Which of the following patterns of behavior would be observed in Sophie?

A) Slow-eating patterns
B) Patience
C) Multi-tasking
D) Laziness
E) Lack of stress

Question 77

Which of the following refers to cognitive dissonance?

A) The predisposition to act in a certain way
B) The extent to which someone is emotionally detached and manipulative
C) The degree to which someone is able to adjust behavior in response to external factors
D) The degree to which an individual feels positive about a job
E) The discomfort felt when attitude and behavior are inconsistent with one another

Question 78

A strong positive feeling about one's job and employer is referred to as _____.

A) mood contagion
B) emotional intelligence
C) cognitive dissonance
D) employee engagement
E) Machiavellianism

Question 79

Nadya feels that her job is challenging as she has many important responsibilities.She believes that she has been growing along with her organization and that she has been able to learn many new skills.She is happy that she receives fair pay and promotions on time.Which of the following is Nadya experiencing?

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Mood contagion
C) The Halo effect
D) Job satisfaction
E) Machiavellianism

Question 80

Which of the following is true of self-monitoring?

A) A person high in self-monitoring is not comfortable with feedback.
B) A person low in self-monitoring is highly unpredictable.
C) A person high in self-monitoring tends to act consistently regardless of circumstances.
D) A person high in self-monitoring tends to be a learner.
E) A person low in self-monitoring is flexible in changing behavior from one situation to the next.