Deck 17: Infancy Childhood

Question 1

Which statement best summarizes the current thinking on the nature versus nurture issue?

A) Nature is more important than nurture.
B) Nurture is more important than nature.
C) We can never really know which is most important.
D) There is an interaction between nature and nurture.

Answer 1

There is an interaction between nature and nurture.

Question 2

Dr.Buckbee is treating a four-year-old girl with reactive attachment disorder.Which of the following behaviors would be consistent with this girl's diagnosis?

A) She engages in odd repetitive behavior.
B) She has a difficult time accepting comfort and affection from her parents.
C) The girl has imaginary friends and often speaks to them.
D) She is very clingy to her parents.

Answer 2

She has a difficult time accepting comfort and affection from her parents.

Question 3

The germinal period starts at ____ and lasts ____.

A) conception; 4 weeks
B) 4 weeks; 8 weeks
C) 8 weeks; until birth
D) conception; 2 weeks

Answer 3

conception; 2 weeks

Question 4

Individuals interested in biological,emotional,cognitive,personal,and social factors across the life span are called:

A) humanistic psychologists
B) behavioral psychologists
C) developmental psychologists
D) psychoanalytic psychologists

Question 5

Which of the following is not a stage in prenatal development?

A) placental
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 6

Is the case of Alex,the little Romanian boy,typical of adopted Romanian children in the United States?

A) Yes-nearly all of the Romanian adoptees initially show serious developmental problems.
B) No-Alex does not show any serious developmental problems, which is unlike other Romanian adoptees.
C) Yes-the Romanian government took steps to make sure the orphans received warm and safe interactions with others. Alex has no serious developmental problems like most Romanian adoptees.
D) No-most Romanian adoptees show serious developmental problems, but Alex for unknown reasons does not have problems.

Question 7

Prodigies demonstrate the interaction between:

A) developmental psychology and music
B) biology and genetics
C) art and social science
D) genetic and learned influences

Question 8

Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.

A) culture; society
B) genetics; environment
C) environment; genetics
D) biology; physics

Question 9

What percent contribution does the father make to a child's genetic instructions?

A) depends if the instructions are for behavior or biological functioning
B) depends on the age of the father
C) 50%
D) 75% for male children; 25% for female children

Question 10

The three phases of the prenatal period in the correct order are:

A) germinal, fascia, zygote
B) embryonic, preoperational, operational
C) mitosial, chromosomal, fetal
D) germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 11

The influence of genetic versus environmental factors on development is addressed via:

A) the nature-nurture question
B) stages versus continuity
C) the case study method
D) amniocentesis

Question 12

Samantha,a five-year-old,shows extraordinary musical ability.She is of average intelligence,can play the piano very well,and comes from a very musical family.Samantha is a(n):

A) mnemonist
B) autistic child
C) prodigy
D) savant

Question 13

The case of Alex,the little Romanian boy,illustrates:

A) how the legal system can fail to meet the needs of children
B) how malnutrition affects physical development
C) the importance of experiences in infancy and early childhood
D) the importance of prenatal check ups

Question 14

Professor Rose's most recent book describes the changes seen in the drawings of children from four to 10 years of age.Professor Rose is most likely a:

A) developmental psychologist
B) behavioral psychologist
C) humanistic psychologist
D) biological psychologist

Question 15

The case of Yo-Yo Ma best illustrates that:

A) Nature is more important than nurture.
B) Nurture is more important than nature.
C) Nature and nurture interact.
D) Neither nature nor nurture is critical in developing musical ability.

Question 16

Maurice is interested in studying the manner in which environmental factors result in changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the genetic instructions that are passed down to the next generation.You should advise him to get his degree in

A) behavioral genetics
B) epigenetics
C) hereditary neurology
D) developmental teratology

Question 17

A psychiatric disorder characterized by serious problems with a child's emotional attachment to others is called:

A) insecure attachment
B) difficult temperament
C) early childhood schizophrenia
D) reactive attachment disorder

Question 18

You are listening to a talk show on television discussing intelligence.Right before a commercial,the host says,"When we return to our discussion of nature and nurture,we will find out which one is more important." What is your learned reaction to his statement?

A) "The question should not be 'which is more important' but how nature and nurture interact."
B) "Everyone knows that nurture is more important than nature."
C) "Everyone knows that nature is more important than nurture."
D) "How can we know which is more important, since psychologists do not study these topics?"

Question 19

Kyle is looking into buying a dog for his children.He learns that golden retrievers by their nature are very good with children.What does "by their nature" mean?

A) It refers to how the dog is trained by the owner.
B) Nature refers to how his children will interact with the dog.
C) It refers to the children's genetic makeup.
D) "By their nature" refers to the dogs' genetic predisposition.

Question 20

The period that lasts nine months,extending from conception to birth,is called the ____ period.

A) prenatal
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 21

Chemicals that can cause birth defects are called:

A) biohazards
B) teratogens
C) amniocentesis
D) biochemoses

Question 22

Gwen is 16 weeks pregnant.She is undergoing a medical test that involves analyzing amniotic fluid to detect any genetic problems.What test is Gwen undergoing?

A) FAS indexing
B) amniocentesis
C) placentaltesis
D) teratogenic analysis

Question 23

____ refers to the release of an ovum,or egg cell,from a woman's ovaries.

A) Conception
B) Ovulation
C) Amniocentesis
D) Fertilization

Question 24

Following fertilization,the single cell is called a(n):

A) embryo
B) germinal
C) fetus
D) zygote

Question 25

Teratogens can interfere with prenatal development and harm the unborn child by:

A) creating toxins in the mother's body and being passed to the child through the amniotic fluid
B) passing from the mother's lymphatic system to the child
C) being directly mixed with the child's blood system
D) passing from the placenta into the fetus's blood vessels

Question 26

Which of the following marks the end of the germinal period?

A) fertilization of the ovum
B) the zygote attached itself to the wall of the uterus
C) cells divide and differentiate into bone, muscle, and organs
D) the birth of the fetus

Question 27

Why do most major birth defects occur during the embryonic stage?

A) The amniotic fluid can "leak" into the embryo and cause damage.
B) The placenta is still developing and does a poor job of protecting the embryo.
C) Most women do not know they are pregnant until the fetal stage.
D) Most of the basic organs are being formed during the embryonic stage.

Question 28

Conception occurs when:

A) ova are released by the fallopian tubes
B) the baby is born
C) a sperm penetrates the ovum's membrane
D) the embryo develops

Question 29

Linda,who is pregnant,and Fred,her husband,visit her doctor.Upon examination,the doctor concludes that the baby's spinal cord and eyes have appeared and the features of the face are evident for the first time.What stage of the prenatal development is the baby most likely in?

A) germinal stage
B) embryonic stage
C) fetal stage
D) proximodistal stage

Question 30

The blood supply of the fetus is partially protected by the:

A) germinal
B) placenta
C) teratogen
D) amniotic fluid

Question 31

The organ that connects the mother's blood supply to that of the fetus is called the:

A) germinal
B) teratogen
C) placenta
D) blood-baby barrier

Question 32

A six-month-old fetus has a good chance of surviving if born prematurely.Why?

A) the lungs are functional
B) it has enough body fat to maintain body temperature
C) its nervous system is functional
D) the heart begins to beat around this time

Question 33

During the embryonic period:

A) the ovum is fertilized
B) the zygote attaches itself to the wall of the uterus
C) cells divide and differentiate into bone, muscle, and organs
D) the fetus is born

Question 34

Down syndrome and similar genetic abnormalities can be identified during prenatal development through:

A) amniocentesis
B) ovulation
C) the Lamaze method
D) the proximodistal procedure

Question 35

The Curtis family is made up of mom and dad,eight-year-old Susan,five-year-old Grant,and the identical twins Christopher and Carson.With regard to genetic make-up,Christopher is most similar to his:

A) mother
B) father
C) identical twin
D) brother

Question 36

Denise is pregnant and has an ultrasound to "see" her unborn baby.Denise's doctor can clearly identify the baby as a female.This suggests that the baby is in the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) zygote
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) germinal

Question 37

The fetal stage is characterized by:

A) conception and fertilization
B) attachment to the wall of the uterus
C) functioning vital organs and human physical characteristics
D) the beginnings of the spinal cord, heart, and other organs

Question 38

Most miscarriages occur:

A) during the fetal stage
B) during the embryonic stage
C) during the germinal stage
D) during conception

Question 39

Identical twins result from:

A) the release and fertilization of two ova
B) the release of more than 23 strands of chromosomes
C) a single ovum that splits into two parts after fertilization
D) an extra 21st chromosome produced by the father's sperm

Question 40

If two ova are released and fertilized,what will be the result?

A) identical twins
B) fraternal twins
C) a baby with Down syndrome
D) a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 41

At a local coffee house,you see a pregnant woman drinking a large coffee.At what risk is she placing her unborn child with consuming caffeine?

A) being born underweight
B) Down syndrome
C) preterm delivery
D) SIDS

Question 42

The mother of six-year-old Larry moderately drank when she was pregnant with him.He shows some mild effects of the moderate drinking,such as hyperactivity and poor socialization.Larry is most likely to be diagnosed with:

A) Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
B) Fetal Alcohol Dysfunction
C) Alcohol-Related Prenatal Effect
D) Alcohol Toxin Effect

Question 43

Bryan is born with Down syndrome.If we could look at his chromosomes,we would find that:

A) some of the chromosomes would be missing
B) there was an extra 21st chromosome instead of the normal two
C) there was some measurable damage or abnormality in each chromosome pair
D) his chromosomes were normal; Down syndrome is caused by an oxygen deficiency at birth

Question 44

Chromosomes consist of:

A) zygotes
B) sperm
C) DNA
D) phenotypes

Question 45

About how many inherited disorders can be tested for and identified prenatally?

A) around 450
B) slightly more than 500
C) just under 800
D) over 1,000

Question 46

A woman who is in the habit of having two drinks every day after work discovers that she is pregnant.If she follows the advice of medical findings,she will:

A) cut her drinking in half
B) completely abstain from alcohol for the duration of her pregnancy
C) maintain her drinking behavior, since it is good for her heart
D) drink beer after work, since it will help her maintain valuable protein levels

Question 47

The best piece of advice given to pregnant women regarding drug use would be:

A) recreational drug use is probably okay
B) use of all drugs should be avoided
C) we do not know enough about the effects of drugs on prenatal development to give solid advice
D) social drinking does not seem to have any effect on the unborn child

Question 48

Heavy drinking during pregnancy can result in:

A) chromosomal damage to the fetus
B) high levels of arousal in the newborn
C) fetal alcohol syndrome
D) a newborn with a large appetite

Question 49

____ consist of DNA.

A) Ova
B) Chromosomes
C) Zygotes
D) Phenotypes

Question 50

The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome:

A) continue into adolescence and adulthood
B) are less severe than fetal alcohol effect
C) tend to lessen in adulthood
D) are reduced by vitamin therapy

Question 51

What teratogen is associated with increased risk for ADHD,SIDS,oral clefts,and respiratory infections in infants?

A) penicillin
B) aspirin
C) caffeine
D) nicotine

Question 52

Short-term effects of exposure to nicotine during prenatal development is associated with:

A) poor muscle control
B) loss of reflexes
C) temporary liver damage
D) low birth weight

Question 53

When Jason was a young child,he was exposed to large amounts of lead,since he lived in an old house with lead paint.Which of the following outcomes during adulthood is most likely due to lead exposure?

A) poor muscular control
B) alcoholism
C) antisocial behavior
D) FAS

Question 54

Children whose mothers smoked during their pregnancy are more likely to experience

A) increased risk for SIDs
B) lower IQs
C) poorly developed brains
D) smaller than normal head size

Question 55

A less severe form of fetal alcohol syndrome is called:

A) Fetal Alcohol Effect
B) Fetal Alcohol Dysfunction
C) Alcohol-Related Prenatal Effect
D) Alcohol Toxin Effect

Question 56

Which of the following is not generally seen in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) short stature
B) dyslexia
C) below-average IQs
D) poor socialization

Question 57

The substance that is analyzed in amniocentesis is:

A) the blood plasma of the mother
B) the cerebrospinal fluid of the baby
C) the blood of the baby
D) amniotic fluid

Question 58

Prenatal exposure to lead is associated with:

A) poor muscular control
B) lower IQ scores
C) liver damage
D) stunted growth

Question 59

In what specific structure is the "chemical alphabet" found-the alphabet that will provide the instructions for growth and development?

A) zygotes
B) genes
C) DNA
D) chromosomes

Question 60

Which statement is most accurate in describing the order from smallest to largest?

A) zygote, genes, DNA, chromosomes
B) genes, DNA, chromosomes, zygote
C) DNA, zygote, genes, chromosomes
D) DNA, genes, chromosomes, zygote

Question 61

Parts of the body which are close to the head develop before the parts closer to the feet according to the:

A) proximodistal principle
B) cephalocaudal principle
C) visual cliff
D) sensorimotor stage of development

Question 62

Development occurs in a sequential and orderly fashion because of a genetic plan called:

A) proximodistal
B) cephalocaudal
C) maturation
D) norms for development

Question 63

What are the youngest infants researchers have found who can discriminate between a citrus odor and a floral odor?

A) one-day-old
B) one-week-old
C) four-week-old
D) six-week-old

Question 64

Should a parent be concerned if their 10-month-old is not crawling?

A) No-development norms represent average ages and not absolute ages
B) No-development norms have been shown to be false
C) Yes-the norms represent absolute ages
D) No-maturation typically does not influence motor skills

Question 65

Tara is babysitting a six-month-old girl.Since Tara has taken a psychology course,she knows about infancy.Tara says that the baby will need another couple of months to make all the sounds that are necessary to learn English.Is Tara right?

A) No-children are born with the ability to make all the necessary sounds of their language.
B) No-by six months, infants have developed the ability to make all the necessary sounds of their language.
C) Yes-around 10 months of age, the infant will be able to make all the necessary sounds of the language.
D) It is impossible to say, since all infants are different.

Question 66

With regard to visual abilities,the child will see as well as an adult by:

A) 2-3 months
B) 6-8 months
C) 12-14 months
D) 3-44 years

Question 67

Chadaron,a one-year-old boy,is having his motor development checked.The doctor says that his motor skills are normal for his age and says that motor skills development is biologically programmed.The doctor is most likely referring to:

A) proximodistal development
B) cephalocaudal development
C) temperament
D) maturation

Question 68

Jon and Linda,who are both psychology majors,are looking at photographs of their son Dakota.A number of pictures show Dakota's motor development.Jon comments on the orderly changes in Dakota's development.Linda points out that this orderly sequence of changes in motor development is mostly due to:

A) the cephalocaudal principle
B) the proximodistal principle
C) experience
D) maturation

Question 69

In the early stages of motor development,____ seems to be the major force guiding development.

A) maturation
B) learning
C) experience
D) genetics

Question 70

Motor development involves the acquisition of:

A) sensory abilities, including hearing and taste
B) reflexive movements and abilities
C) the muscular control necessary for coordinated movement
D) language and speech patterns necessary for communication

Question 71

The proximodistal principle states that parts of the body that are ____ develop before parts of the body that are ____.

A) close to the center of the body; farther away
B) close to the head; close to the feet
C) internal; external
D) used for processing information; used for motor skills

Question 72

One reason offered by your textbook for the increase in the weight of a baby's brain from birth to 2 years of age is:

A) the expanding skull bones
B) new neurons forming
C) many new neural connections
D) increased production of cerebrospinal fluid

Question 73

One-month-old Bethany can tell the difference between:

A) the odors of her mother and those of a stranger
B) a short distance and long distance
C) the sounds bah and pah
D) her mother's face and a stranger's face

Question 74

Development norms refer to:

A) parts of the body growing at differing rates
B) the genetic plan by which individuals are created
C) development occurring in a sequential and orderly fashion
D) the average age at which individuals perform skills

Question 75

Newborns have a preference for ____ tasting things.

A) cool/acidic
B) sour
C) sweet/salty
D) bitter/cool

Question 76

As you listen to a talk show on the radio,a developmental psychologist says,"With regard to recognizing faces,the infant can distinguish his or her mother's face from that of a stranger by age ..." And then suddenly all you hear is static.Of the following,what is the most likely statement the psychologist would have said?

A) 1 to 2 days
B) 3 to 6 weeks
C) 7 to 8 months
D) 1 year

Question 77

The visual cliff allowed Gibson and Walk to study:

A) the proximodistal principle
B) preference for complex patterns
C) visual acuity
D) depth perception

Question 78

By six months of age,the child should be able to do all of the following except:

A) see as well as an adult
B) hesitate when they reach the clear glass dropoff on the visual cliff
C) develop depth perception
D) make all the sounds necessary in their language

Question 79

If a child stops on the shallow side of the visual cliff and refuses to cross the deep side,what is your most likely conclusion?

A) The child is fatigued because crawling uses much energy.
B) Depth perception prevents the child from crossing the cliff.
C) The child has been distracted by something else.
D) There is not enough incentive for the child to move.

Question 80

At what age could an infant distinguish between the sounds bah and pah?

A) one week
B) one month
C) two months
D) six months