Deck 6: Conducting Research in Clinical Psychology

Question 1

When researchers measure the outcome of psychotherapy,the perspective of _____ can be a good source of data.

A) the client
B) the psychotherapist
C) family members of the client
D) all of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

In 1952,_____ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome,which served as a catalyst for subsequent research on the subject,which has been more positive.

A) Hans Eysenck
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Anna Freud
D) Carl Rogers

Answer 2

Hans Eysenck

Question 3

Compared to effectiveness studies,efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

A) weaker internal validity.
B) weaker external validity.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Answer 3

weaker external validity.

Question 4

In a(n)_____ design,participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time.

A) analogue
B) within-group
C) between-group
D) experimental

Question 5

The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that

A) less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial.
B) longer therapy generally produced greater benefit.
C) the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
D) all of the above

Question 6

_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms.It answers the question,"Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?"

A) Statistical
B) Clinical
C) Theoretical
D) Control

Question 7

_____ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable.

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Test-retest reliability
D) Split-half reliability

Question 8

_____ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach to the nomothetic approach.

A) Experiments
B) Quasi-experiments
C) Case studies
D) Correlational studies

Question 9

Compared to effectiveness studies,efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have

A) greater internal validity.
B) greater external validity.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 10

The ABAB design is an example of a(n)_____.

A) case study
B) analogue design
C) between-groups design
D) meta-analysis

Question 11

_____ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter.

A) Internal
B) External
C) Independent
D) Dependent

Question 12

In a(n)_____ design,participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments.

A) quasi-experimental
B) analogue
C) between-group
D) within-group

Question 13

The 1995 Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome as an example of a _____ study.

A) efficacy
B) effectiveness
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 14

A(n)_____ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation,so they approximate it to the extent possible.For example,they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation.

A) analogue
B) between-group
C) within-group
D) mixed-group

Question 15

_____ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex.

A) Effectiveness
B) Exposure and response prevention
C) Internal validity
D) Efficacy

Question 16

Among the steps involved in the experimental method are

A) observation of events.
B) development of a hypothesis.
C) empirical testing of the hypothesis.
D) all of the above

Question 17

_____ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.

A) Effectiveness
B) Psychotherapy outcome
C) Efficacy
D) none of the above

Question 18

_____ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study,or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations.

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Convergent validity
D) Reliability

Question 19

_____ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a statistically significant difference between two groups.It is measured quantitatively.

A) Statistical
B) Clinical
C) Theoretical
D) Control

Question 20

In short,the _____ of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods.

A) outcome
B) efficacy
C) effectiveness
D) status

Question 21

What is one APA ethical standard that applies to research in clinical psychology?

Question 22

A study examining a psychotherapy's success in an actual clinical setting is measuring the therapy's _____.

Question 23

As reported in the text,what research methods are used to measure psychotherapy outcome?

A) questionnaires
B) direct observation
C) interviews
D) all of the above

Question 24

A study in which participants in a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time is using a _____ design.

Question 25

Compare and contrast efficacy and effectiveness studies of psychotherapy outcome.

Question 26

_____ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time,often over many years.

A) Cross-sectional
B) ABAB
C) Analog
D) Longitudinal

Question 27

How well a specific type of psychotherapy works in a controlled lab setting is a measure of the therapy's _____.

A) effectiveness
B) efficacy
C) eloquence
D) none of the above

Question 28

What is a meta-analysis?

Question 29

Compare and contrast cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.

Question 30

Reading a single review of a movie can be informative,but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals.This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as _____.

A) case studies
B) between-group designs
C) correlational methods
D) meta-analysis

Question 31

_____ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation.

A) Case studies
B) Correlational studies
C) Meta-analyses
D) Within-group design studies

Question 32

Compare and contrast the idiographic approach to the nomothetic approach.

Question 33

Who published a 1952 review of psychotherapy stating (erroneously)that psychotherapy did not work?

Question 34

A researcher planning to follow a group of depressed patients over a 20-year period would likely be using a _____ design.

Question 35

Another phrase for "generalizability" is _____.

A) internal validity
B) external validity
C) positive psychology
D) negative psychology

Question 36

_____ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results,or the extent to which the study's findings hold true across different settings and populations.

Question 37

_____ variables are those variables in a study that are manipulated by the experimenter.

Question 38

A(n)_____ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings.

A) ABAB design
B) case study
C) qualitative review
D) meta-analysis

Question 39

Case studies

A) are typically low in generalizability.
B) often have direct clinical relevance and can stimulate more systematic research findings.
C) all of the above
D) none of the above

Question 40

Which of these statements is consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code?

A) Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants.
B) Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data.
C) Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis.
D) all of the above

Question 41

What are two main areas in which clinical psychologists conduct research?

Question 42

What is the primary difference between correlational methods and experimental methods?