Deck 21: Diseases of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lungs

Question 1

The type of lipoprotein that is considered to be protective against cardiovascular disease is:

A) chylomicrons.
B) LDL.
C) IDL.
D) HDL.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Several types of blood lipoproteins are synthesized in the:

A) liver.
B) spleen.
C) pancreas.
D) adrenal glands.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In nutritional management of high serum cholesterol levels, TLC stands for:

A) therapeutic lifestyle changes.
B) therapy to lower cholesterol.
C) training for lifelong care.
D) therapeutic lipid control.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The function of lipoproteins in body metabolism is to transport:

A) triglycerides to and from the liver.
B) proteins to and from the cells.
C) lipids to and from the cells.
D) cholesterol to and from adipose tissues.

Question 5

The class of lipoproteins that has the highest lipid content is:

A) chylomicrons.
B) very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
C) low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
D) intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).

Question 6

In the process of atherosclerosis:

A) the blood vessels constrict, reducing blood supply.
B) plaque is deposited on the interior surface of the blood vessels.
C) the blood vessels become too elastic.
D) the heart can no longer circulate adequate blood volume.

Question 7

Fats high in polyunsaturated fats include:

A) stick margarine.
B) liquid vegetable oils.
C) hydrogenated oils.
D) butter.

Question 8

The major principle that guides nutrition planning for clients who have coronary heart disease is:

A) elimination of dietary cholesterol.
B) reduction of saturated fat intake.
C) reduction of unsaturated fat intake.
D) decrease in fiber intake.

Question 9

The classes of lipoproteins that carry the most triglyceride by weight are:

A) VLDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
B) LDL and HDL.
C) chylomicrons and VLDL.
D) chylomicrons and HDL.

Question 10

The protein component that attaches itself to lipoproteins and has a significant effect on function is:

A) cholesterol.
B) apolipoprotein.
C) lipoprotein lipase.
D) phospholipid.

Question 11

Good sources of soluble dietary fiber include:

A) cereal grains.
B) animal protein.
C) root vegetables.
D) oatmeal.

Question 12

Foods high in monounsaturated fats include:

A) fish and fish oil.
B) turkey.
C) oatmeal.
D) nuts.

Question 13

Development of coronary heart disease is related to:

A) weakened coronary vessels.
B) chronic alcohol abuse.
C) lack of amino acids.
D) fibrous plaques in coronary vessels.

Question 14

Plaque usually consists mainly of:

A) cholesterol.
B) saturated fat.
C) debris from dead cells.
D) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.

Question 15

The class of lipoproteins that is most responsible for atherosclerosis and is considered "bad cholesterol" is:

A) LDL.
B) HDL.
C) VLDL.
D) chylomicrons.

Question 16

The layer of the artery in which atherosclerotic plaque forms is the:

A) media.
B) intima.
C) adventitia.
D) ectoderm.

Question 17

A desirable blood cholesterol level is:

A) less than 200 mg/dL.
B) 200 to 250 mg/dL.
C) 250 to 300 mg/dL.
D) 300 to 325 mg/dL.

Question 18

According to TLC recommendations, a type of fatty acid that should be avoided as much as possible is:

A) trans fatty acids.
B) saturated fatty acids.
C) short-chain fatty acids.
D) polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Question 19

In patients with elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels, monounsaturated fat intake should be:

A) less than 10% of energy intake.
B) at least 10% of energy intake.
C) up to 20% of energy intake.
D) less than 30% of energy intake.

Question 20

Soluble fibers are believed to be beneficial for preventing heart disease because they:

A) expedite gastric emptying.
B) lower LDL cholesterol levels.
C) increase intestinal transit time.
D) quicken glucose absorption.

Question 21

Therapeutic dietary options for enhancing lowering of LDL cholesterol include:

A) essential fatty acids.
B) branched-chain amino acids.
C) garlic.
D) plant sterols.

Question 22

If a patient who has just had a myocardial infarction has hypertension, his or her recommended diet would be:

A) low in sodium.
B) high in fiber.
C) soft texture.
D) low in saturated fat.

Question 23

Medical nutrition therapy for treatment of hypertension includes:

A) fluid restriction.
B) increased intakes of potassium and calcium.
C) reduced carbohydrate intake.
D) decreased fat and protein intake.

Question 24

The diagnosis of prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, or stage 2 hypertension is based on:

A) sodium intake.
B) systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure.
C) amount of weight gain.
D) cholesterol level.

Question 25

The main source of dietary sodium is:

A) table salt.
B) processed foods.
C) herbs and other seasonings.
D) drinking water.

Question 26

An important feature of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan is:

A) reducing intake of saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol.
B) eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products.
C) reducing respiratory quotient (RQ) by increasing fat and decreasing carbohydrate.
D) increasing soluble fiber and omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 27

A localized area of dead tissue is called a(n):

A) atheroma.
B) infarct.
C) embolus.
D) thrombus.

Question 28

The upper limit of normal blood pressure in adults is considered to be:

A) 110/70 mm Hg.
B) 120/80 mm Hg.
C) 130/85 mm Hg.
D) 140/90 mm Hg.

Question 29

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism tends to promote the retention of sodium and the excretion of:

A) calcium.
B) creatinine.
C) iron.
D) potassium.

Question 30

The three types of body systems that maintain normal blood pressure are:

A) muscular, autonomic, and homeostatic systems.
B) emotional, psychological, and chemical systems.
C) neuroendocrine, hormonal, and enzyme systems.
D) cardiac, respiratory, and neural systems.

Question 31

In the United States, the incidence of stroke is highest among:

A) whites.
B) American Indians.
C) Asians.
D) African Americans.

Question 32

Nutrition therapy for clients who have congestive heart failure focuses on restriction of dietary intake of:

A) potassium.
B) sodium.
C) cholesterol.
D) saturated fat.

Question 33

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often accompanied by:

A) malnutrition.
B) vitamin A deficiency.
C) edema.
D) electrolyte imbalances.

Question 34

When blood supply to a tissue or body part is reduced, the result is referred to as:

A) infarction.
B) hypotension.
C) ischemia.
D) cyanosis.

Question 35

Drug therapy should be considered for patients with hypercholesterolemia when:

A) blood cholesterol levels are greater than 250 mg/dL.
B) they have multiple risk factors for coronary heart disease.
C) therapeutic lifestyle modifications have been unsuccessful after 3 months.
D) they experience symptoms of heart disease.

Question 36

Congestive heart failure can lead to an imbalance in:

A) pancreatic enzymes.
B) cholesterol.
C) fluids and electrolytes.
D) lipoproteins.

Question 37

The stimulus for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is:

A) edema.
B) decreased renal blood pressure.
C) pituitary hormones.
D) excess sodium in the extracellular fluid.

Question 38

The cause of essential hypertension is:

A) stress.
B) unknown.
C) high sodium intake.
D) chronic coronary heart disease.

Question 39

Most strokes are caused by:

A) hemorrhages.
B) edema.
C) blood clots.
D) inactivity.

Question 40

Congestive heart failure affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism so that:

A) excess fluid is excreted from the body.
B) excess sodium is excreted from the body.
C) fluids are retained by the body.
D) cardiac workload is reduced.

Question 41

The most important factor that contributes to development of peripheral vascular disease is:

A) sodium intake.
B) saturated fat intake.
C) cigarette smoking.
D) alcohol intake.

Question 42

The objective of nutritional management for clients with tuberculosis is to:

A) maintain weight or prevent weight loss.
B) reduce stress on the lungs.
C) reduce edema and high blood pressure.
D) maintain adequate hydration.

Question 43

Patients who have experienced stroke may need to eat softened foods and thickened liquids if they have:

A) hypertension.
B) edema.
C) depression.
D) dysphagia.

Question 44

Omega-3 fatty acids help decrease risk of heart disease by:

A) increasing HDL cholesterol levels.
B) decreasing blood pressure.
C) decreasing platelet aggregation.
D) increasing polyunsaturated fat intake.

Question 45

An example of a meal high in soluble fiber is:

A) split pea soup.
B) vegetable soup.
C) hamburger on a whole grain bun.
D) ravioli made with whole-wheat pasta.

Question 46

The amount of fluid recommended for clients with pneumonia (who do not need fluid restrictions) is:

A) 1.5 to 2.0 L/day.
B) 2.0 to 2.5 L/day.
C) 2.5 to 3.0 L/day.
D) 3.0 to 3.5 L/day.

Question 47

The food that would be lowest in sodium is:

A) frozen green beans.
B) canned green beans.
C) frozen green bean casserole.
D) canned bean salad.

Question 48

Elevated blood levels of C-reactive protein indicate:

A) infection.
B) atherosclerosis.
C) inflammation.
D) malnutrition.

Question 49

Clients with COPD should have intakes that are higher than is normally recommended for:

A) carbohydrate.
B) fat.
C) protein.
D) calcium.

Question 50

The factor that guides nutrition therapy for clients with COPD is the:

A) degree of catabolism that has taken place.
B) amount of stress the client is under.
C) RQ of each of the fuel nutrients.
D) age of the client.