Deck 10: Raising Children

Question 1

Which of the following is a recent worldwide trend with respect to childrearing?

A)Parents are becoming more involved in childrearing, and other people or social institutions are taking a lesser role.
B)Women are less likely to be employed outside the home because of the difficulties with the worldwide economy.
C)Parents prefer to have girls rather than boys.
D)Parents are becoming more permissive and value child independence.
E)Parents desire larger families.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Parenting attitudes and practices depend to a large extent on:

A)the type of tasks or competencies that members of a society are expected to have
B)how much time fathers spend with their children
C)the degree to which mothers and their children sleep together
D)whether families are extended
E)the number of children in the family and their sex

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Agents of socialization:

A)are more relevant in developing nations than developed industrialized ones
B)put people in jail when they break the law
C)are more relevant for boys than for girls
D)teach children about the norms and values of their particular culture
E)consist of individual persons known to the child, but not social institutions

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Children who seem the most competent and contented, who have the fewest behavioral problems, and who seem to have the most academic successes are likely to have been raised by parents with a/an ________ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)cognitive
D)authoritarian
E)transitional

Question 5

Olivia is thinking about what it would be like to be a mother. Now that you are an expert on the subject, which of the following would you tell her?

A)Mothers, as compared to fathers, do the majority of socialization, hands-on care, and emotional work, but fathers do the majority of discipline and management.
B)Among mothers and fathers who work full-time, mothers are more involved in child care than are fathers when the children are preschool-aged, but by the time the children begin school, the time commitment of mothers and fathers is nearly equal.
C)Employed mothers spend about 17 hours a week engaged with or accessible to their children as compared to about 52 hours a week for mothers who do not work outside the home; a large difference.
D)Many employed mothers feel guilty about the time they spend away from home, although they only spend a few hours less with children per week than do mothers who are not employed outside the home.
E)Compared to France, the U.S. has more social programs to help new mothers.

Question 6

Juanita, a Hispanic mother, feels strongly that she must teach her children about their cultural heritage, about the prejudice and discrimination they are likely to encounter, and provide her children with the coping skills necessary to deal with these issues and maintain a strong and healthy self-image. This is referred to as:

A)prejudicial socialization
B)anticipatory socialization
C)minority-based socialization
D)racial socialization
E)discrimination-based socialization

Question 7

About ________ American women under age 20 become pregnant each year.

A)400,000
B)650,000
C)900,000
D)1)2 million
E)2)3 million

Question 8

In the opening vignette of Chapter 10 we can see that although parenting may be universal, the act of parenting is highly variable as shown in the example of:

A)caring for triplets
B)caring for a child with a very high IQ
C)a teenage single father
D)a child being raised by his grandparents
E)caring for a highly disabled child

Question 9

We come to see ourselves as others perceive and respond to us, a process described as:

A)the reflective mirror
B)the looking-glass self
C)the open door
D)formal operational thought
E)sensorimotor intelligence

Question 10

What do the sleeping arrangements of most American parents and their babies reveal, compared to other cultures?

A)Americans are more likely to suffer from insomnia.
B)Americans value the separateness of children and parents to a larger degree.
C)People in other countries are more fearful about their children's health.
D)Americans have more disposable income to spend on their children.
E)Americans use more of the world's energy resources.

Question 11

There are three universal parenting goals, according to Levin. Which is NOT one of them?

A)ensuring physical health and survival
B)ensuring happiness and social well-being
C)developing capacities for economic maintenance
D)instilling behavioral capacities for maximizing cultural values such as morality or prestige

Question 12

How does socialization differ across social class?

A)Lower-class parents are more likely to value creativity and curiosity than are higher-income parents.
B)Lower-income parents tend to use more physical punishments.
C)Lower-income parents use more complex language.
D)Lower-income parents are stricter, but they also show more warmth and affection.
E)Socialization does not differ across social class.

Question 13

Who suggested that human development occurs in three stages that reflect different components of the personality: the id, the ego, and the superego?

A)Charles Horton Cooley
B)Jean Piaget
C)Sigmund Freud
D)George Herbert Mead
E)George W. Bush

Question 14

Motherhood in the U.S.:

A)is a powerful identity, but less so than marital status or occupation
B)is less fraught with anxiety, compared to other developed countries
C)is socially constructed and framed by structures of sex, race, and class
D)tends to occur in extended families, in contrast to developing, non-Western cultures
E)leads mothers to report less depression than childfree women because they report experiencing more meaning in their lives

Question 15

The negative biological, social, and economic consequences of early parenting in the U.S. are well documented:

A)Teen mothers are considerably poorer until their child/children reach school age.
B)Teen mothers are 8 times as likely to die in childbirth as are older mothers.
C)Teen mothers are twice as likely as other mothers to have babies of low birth weight.
D)Children born to teen mothers have lower math skills, but reading skills seem to be comparable to children born to older parents.
E)It has been estimated that teen childbearing cost taxpayers about $2 billion a year for health care, child welfare, and in lost revenues.

Question 16

The lifelong process through which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and participate in society is called:

A)social roles
B)formal operational thought
C)socialization
D)symbolic interaction
E)social participation

Question 17

A/an ________ parenting style puts few controls or demands on one's children, which may result in children who are aggressive and impulsive.

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)transitional
D)cognitive
E)authoritarian

Question 18

Jean Piaget focused on how people think and understand, and make meaning of their experiences. He identified four (4)stages. Which is NOT one of them?

A)motor-coordinated thought
B)sensorimotor intelligence
C)preoperational thought
D)concrete operational thought
E)formal operational thought

Question 19

Serge is thinking about what it would be like to be a father. Now that you are an expert on the topic, what would you tell him?

A)The only role that fathers have played through most of history was breadwinner.
B)The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century transformed men's roles into that of the "good provider," which emphasized breadwinning and deemphasized the nurturing and caregiving tasks.
C)The "good provider" role continued until the 1930s but was changed significantly by the Depression.
D)Fathers' involvement with their children seems to be increasing and now comprises over 20 minutes on weekdays and over 2 hours on weekend days.
E)Divorced or nonresidential fathers tend to have more frequent contact with their daughters than their sons.

Question 20

Rosalia is an undocumented worker, an Honduran mother of five. She lives in the U.S. with her husband and three of their children in order to work, while her other two children remain in Honduras. This is an example of a/an ________ family.

A)exnational
B)transnational
C)international
D)national
E)open border

Question 21

One of the recent trends around the world, according to Bert Adams, is that there is a decline in the value parents place on obedience to parental authority, and more emphasis placed on children's independence and personal responsibility.

Question 22

About one in _________ lesbian couples and one in __________ gay couples are raising children.

A)10; 20
B)10; 50
C)5; 20
D)5; 10
E)3; 5

Question 23

Some family allowances supplement the incomes of poor and modest income families with children as a means of reducing or preventing poverty. This is referred to as:

A)horizontal equity
B)equality principle
C)strengthening labor force attachment
D)vertical equity
E)tax equity

Question 24

The teenage birthrate is declining among Whites and Hispanics, but is rising slightly among Blacks.

Question 25

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead identified four (4)stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor intelligence, open operational thought, concrete operational thought, and formal operational thought.

Question 26

The higher the level of parental income, the more likely are children to be involved in gifted classes, clubs, and special lessons.

Question 27

Nils lives in a country that has a family allowance to accomplish an important objective: horizontal equity. This means:

A)supplementing the incomes of poor and most low-income families with children to prevent poverty
B)benefits are only available to working families with children, or a higher benefit is given to working parents
C)allowances foster societal cohesion
D)families only get benefits if their child receives full immunizations, thereby encouraging preventive health care
E)the redistribution of income from childless households to families with children, in recognition of the heavier financial burden imposed by childrearing

Question 28

Kevin's mother is very strict, punitive, and not very warm, which is referred to as an authoritative parenting style.

Question 29

Among children of all ages, mothers are far more involved than fathers in physical child care, even when both work full-time outside the home, while fathers spend a greater proportion of their time in play.

Question 30

Socialization refers to the lifelong process through which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and to participate in society.

Question 31

The feature box,"We Have Love Bouncing Off the Walls at Our House," reveals some of the satisfaction, personal growth, and love that a new mom experiences, but these are not without some personal and professional costs.

Question 32

Which group of children is most likely to live with a single parent?

A)Hispanic
B)White
C)Asian or Pacific Islander
D)American Indian
E)Black

Question 33

A transnational family is a family with its members divided and living within multiple nations.

Question 34

Although most aspects of parenting differ little between heterosexual and homosexual families, gays and lesbians do have several unique aspects with respect to raising children. Which is NOT one of these unique aspects?

A)The decision to parent is generally a deliberate choice that reflects a strong commitment to raising children.
B)Lesbian and gay families are more likely to be affected by loss because relationships are more likely to break up.
C)Lesbian and gay families must cope with homophobia and discrimination.
D)Lesbians are less committed to sons than to daughters, and gays are less committed to daughters than sons.
E)Lesbian and gay families often have a close network of fictive kin that sometimes stand in the place of biological families.

Question 35

In a comparison of 22 countries, child poverty in single-parent families is highest in what country/countries?

A)Greece, Hungary, Mexico
B)Poland, Belgium, U.S.
C)Turkey
D)U)S.
E)Australia

Question 36

What are some of the characteristics of grandparents who take care of their grandchildren?

A)There are multiple problems in the homes of the grandchildren's parents that led the grandparents to take over the care; the most common problem was physical abuse.
B)When grandparents began to care for their grandchild, they assumed it would be temporary, but most later realized that they would probably be the caregiver until the child reached adulthood.
C)Coresident grandmothers outnumber coresident grandfathers by 10 to 1.
D)The majority of grandparents raising their grandchildren are over the age of 70.
E)Grandchildren who are raised by their grandparents are less likely to live in poverty than are other children.

Question 37

Children who live with their grandparents seem to have higher rates of poverty and other problems in what types of contexts?

A)children who live with their grandparents, and their parents are absent
B)children who live with their grandparents, and their parents are present
C)children who live with a single grandmother, and their parents are present
D)children who live with a single grandfather, and their parents are present

Question 38

The declines in teen pregnancy have occurred among which racial and ethnic groups?

A)Hispanics; Whites; Asian/Pacific Islanders only
B)American Indians; Hispanics; Whites only
C)Blacks; Whites; Hispanics; American Indians; Asian/Pacific Islanders
D)Asian/Pacific Islanders, Whites only
E)Blacks only

Question 39

A family allowance (or a child allowance):

A)is a universal cash benefit given to families with children to offset some of the costs associated with raising children
B)was begun in many European countries as early as the beginning of the 18th century
C)was created in the U.S. in the 1960s, alongside Medicare, the health program for the elderly
D)is found in about 33 countries around the world
E)is structured differently in different countries, but is generally extended to children from the time of birth until they begin elementary school

Question 40

"Minority teaching process" refers to the process of teaching racial and ethnic minority children about prejudice and discrimination, and the coping skills necessary to develop and maintain a strong and healthy self-image.

Question 41

The greatest growth among children living with their grandparents has occurred in those families in which the actual parents are absent.

Question 42

Chenya has parents whose parenting style places very few demands or controls on her. This is called a/an ________.

Question 43

How does father involvement affect their children's well-being?

Question 44

Compared to other racial or ethnic groups, Asian/Pacific Islander families are least likely to be headed by single mothers or single fathers.

Question 45

"Mothering" and "fathering" are both identities and ________.

Question 46

________ are cash benefits given to families by the government.

Question 47

List at least three reasons why making sweeping generalizations blaming single parenthood for social problems is unfair.

Question 48

________ are the five (5)primary agents of socialization.

Question 49

What might be first viewed as a "single-parent household" may actually be a cohabiting household.

Question 50

List the four (4)objectives of family (child)allowances.

Question 51

The "vertical equity" object of a family allowance refers to the desire to redistribute income from childless households to those with children, in recognition of the heavier financial burden imposed by childrearing.

Question 52

Teaching minority children about prejudice and discrimination, and teaching the coping skills necessary to develop and maintain a strong and healthy self-image, is called ________.

Question 53

A transnational family is ________.

Question 54

Mead elaborated on the concept of the looking-glass self by describing "role taking," which is ________.

Question 55

________ refers to the lifelong process through which we acquire the cultural values and skills needed to function as human beings and to participate in society.

Question 56

Teenage birthrates dropped most dramatically between 1991 and 2008 among which race or ethnic group?

Question 57

Clifford is one of the 7 million children who live with their grandparents. What is the fastest growing type?

Question 58

There are many consequences associated with teenage parenthood. List five specific consequences discussed in the text.

Question 59

List four (4)distinctive features of same-sex parents.

Question 60

There are many different paths to parenthood among same-sex families; however, most are formed as stepfamilies in which the children were conceived in an earlier heterosexual relationship by one of the partners.

Question 61

Write a detailed essay about family (or child)allowances. Be sure to include what they are, how they operate, their objectives, and how they vary. Compare and contrast what the U.S. offers in their place.

Question 62

Define transnational families. Using the case in the feature box as an example, how would (1)world systems theory and (2)feminist theory explain the growing phenomenon of transnational families?

Question 63

Define socialization and list the five (5)leading agents of socialization. Now choose either (1)social class, (2)race and ethnicity, or (3)gender, and discuss important socialization issues.

Question 64

Choose one parenting context discussed in your text: (1)teen parents; (2)single parents; (3)lesbian and gay parents; or (4)grandparents raising grandchildren, and pretend that you are giving a speech about the topic at the annual meetings of the National Council on Family Relations. Be sure to describe the frequency of the parenting context, and the unique issues that surround it.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the theoretical approaches to child development discussed in your text: (1)Freud, (2)Piaget, (3)Cooley, and (4)Mead.

Question 66

Lesbian and gay families face many of the same parenting issues as heterosexual parents; however, several specific features significantly affect the dynamics of gays and lesbians raising children. Explain the four (4)features described in the text, and discuss the research findings for each.

Question 67

Compare and contrast "mothering" and "fathering" both as an identity and an activity.