Deck 11: Families and the Work They Do

Question 1

Which of the following is true with respect to the changing nature of the economy and work?

A)During the Industrial Revolution, women's roles became increasingly intertwined with class and race.
B)During the Industrial Revolution, important legislation was passed to protect workers under the age of 16.
C)The nature of work and family hasn't changed much in the past 200 years.
D)In the seventeenth century the U.S. economy was evolving from agriculture toward industrialization. E )"Separate spheres" refers to the different job opportunities available to Whites and minorities.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The opening vignette best reveals that:

A)many large companies offer on-site daycare so that parents can visit their children during their lunch hours and commuting times will be shortened
B)fathers are more involved in child care than they were just 30 years ago
C)a cultural reversal has not occurred; work has not become more satisfying than home despite the stresses people face as they try to juggle work and family roles
D)work has become more satisfying than home for women, but not for men
E)Scandinavian countries offer extensive time off for families so that they can more easily balance work and family demands

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Household tasks that are repetitive and are less able to be postponed than other tasks, such as cooking, are an example of:

A)primary household labor
B)routine household labor
C)immediate household labor
D)occasional household labor
E)functional household labor

Answer 3

B

Question 4

U)S. industries have undergone rapid restructuring in the past few decades in response to technological changes and:

A)ECEC
B)time availability
C)spillover
D)role overload
E)globalization

Question 5

Health care reform legislation was designed to do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)most individuals will be required to have health insurance by 2014
B)individuals who do not have access to affordable employer coverage will be able to purchase coverage through a health insurance exchange with "credits" available to make coverage more affordable to some people
C)employers will be required to pay penalties for employees who receive credits
D)new regulations will be imposed on health plans that will prevent health insurers from denying coverage to people for any reason, or for charging higher premiums based on health status or sex
E)the Medicaid program will be rolled over into a national health insurance program

Question 6

________ is a form of inter-role conflict in which the role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect.

A)Role overload
B)Tertiary conflict
C)Work-family conflict
D)Time availability perspective
E)Role strain

Question 7

The unemployment rate:

A)hovered around 6 percent for Whites and 8 percent for Blacks in late 2010
B)in late 2010 was nearly double that of just a few years earlier
C)has an effect on adults, but children usually do not feel those effects
D)is such that high unemployment is associated with marriage rates - showing how micro-level factors affect macro-level factors
E)is such that high unemployment is associated with marriage rates: the higher the level of unemployment, the higher the rate of marriage in a community

Question 8

Tyrone works two part-time jobs to support his family; the hours of one job vary each week and sometimes require him to work at night. This type of job has a/an:

A)living wage
B)secondary schedule
C)secondary tier
D)secondary schedule
E)nonstandardized work schedule

Question 9

Approximately how many people were without health insurance prior to health care reform legislation?

A)12 million
B)21 million
C)38 million
D)50 million
E)68 million

Question 10

Opposition to child labor:

A)began in the North, and a child labor law was passed in Massachusetts in 1836 that required children under 15 working in factories to attend school for at least 3 months per year
B)was seen in the Republican party platform that voted to ban factory employment for children under age 12
C)caused many factories to move to the West to avoid the growing protections of children
D)was seen in the 1952 legislation that, for the first time, created a federal minimum age of employment and maximum hours of work for children
E)was likely strongly supported by the children's parents because they wanted their children to stay in school so that they could have a better life

Question 11

What explanation for the division of household labor is grounded in exchange theory?

A)time availability
B)doing gender
C)relative resources
D)living wage
E)occasional labor

Question 12

What are some of the consequences of life in a recession? Your text discusses four (4)consequences. Which is NOT one of these?

A)unemployment
B)new social programs
C)poverty-level wages
D)part-time, nonstandardized, temporary work
E)disposable workforce

Question 13

How do nonstandardized work schedules affect family life?

A)They help keep child care costs down.
B) They are desired by women who have large families.
C)They can make it difficult to move into the tertiary sector.
D)They increase the likelihood of receiving higher pay and/or fringe benefits.
E)Temporary work agencies are booming; manpower is one of the largest private employers in the U.S.

Question 14

The comparative data in Table 11.3 regarding husbands' and wives' responses to housework questions show:

A)there is a high degree of agreement between husbands and wives regarding who does the housework
B)husbands underestimate the amount of work they actually do
C)only in Russia do wives and husbands say that the housework is usually or always done by the husband
D)wives are more likely than husbands to say that the work is always or usually done by the wife
E)in most countries, including the U.S., most husbands and wives say that the housework is shared about equally

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding recent women's labor force trends?

A)Single mothers are more likely to be employed than are married, divorced, or widowed women.
B)Most mothers with children under age 2 work outside the home.
C)Black mothers are least likely to work outside the home for pay, and White mothers are most likely.
D)Women are far more likely than men to believe that having mothers with young children work outside the home is a good thing for society.
E)Most adults now believe that having mothers with young children work outside the home is a good thing for society.

Question 16

Mothers in which race or ethnic group are most likely to work outside the home?

A)American Indian
B)Hispanic
C)Whites
D)Asian Americans
E)Blacks

Question 17

________ is unpaid work that is done to maintain family members and/or a home.

A)Occasional labor
B)Routine household labor
C)Household labor
D)ESM
E)The time crunch

Question 18

Emma is employed and earns minimum wage at her job. Unless she lives in one of 14 states that have increased the federal minimum wage, she probably earns ___________ per hour.

A)$6.25
B)$7.50
C)$8.25
D)$8.55
E)$9.15

Question 19

Clifford does not do a lot of housework. He feels that it is not a man's job, and he certainly never saw his father do much around the house. He and his wife Melissa do not argue about housework very often because he is willing to take out the garbage and mow the lawn after he gets home from work, and that seems to be fine with both of them. Which theory would best explain this division of household labor?

A)time availability
B)doing gender
C)relative resources
D)ECEC
E)occasional labor

Question 20

According to the studies discussed in your text, which of the following best describes the distribution of household labor?

A)The amount of time supposedly spent on housework is relatively consistent, regardless of what measure is being used.
B)Men's housework tends to be routine household labor.
C)On average, men do between one-third to one-half of the housework.
D)Men's share of housework has not risen over the past 10 years.
E)Women and men scientists are likely to share the division of household labor nearly equally.

Question 21

ECEC is:

A)a tax program to help families find and keep employment
B)the title of a maternity leave program found in Sweden
C)child care that is provided in a private home other than the child's home
D)a theory that explains the division of household labor
E)an international term for day care, preschool, and other programs to ensure that all children begin elementary school ready to learn

Question 22

Regarding early childhood education and care (ECEC):

A)it enhances and supports children's cognitive, social, and emotional well-being, and is found in all 50 states
B)in a report reviewing 12 countries, parents only paid about 50 percent of ECEC costs, compared to about 80 percent in the U.S
C)most of the 12 countries reviewed have full coverage for children age 3-6, and some countries begin programs as early as age 1 or 2
D)childcare workers in the U.S. earn less money than do workers in the other countries, but they are better trained
E)the U.S. is a leader in research on child development, and has developed many innovative programs that others around the world would like to model

Question 23

Largely because of cost, Bobby, age 11, comes home and takes care of himself after school until his parents come home around 5:30. This is called:

A)ECEC
B)family care
C)social insecurity
D)nonstandard work schedule
E)self-care

Question 24

If Akako finds working full-time while raising her two young children so demanding, then why not just work part-time?

A)Part-time workers are more likely to have health insurance from their employers.
B)Workers who go part-time earn nearly $2.00 per hour less than regular full-time workers.
C)Part-time work has been outlawed in some states.
D)Part-time workers are less likely to have pensions.
E)Part-time work is only for teenagers.

Question 25

Box 11.1, Fixing Social INsecurity, reveals:

A)in most European countries, Social Security is used to provide family allowances, which lift people out of poverty
B)Social Security does not provide enough income to make people feel truly secure financially
C)after taxes, child care, and work expenses, an average worker who earns $30,000 a year really only makes about $10,000, about the same amount as the annual Social Security income for retirees
D)because of the high fertility rate in the U.S., the Social Security program may not be able to continue for very much longer
E)the age at which Americans can collect Social Security benefits is dropping as people retire earlier than in the past

Question 26

About ________ children under the age of 5 are in some type of child care.

A)3 million
B)11 million
C)22 million
D)30 million
E)42 million

Question 27

Nonstandard work schedules are those that are part-time, subcontracted, temporary in nature, offer irregular work schedules, or occur at night.

Question 28

Mothers may spend more time than fathers on housework, but the amount of time spent on child care is nearly equal.

Question 29

If a parent earned minimum wage at a full-time job, it is likely that his or her small family would be living several thousand dollars above the poverty level.

Question 30

A living wage ordinance requires employers to pay wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line.

Question 31

By 2009, about 49 percent of married mothers, 55 percent of single mothers, and 70 percent of divorced, separated, or widowed mothers were employed for pay.

Question 32

As industrialization took hold, poor children often worked with their parents in dangerous factories, textile mills, canneries, and mines.

Question 33

A ________ is a place where child care is provided in a nonresidential facility.

A)day care center
B)family child care provider
C)nanny
D)primary center
E)tertiary center

Question 34

Activities such as gardening, household repairs, or paying bills are referred to as routine household labor.

Question 35

Mothers with older children are more likely to work than are mothers with younger children, regardless of marital status, race, or ethnicity.

Question 36

Employer-sponsored health insurance began in the U.S. in the 1920s during the Progressive Era.

Question 37

You just had a baby last month and are going to start back to work soon. What should you be aware of?

A)Juggling work and family, including feeling rushed, is most often described as the biggest challenge full-time workers face.
B)Men report feeling more rushed than do women.
C)The amount of time working mothers and working fathers spend with their children is falling.
D)Parents are more likely to say that they do not have enough time for their children than they are to say that they do not have enough time for themselves.
E)Parents, especially mothers, are expected to be less involved with their children than in the past because the emphasis is now on raising independent children.

Question 38

Terri is feeling overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively. She is experiencing:

A)role overload
B)tertiary conflict
C)work-family conflict
D)time availability perspective
E)role strain

Question 39

What is the effect of mother's employment on child well-being?

A)The effects of employment are usually found to be quite positive.
B)The effects of employment are usually found to be quite negative.
C)The effects of employment are usually mixed and contradictory because researchers only report what supports their opinions.
D)It largely depends on the quality of the child care program.
E)The effects of employment on boys are usually found to be negative, but the effects on girls are usually found to be more positive.

Question 40

A study based on 4,476 school-age children in 2,569 families across the United States found that when fathers were involuntarily employed, children had a greater likelihood of repeating a grade or getting suspended from school. This example shows that micro issues, such as unemployment, affect our macro-level personal relationships.

Question 41

Child care is a necessity, but largely a private matter in the U.S. Give two (2)examples that illustrate how it is a private matter.

Question 42

How do you purge the rushed and hectic mood at work when you now have to grocery shop with your toddler? How do you play with your children after work, when your boss is still sending you emails in the evening? These questions refer to spillover.

Question 43

Ordinances that require employers to pay wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the poverty line, are called ________ ordinances.

Question 44

Describe the attitudes towards the employment of mothers with young children.

Question 45

Resource theory is grounded on the premise that the division of labor is largely determined by each partner's availability to perform household tasks.

Question 46

An international term for day care, preschool, and other programs to ensure that all children begin elementary school with basic skills and ready to learn is called ____________.

Question 47

Orlando works at McDonald's, and some weeks works 20 hours a week and other weeks 40 hours, generally at the whim of the restaurant manager. Orlando's job has a ________ schedule.

Question 48

Work-family conflict refers to ____________.

Question 49

People feel greater work-family conflict when (list three/3):

Question 50

Discuss the changing nature of the economy and work, and be sure to include in your discussion the trend changes in child labor and women's employment.

Question 51

The effects of mothers' employment on children's well-being are overwhelmingly positive.

Question 52

Given the challenges of combining work and family, a growing majority of mothers report that they would prefer to work part-time or not at all.

Question 53

Parents report spending a greater number of hours with their children than do parents of the past. What two (2)explanations are offered for this finding?

Question 54

What are the consequences of being uninsured, according to the text? List at least three (3)specific consequences.

Question 55

The time availability perspective on the division of household labor suggests that the division of household labor is determined by two (2)factors, ____________.

Question 56

The most common type of child care arrangement is "family care."

Question 57

According to the study reported in Table 11.3, in what country or countries do the majority of both husbands and wives report that housework is shared equally?

Question 58

The three (3)types of formal child care arrangements for working parents are ________.

Question 59

List at least three (3)components of the 2010 health care reform legislation.

Question 60

____________ suggests that the greater the relative amount or value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater is his or her power within the relationship. This power can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige.

Question 61

Describe the challenges of juggling work and family. Be sure to include the concepts of work-family conflict, role overload, spillover, and describe differences in leisure.

Question 62

Describe the recession in the U.S. and be sure to discuss its by-products, such as unemployment, low wages, and nonstandardized work schedules.

Question 63

With large numbers of mothers working outside the home, child care becomes very important. Describe the choices that families have. Then, evaluate the effect of mothers' employment on children's well-being.

Question 64

Write an essay describing the distribution of household labor and child care, including a brief discussion of the three (3)theories used to explain the division of household labor.

Question 65

Describe and evaluate the idea in the Feature Box, "Fixing Social INsecurity," that describes a way to help families balance work and family. Do you think that most working parents would support this program? Why or why not?

Question 66

Compare and contrast the U.S. approach to early childhood education and care (ECEC)with that found in a 3-year study of 12 industrialized, developed nations. What do the findings reveal?